Nyaya yechisere yemagazini "Radio Amateur" ye8 yakatsaurirwa kuLosev's "kristadin". Izwi rekuti "cristadine" rakagadzirwa nemazwi ekuti "crystal" uye "heterodyne", uye "crystal effect" yaive yekuti kana kusarura kwakashata kwakaiswa kune zincite (ZnO) crystal, kristaro yakatanga kuburitsa maoscillations asina kuvharwa.
Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga isina hwaro hwekufungidzira. Losev pachake akatenda kuti mhedzisiro yacho yaive nekuda kwekuvapo kweiyo microscopic "voltaic arc" panzvimbo yekusangana kwezincite crystal netambo yesimbi.
Kuwanikwa kwe "cristadine effect" kwakavhura tarisiro inonakidza muinjiniya yeredhiyo ...
... asi zvakazoitika senguva dzose ...
Muna 1922, Losev akaratidza migumisiro yekutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekristani detector sejenareta yekuenderera mberi oscillations. Kuburitswa kuri pamusoro weshumo kune madhayagiramu ekuedzwa kwerabhoritari uye masvomhu ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvekutsvagisa. Rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti Oleg akanga asati ava nemakore 19 panguva iyoyo.
Nhamba yacho inoratidza chiyero chekuedza che "cristadine" uye "N-shaped" ikozvino-voltage maitiro, akafanana netunnel diodes. Kuti Oleg Vladimirovich Losev ndiye akatanga kushandisa tunnel mhedzisiro mumasemiconductors mukuita zvakava pachena chete mushure mehondo. Hazvigone kutaurwa kuti tunnel diode inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumatunhu emazuva ano, asi mhinduro dzinoverengeka dzinobva pazviri dzinoshanda zvinobudirira muma microwaves.
Pakanga pasina budiriro itsva mumagetsi eredhiyo: mauto ese eindasitiri akabva azvipira kuvandudza machubhu eredhiyo. Machubhu eredhiyo akabudirira kutsiva michina yemagetsi uye maarc gap kubva mumidziyo yekuparadzira redhiyo. Maredhiyo eTube akashanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye akachipa. Naizvozvo, nyanzvi dzeredhiyo matekiniki dzakabva dzafunga "cristadin" sekuda kuziva: heterodyne inogamuchira isina mwenje, wow!
Kune maredhiyo amateurs, dhizaini ye "cristadine" yakazove yakaoma: bhatiri raidiwa kuti ripe bias voltage kukristaro, potentiometer yaifanira kuitwa kugadzirisa kusarura, uye imwe inductor yaifanira kuitwa kutsvaga. yezvibodzwa zvekristaro.
Iyo NRL yakanzwisisa kuoma kweredhiyo amateurs zvakanyanya, saka vakaburitsa bhurocha umo dhizaini ye "cristadine" uye dhizaini yemugamuchiri weShaposhnikov yakabudiswa pamwe chete. Radio amateurs akatanga kugadzira Shaposhnikov inogamuchira, ndokuzoiwedzera ne "cristadine" seredhiyo chiratidzo amplifier kana oscillator yemuno.
Chimwe chezvinyorwa
Panguva yekubudiswa kwe "cristadine" dhizaini, marudzi ese evanogamuchira redhiyo akange atovepo:
1. Detector redhiyo inogamuchira, kusanganisira yakananga amplification inogamuchira.
2. Heterodyne redhiyo vanogamuchira (inozivikanwawo seyakananga kutendeuka vanogamuchira).
3. Superheterodyne redhiyo vanogamuchira.
4. Regenerative redhiyo vanogamuchira, kusanganisira. "Autodynes" uye "synchrodynes".
Iyo yakapfava yeredhiyo inogamuchira yaive uye inoramba iri detector:
Kushanda kweiyo detector receiver iri nyore kwazvo: kana yakaratidzwa kune yakaipa mutakuri hafu-wave yakaparadzaniswa padunhu L1C1, kushorwa kweiyo detector VD1 kunoramba kwakakwira, uye kana yaiswa kune yakanaka, inoderera, i.e. detector VD1 "inovhura". Paunenge uchigamuchira amplitude-modulated masaini (AM) ine detector VD1 "yakavhurika," inovharira capacitor C2 inochajwa, iyo inoburitswa kuburikidza nehedhifoni BF mushure mekunge detector "yakavharwa."
Iwo magirafu anoratidza iyo demodulation maitiro eiyo AM chiratidzo mune detector vanogamuchira.
Izvo zvisingabatsiri zve detector radio receiver zviri pachena kubva pakutsanangurwa kwenheyo yekushanda kwayo: haikwanisi kugamuchira chiratidzo iyo simba risingakwani "kuzarura" detector.
Kuti uwedzere kunzwa, "self-induction" coils, ronda "kutendeuka kutendeuka" pahombe-diameter kadhibhodhi maoko ane gobvu waya yemhangura, aishandiswa nesimba mukupinza resonant maseketi evanogamuchira detector. Vakadaro inductors vane high quality factor, i.e. chiyero chekuita kune kushingaira kushorwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike, pakugadzirisa dunhu kuti rive resonance, kuwedzera EMF yechiratidzo cheredhiyo chakagamuchirwa.
Imwe nzira yekuwedzera kunzwisiswa kweiyo detector redhiyo inogamuchira ndeye kushandisa oscillator yemuno: chiratidzo chinobva kune jenareta chakarongedzwa kune inotakura frequency "yakasanganiswa" muchikamu chekupinza chemugamuchiri. Muchiitiko ichi, detector "yakavhurwa" kwete nechiratidzo chisina simba chekutakura, asi nechiratidzo chine simba kubva kune jenereta. Heterodyne reception yakawanikwa kunyange isati yatanga kugadzirwa kwemachubhu eredhiyo uye ma crystal detectors uye ichiri kushandiswa nhasi.
Izwi rokuti "Kristadin" rinoshandiswa sechinhu chinotenderera munharaunda chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo netsamba "a"; tsamba "b" inoreva chigadziro chemagetsi.
Kukanganisa kwakakosha kwekugamuchira heterodyne kwaive kuridza muridzo kunoitika nekuda kwe "frequency beats" yenzvimbo oscillator uye mutakuri. Izvi "zvisina kunaka," nenzira, zvakashandiswa kugashira "nenzeve" radiotelegraph (CW), apo oscillator yemunharaunda inogashira yakagadziriswa frequency ne600 - 800 Hz kubva kune transmitter frequency uye kana kiyi yakadzvanywa, toni. chiratidzo chakaonekwa mumafoni.
Imwe yakashata yeheterodyne reception yaive inooneka periodic "attenuation" yechiratidzo apo mafambiro anoenderana, asi zvikamu zveoscillator yemunharaunda uye masaini ekutakura haana kufanana. Iwo anogadziridza chubhu redhiyo anogashira (Reinartz vanogamuchira) vakatonga zvakanyanya pakati pe-20s havana kukanganisa uku. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore navo zvakare, asi ndiyo imwe nyaya...
Nezve "superheterodynes" inofanira kutaurwa kuti kugadzirwa kwavo kwakava kugoneka mune zvehupfumi chete pakati pe30s. Parizvino, "superheterodynes" ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya (kusiyana ne "regenerators" uye "detectors"), asi vari kushingaira kutsiviwa neheterodyne madivayiri ane software signal processing (SDR).
Mr Lossev ndiani?
Nyaya yekuonekwa kwaOleg Losev murabhoritari yeredhiyo yeNizhny Novgorod yakatanga muTver, apo, mushure mekuteerera hurukuro nemukuru weTver achigamuchira nhepfenyuro, Staff Captain Leshchinsky, jaya rakavhura redhiyo.
Mushure mokunge apedza chikoro chechokwadi, jaya rinoenda kuMoscow Institute of Communications, asi neimwe nzira anouya kuNizhny Novgorod uye anoedza kuwana basa paNRL, kwaanoshandira semufambisi. Hapana mari yakakwana, anofanira kurara muNRL pakumhara, asi ichi hachisi chipingamupinyi kuna Oleg. Anoita tsvagiridzo mumagadzirirwo emuviri mumakirisiroti anoongorora.
Vaaishanda navo vaitenda kuti Prof. aive nesimba guru pakuumbwa kwaOleg Losev semuongorori wefizikisi. VC. Lebedinsky, waakasangana naye kumashure muTver. Muzvinafundo akasarudza Losev uye akada kutaura naye nezvenyaya dzekutsvagisa. Vladimir Konstantinovich aigara ane ushamwari, ane njere uye akapa mazano akawanda akavharwa semibvunzo.
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev akazvipira hupenyu hwake hwose kusayenzi. Ndaida kushanda ndega. Rakadhindwa pasina vamwe vanyori. Ndaisafara muwanano yangu. Muna 1928 akatamira Leningrad. Akashanda kuCRL. Akashanda na ak. Ioff. Akave Ph.D. "maererano nekuzara kwebasa." Akafa muna 1942 munzvimbo yakakombwa Leningrad.
Kubva muunganidzwa "Nizhny Novgorod Pioneers yeSoviet Radio Engineering" nezveLosev's "kristadin":
Tsvagiridzo yaOleg Vladimirovich, mune zvirimo, pakutanga yaive nehunyanzvi uye kunyangwe eredhiyo hunhu, asi kuburikidza navo akawana mukurumbira wepasirese, awana mune zincite (mineral zinc oxide) detector ine simbi tipi kugona kufadza kunoramba kuchiita oscillations. munhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo. Iyi nheyo yakaumba hwaro hwechubhu isina redhiyo inogamuchira ine chiratidzo chekusimudzira iyo ine zvimiro zvechubhu imwe. Muna 1922, yakanzi kune dzimwe nyika "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Asingangogumiri pakuwanikwa kwechiitiko ichi uye kusimudzira kunovaka kweanogamuchira, munyori ari kugadzira nzira yekunatsa zvechipiri-chiyero zincite makristasi (nekunyungudusa muarc yemagetsi), uye zvakare ari kutsvaga nzira iri nyore yekutsvaga. mapoinzi anoshanda pamusoro pekristaro yekubata muromo, iyo inovimbisa kunakidzwa kweiyo oscillations.
Zvinetso zvakamuka zvakanga zvisina mhinduro duku; zvaive zvakafanira kuita tsvakiridzo munzvimbo dzisati dzavepo dzefizikisi; Kukundikana kweredhiyo kweAmateur kwakakurudzira tsvakiridzo yefizikisi. Yakashandiswa zvachose fizikisi. Tsanangudzo yakapfava yeiyo oscillation chizvarwa chiitiko chaive chave kubuda yaive kubatana kwayo neiyo thermal coefficient yekupokana kwe zincite detector, iyo, sezvaitarisirwa, yakazove isina kunaka.
Zvakashandiswa:
1. Losev O.V. Pamavambo e semiconductor tekinoroji. Akasarudzwa mabasa - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. "Radio Amateur", 1924, Nha
3. Ostroumov B.A. Nizhny Novgorod mapiyona eSoviet radio tekinoroji - L.: Nauka, 1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Radio reception tekinoroji. Akareruka anogamuchira e AM masaini - M.: DMK Press, 2001
Source: www.habr.com