- Mapenzi aya akaisa mudziyo weporcelain ne "jelly" mukamuri yakakosha, yakasarudzika zvakanyanya ... Kureva kuti, vaifunga kuti kamuri yacho yaive yakasarudzika, asi pavakavhura mudziyo une manipulators, "jelly" yakapinda nesimbi. uye mapurasitiki, semvura kuburikidza neblotter, uye akapukunyuka kunze, uye zvose zvaakasangana nazvo zvakare zvakashanduka kuva "jelly." Vanhu makumi matatu nevashanu vakaurayiwa, vanopfuura zana vakaremara, uye chivako cherabhoritari yose chakanga chisingashandiswi zvachose. Wakambosvikako here? Chivakwa chakanakisa! Uye zvino "jelly" yakayerera ichipinda mumakamuri epasi uye pasi pasi ... Heino mavambo ekusangana.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Roadside Picnic"
Mhoro %%zita remushandisi%!
Mhosva yekuti ndichiri kunyora chimwe chinhu . Akandipa pfungwa.
Ndichangofunga imwe pfungwa, ndakafunga kuti kufamba kupfupi muzvinhu zvinokonzeresa kwaizokurumidza. Zvichida mumwe munhu achafarira. Uye kune vamwe zvinobatsira.
Enda.
Ngatitsanangurei pakarepo pfungwa.
Kusviba - 1. Kuora kwemakemikari. 2. Yakapinza, inokonzera kutsamwa, kurwadziwa. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Duramazwi remutauro weRussia. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Saka, tinobva tangorasa zvirevo zviviri zvekupedzisira zvezwi iri. Isu tinorasawo ma βcausticβ lachrymator - ayo asina kunyanya kukonzeresa nekuti anokonzera kutuka, uye sternites - ayo anokonzera kukosora. Hongu, pazasi pachava nezvinhu zvine zvinhu izvi, asi ndizvo zvakakosha! - chaizvo corrode zvinhu, uye dzimwe nguva nyama.
Hatingatarise zvinhu zvinokonzeresa chete kuvanhu uye nezvimwe - nekuda kwekuparadzwa chaiko kwesero membranes. Nokudaro, magasi emasitadhi acharamba asingashandisi.
Tichatarisa makomisheni ari zvinwiwa pakamuri mamiriro. Naizvozvo, isu hatingatarise mvura okisijeni uye nitrogen, pamwe nemagasi akadai sefluorine, kunyangwe iwo anogona kunzi caustic, hongu.
Senguva dzose, maonero achange ari ega, zvichibva pane zvakaitika kwauri. Uye hongu - zvinogoneka kuti ini handizoyeuke mumwe munhu - nyora makomendi, %username%, mukati memazuva matatu kubva pazuva rekuburitswa ini ndichawedzera chinyorwa neicho chakakanganikwa kubva pakutanga!
Uye hongu - ini handina nguva uye simba rekuvaka "hit parade", saka ichave hodgepodge. Uye kunze kwezvose, zvakazove zvishoma.
Caustic alkalis
Kunyanya, alkali metal hydroxides: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide uye barium hydroxide. Asi:
- Lithium, cesium, rubidium uye barium zvinoraswa - zvinodhura uye zvisingawanzo
- Kana iwe, %username%, ukasangana nefrancium hydroxide, saka chinhu chekupedzisira chauchanetsekana nacho causticity - inotyisa radioactive.
- Zvakafanana nethallium - ine muchetura wakaipisisa.
Saka, sodium uye potasium zvakasara. Asi ngative vakatendeseka - zvimiro zveese caustic alkalis zvakafanana.
Sodium hydroxide - inozivikanwa se caustic soda - inozivikanwa kune wese munhu. Potassium hydroxide sechinhu chinowedzera E525 zvakare. Ose ari maviri akafanana mune zvivakwa: iwo akanyanya hygroscopic, ndiko kuti, anokwezva mvura uye "anonyungudika" mumhepo. Vanonyungudika zvakanaka mumvura uye vanosunungura huwandu hukuru hwekupisa.
"Kupararira" mumhepo ndiko kuumbwa kwemhinduro dzakasimba dzealkalis. Nokudaro, kana iwe ukaisa chidimbu che caustic alkali pamapepa, ganda, mamwe masimbi (iyo aluminium yakafanana) - zvino mushure mechinguva uchaona kuti zvinhu zvakadya zvakanaka! Zvakaratidzwa mu "Fight Club" zvakada kufanana nechokwadi: zvechokwadi, maoko anodikitira - uye lye - achakuvadza! Ini pachangu, ndakaona zvichirwadza kupfuura hydrochloric acid (zvimwe pane iri pazasi).
Zvisinei, kana maoko ako akaoma zvikuru, zvichida hauzonzwi chero chinhu mualkali yakaoma.
Caustic alkalis yakanakisa pakupwanya mafuta kuita glycerin nemunyu wemafuta acids - ndiwo magadzirirwo anoitwa sipo (mhoroi, "Fight Club!") Nguva diki diki, asi zvinonyatsoita, mapuroteni akaputswa - ndiko kuti, musimboti. , alkalis inonyungudutsa nyama, kunyanya mishonga yakasimba - uye kana inopisa . Izvo zvisingabatsiri mukuenzanisa neamwechete perchloric acid (zvimwe pane iyo pazasi) ndeyekuti alkalis ese anodhonza carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo, uye naizvozvo simba richaderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Mukuwedzera, alkalis inobatawo nezvikamu zvegirazi - girazi rinova nemakore, kunyange kuitira kuti riparadze zvose - pano, zvechokwadi, unofanira kuedza.
Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides dzimwe nguva inorondedzerwa se caustic alkalis, semuenzaniso
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Muchokwadi, zvinhu izvi zvinosanganisa zvimiro zve cationic surfactants (zvakanaka, yakafanana nesipo yakajairika - chete cationic: pano iyo inoshanda chidimbu idiphilic particle - ine charge "+", uye musipo - nechaji "-") uye zvine mwero hwaro hwepamusoro. Kana ikasvika pamaoko ako, unogona kuiputira mumvura woigeza sesipo; kana ukadziya bvudzi rako, ganda kana zvipikiri mumushonga une mvura, zvinonyungudika. Iyo "causticity" inopesana nekumashure kwesodium uye potassium hydroxides ndizvo-saizvozvo.
Sulfuriki asidhi
H2SO4
Inonyanya kufarirwa, zvichida, munyaya dzose. Kwete iyo inonyanya kukonzera, asi isingafadzi: concentrated sulfuric acid (iyo 98%) imvura ine mafuta inoda mvura zvakanyanya, uye saka inoitora kubva kune wese munhu. Nekutora mvura kubva muselulosi uye shuga, inozvipisa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, achakutorera mvura nerufaro, %username%, kunyanya kana ukaidururira paganda rakapfava rechiso chako kana mumaziso ako (zvakanaka, chokwadi, zvese zvinopinda mumaziso ako nerwendo) . Kunyanya vanhu vane mutsa vanosanganisa sulfuric acid nemafuta kuita kuti zviome kugeza uye kunyura zvirinani muganda.
Nenzira, nekutora mumvura, sulfuric acid inopisa, iyo inoita kuti mufananidzo wacho uwedzere juicy. Naizvozvo, kuigeza nemvura ipfungwa yakaipa kwazvo. Zviri nani kushandisa mafuta (suka, kwete kukwiza mukati, wozogeza nemvura). Zvakanaka, kana kuyerera kukuru kwemvura kuti itonhodze pakarepo.
"Mvura yekutanga, uye ipapo asidhi - zvikasadaro dambudziko guru richaitika!" - izvi zvinonyanya nezve sulfuric acid, kunyange nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero munhu wese anofunga kuti ndeye chero asidi.
Kuve mumiriri weoxidizing, sulfuric acid inosanganisa pamusoro pesimbi kune okisidhi. Uye sezvo kupindirana kwemaokisi nemaasidhi kunoitika nekubatanidzwa kwemvura sechinhu chinokonzeresa - uye sulfuric acid haiburitse mvura - chiitiko chinonzi passivation chinoitika: firimu rakakora, risinganyunguriki uye risingapindiki resimbi oxide rinodzivirira kubva pakunyungudika.
Zvinoenderana neiyi nzira, yakanyungudutswa sulfuric acid inotumirwa kure kure nesimbi nealuminium. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kana asidi yakanyungudutswa, mvura inooneka, uye hazvibviri kutumira - simbi inopera.
Nenzira, sulfur oxide SO3 inonyungudika mu sulfuric acid uye inogadzira oleum - iyo dzimwe nguva inonyorwa zvisizvo seH2S2O7, asi izvi hazvina kunyatso. Oleum ine yakanyanya kukwezva kumvura.
Manzwiro angu kana sulfuric acid yasvika paruoko rwangu: inodziya zvishoma, yobva yapisa zvishoma - ndakaigeza pasi pepombi, hapana chikuru. Usatenda mafirimu, asi ini handikurudziri kuisa pachiso chako.
Organics inowanzo shandisa chromium kana "chromic musanganiswa" - iyi potassium dichromate yakanyungudutswa mu sulfuric acid. Chaizvoizvo iyi mhinduro yechromic acid, yakanaka kushambidza ndiro kubva kune organic residues. Kana ikapinda paruoko rwako, inotsva zvakare, asi zvine mutsindo iine sulfuric acid pamwe nechepfu hexavalent chromium. Hauzowani maburi muruoko rwako, kunze kwezvipfeko zvako.
Munyori wemitsara iyi anoziva idiot yakashandisa potassium permanganate panzvimbo ye potassium dichromate. Pakusangana ne organic matter, yakaruma zvishoma. Vaivepo vakazvinyengerera ndokutiza nekakutya.
Hydrochloric asidhi
HCI
Hapana yakakwirira kudarika 38% mumvura. Imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa acids yekuparara - mune iyi inotonhorera kupfuura vamwe, nekuti tekinoroji inogona kuve yakachena kwazvo, uye kunze kwekuita seasidhi, inoumbawo yakaoma chlorides inowedzera solubility. Nenzira, ndeyechikonzero ichi kuti insoluble sirivheri chloride inonyungudika muyakaomeswa hydrochloric acid.
Iyi, kana yasangana neganda, inopisa zvishoma, subjectively, zvakare inotsvedza, uye zvakare inonhuwa: kana ukashanda zvakanyanya neyakaomeswa hydrochloric acid murabhoritari ine hood isina kunaka, chiremba wemazino wako achakutendai: unozopfumisa pakuzadza. Nenzira, chewing gum inobatsira. Asi kwete zvakawanda. Zviri nani - hood.
Sezvo isina mafuta uye isingadzise zvakanyanya nemvura, inokonzeresa kune simbi chete, uye kwete kune ese. Nenzira, simbi mune yakadzika hydrochloric asidhi inopfuudzwa uye inoti "kwete!" Izvi ndizvo zvavanoshandisa panguva yekufambisa.
Nitric acid
HNO3
Iyewo anozivikanwa zvikuru, nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero vanhu vanomutyawo - asi pasina. Yakasimbiswa - iyi ndiyo inosvika 70% - ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa, yakakwirira - "kusvuta", kazhinji hapana anoida. Kune zvakare anhydrous imwe - uye zvakare inoputika.
Kuve mumiriri weoxidizing, inopfuudza simbi dzakawanda dzinove dzakafukidzwa nefirimu isinganyunguke uye ichiti "zvakanakai" - izvi chromium, iron, aluminium, cobalt, nickel nevamwe.
Inopindirana pakarepo neganda maererano nemusimboti we xanthoprotein reaction - pachave nenzvimbo yero, zvinoreva kuti iwe, %username%, uchiri kugadzirwa neprotein! Mushure menguva yakati, ganda reyero rinoputika, sekunge rakatsva. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoruma zvishoma kudarika munyu, kunyange zvazvo isinganyanyi kunhuwa - uye panguva ino inowedzera chepfu: kubhururuka nitrogen oxides hakuna kunaka kune muviri.
Mumakemikari, vanoshandisa iyo inonzi "nitrating musanganiswa" - inonyanya kufarirwa ine sulfuric uye nitric acids. Inoshandiswa mukugadzira, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwechinhu chinofadza - pyroxylin. Panyaya ye causticity - yakafanana chromium pamwe nerunako rweyero ganda.
Kune zvakare "mvura yehumambo" - ichi chikamu nitric acid kune matatu zvikamu hydrochloric acid. Inoshandiswa kunyungudutsa dzimwe simbi, kunyanya dzakakosha. Iyo yekudonha nzira yekutarisa sampu yezvigadzirwa zvegoridhe yakavakirwa pachiyero chakasiyana uye nekuwedzera kwemvura - nenzira, zvakaoma zvikuru kune nyanzvi dzinoshandisa nzira iyi kunyengedza nekunyepedzera. Panyaya yekukonzeresa kweganda - iyo yakafanana "nitrating musanganiswa" uye inonhuhwirira zvakanyanya, kunhuhwirira hakugone kuvhiringika nechimwe chinhu, zvakare kune chepfu.
Kune zvakare "reverse aqua regia" - kana reshiyo ikadzoserwa, asi ichi hachiwanzo hunhu.
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Muchokwadi, ini ndakapa fomula yeorthophosphoric acid, iyo yakajairika. Uye kune zvakare metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - muchidimbu, zvakakwana, asi hazvina basa.
Concentrated orthophosphoric acid (85%) ndiyo sirasi yakadaro. Iyo asidhi pachayo ivhareji, inowanzoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvokudya, nenzira - kana iwe ukawana kuzadza, pamusoro pezino inotanga kuiswa ne phosphoric acid.
Iyo corrosion properties ndeye-saizvozvo, asi pane isingafadzi nuance: iyi sirasi inobatwa zvakanaka. Naizvozvo, kana ikadonhera pazvinhu, inonyura, uye yobva yaita ngura zvishoma nezvishoma. Uye kana pane tsvina kana gomba kubva nitric uye hydrochloric acid, ipapo kubva phosphorus chinhu chinowira pasi, izvi zvinonyanya kupenya pashangu, kana gomba richiita serikuputsika kusvika rabuda.
Zvakanaka, kazhinji zvakaoma kuzvidaidza kuti caustic.
Hydrofluoric asidhi
HF
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid inenge 38%, kunyange zvazvo pane zvisinganzwisisike.
Asidhi isina kusimba iyo inotora rudo runotyisa rwe fluoride ions kuti iumbe anoshingirira makomba nemunhu wese waanogona naye. Naizvozvo, zvinoshamisa zvinonyungudutsa izvo dzimwe, shamwari dzakasimba dzisingagone, uye saka inowanzoshandiswa mumisanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana yekunyungudika. Paunowana paruoko rwako, manzwiro achave makuru kubva kune zvimwe zvikamu zvemisanganiswa yakadaro, asi pane nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid inonyungudutsa SiO2. Ndiro jecha. Ndiro girazi. Ndiko kuti, quartz. Zvichingoenda zvakadaro. Kwete, kana ukasasa iyi asidhi pahwindo, haizonyungudika, asi tsvina ine makore inoramba iripo. Kuti uparadze, unofanirwa kuibata kwenguva yakareba, kana kunyange zviri nani, kupisa. Kana yanyungudutswa, SiF4 inoburitswa, iyo inobatsira kune hutano zvekuti zviri nani kuzviita pasi pehodhi.
Chidiki asi chinonakidza nuance: iwe, %username%, une silicon muzvipikiri zvako. Saka, kana hydrofluoric acid ikapinda pasi pezvipikiri zvako, hapana chaunoona. Asi iwe haugone kurara husiku - zvinorwadza ZVAKAWANDA zvekuti dzimwe nguva unoda kubvarura chigunwe chako. Nditende, shamwari, ndinoziva.
Uye kazhinji, hydrofluoric acid ine muchetura, carcinogenic, inonyudzwa kuburikidza neganda uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda - asi nhasi tiri kutaura nezve causticity, handiti?
Unoyeuka here kuti takabvumirana sei pakutanga kuti hapazovi nefluoride? Haazodaro. Asi vacha...
Fluorides yemagasi anert
Muchokwadi, fluorine murume akaoma, haugone kunyatso ratidza nayo, uye saka mamwe magasi anert anoita fluorides nayo. Mafluorides anotevera akatsiga anozivikanwa: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Ese aya makristasi, ayo ari mumhepo nekumhanya kwakasiyana uye anokurumidza kuora nekunyorova kune hydrofluoric acid. Iyo causticity yakakodzera.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Iyo yakasimba kwazvo (maererano nechiyero chekuparadzanisa mumvura) binary acid. Iyo yakasimba yekudzikisa mumiriri, iyo inoshandiswa ne organic chemist. Mumhepo inoisa oxidize uye inoshanduka shava, izvo zvinokonzeresa mavara pakusangana. Kunzwa kana wasangana kwakafanana nemvura ine munyu. Zvose.
Perchloric acid
HClO4
Imwe yeakasimba kwazvo (maererano nedhigirii rekuparadzanisa mumvura) asidhi kazhinji (super acids inokwikwidzana nayo - zvimwe pamusoro payo pazasi) - iyo Hammett acidity basa (nhamba yekutaura kwekugona kwepakati kuve mupi weproton. maererano nechigadziko chekupokana, iyo yakaderera nhamba, yakasimba iyo asidhi) iri - 13. Anhydrous ioxidizing agent yakasimba, inoda kuputika, uye kazhinji haina kugadzikana. Concentrated (70% -72%) ioxidizing agent haina kunyanya kuipa, inowanzo shandiswa mukuparara kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Kuora kunonakidza uye kunonakidza nekuti inogona kuputika mukuita: iwe unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana marasha masisitimu, kuti arege kuvira zvakanyanya, nezvimwe. Perchloric acid zvakare yakasviba - haigone kucheneswa ne subdistillation, hutachiona hunoputika! Nokudaro, haisi kushandiswa kakawanda.
Kana yasangana neganda, inotsva uye inoita semunyu. Zvinonhuwa. Paunoona mumafirimu kuti mumwe munhu akakanda chitunha mumudziyo une perchloric acid uye yakanyunguduka, hongu, izvi zvinogoneka - asi zvinotora nguva yakareba kana kudziya. Kana ukaipisa, inogona kuputika (ona pamusoro). Saka iva anotsoropodza cinema (ndinofunga ndakaona izvi mu10 Cloverfield Lane).
Nenzira, iyo causticity ye chlorine oxide (VII) Cl2O7 uye chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 ndiyo mhedzisiro yekuti maokisi aya anoumba perchloric acid nemvura.
Iye zvino ngatifungei kuti takasarudza kubatanidza acidity yakasimba uye causticity yefluorine mune imwe komboni: tora mamorekuru eperchloric kana sulfuric acid uye kutsiva mapoka ayo ose ehydroxyl nefluorine! Tsvina ichava isingawanzoitiki: inopindirana nemvura uye makemikari akafanana - uye panzvimbo yekupindura asidi yakasimba uye hydrofluoric acid ichakurumidza kuwanikwa. A?
Fluorides yesulfure, bromine uye iodine
Uchiri kurangarira kuti takabvumirana kuti tifunge nezvezvinwiwa chete? Nechikonzero ichi, haina kuverengerwa muchinyorwa chedu. chlorine trifluoride ClF3, iyo inovira pa +12 Β° C, kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzose dzinotyisa dzinotyisa, dzinopisa girazi, chifukidzo chegesi, uye painodurura makirogiramu 900, inodya 30 cm yekrete uye mita yematombo - zvose izvi ndezvechokwadi. Asi takabvumirana - zvinwiwa.
Nekudaro, pane yero mvura - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, mvura isina ruvara - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, yero yakareruka - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, izvo zvisina kuipa. BrF5, semuenzaniso, inonyungudutsa girazi, simbi uye kongiri.
Saizvozvo, pakati pese sulfur fluorides, chete Disulfur decafluoride (dzimwe nguva inonziwo sulfur pentafluoride) imvura isina ruvara ine formula S2F10.. Asi komisheni iyi yakanyatsogadzikana pakudziya kwakajairika, haiparare nemvura - uye saka haina kunyanya kukonzera. Ichokwadi, ine 4 nguva yakawanda muchepfu kupfuura phosgene ine maitiro akafanana ekuita.
Nenzira, iodine pentafluoride inonzi ndiyo "gasi rakakosha" rinoshandiswa kuzadza mhepo mumhepo yekupukunyuka mumitambo yekupedzisira yefirimu ye1979 Alien. Zvakanaka, handiyeuki, chokwadi.
Super acids
Izwi rekuti "super acid" rakagadzirwa naJames Conant muna 1927 kuronga maasidhi akasimba kupfuura mamineral acids. Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa, perchloric acid inorondedzerwa se super acid, kunyange izvi zvisina kudaro - inongova yemaminerari.
Huwandu hwema superacids mamineral acids akasungirirwa halogen: halogen inokwevera maerekitironi pairi, maatomu ese anoshatirwa zvakanyanya, uye zvese zvinoenda kuhydrogen semazuva ese: inodonha muchimiro cheH + - boom: saka asidhi yave yakasimba.
Mienzaniso - fluorosulfuric uye chlorosulfuric acids
Fluorosulfuric acid ine Hammett basa re -15,1; nenzira, nekuda kwefluorine, iyi asidi inonyungudutsa zvishoma nezvishoma test tube iyo inochengetwa.
Zvino mumwe munhu akachenjera akafunga: ngatitore Lewis acid (chinhu chinogona kugamuchira peya yemaerekitironi kubva kune chimwe chinhu) toisanganisa neBrΓΈnsted acid (chinhu chinogona kupa purotoni)! Takasanganisa antimony pentafluoride nehydrofluoric acid tikawana hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. Mune ino system, hydrofluoric acid inoburitsa proton (H +), uye iyo conjugate base (F-) inoparadzaniswa nekubatana bond ne antimony pentafluoride. Izvi zvinogadzira yakakura octahedral anion (SbF6-), inova nucleophile isina kusimba uye hwaro husina kusimba. Kuva "mahara", proton inosarudza hyperacidity yehurongwa - Hammett basa -28!
Uye ipapo vamwe vakauya ndokuti sei vakatora Bernstead's weak acid ndokuuya neizvi.
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- pachayo yatova super acid (Hammett basa - 14,1). Saka, vakawedzera antimony pentafluoride kwairi zvakare - vakawana kudzikira kusvika -16,8! Manomano akafanana nefluorosulfuric acid akapa kudzikiswa kusvika -23.
Uye ipapo boka revasayendisiti kubva kudhipatimendi remakemikari yeAmerican University yeCalifornia, inotungamirwa naProfessor Christopher Reed, yakamira pamwe nevaaishanda navo kubva kuInstitute of Catalysis yeSiberian Branch yeRussia Academy yeScience (Novosibirsk) uye vakauya necarborane. asidhi H(CHB11Cl11). Zvakanaka, vakazvidaidza kuti "carborane" kune vanhuwo zvavo, asi kana iwe uchida kunzwa senge musayendisiti, taura "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)β katatu nekukasira.
Izvi ndizvo zvinoita runako urwu
Uhu hupfu hwakaoma hunonyungudika mumvura. Iyi ndiyo Yakasimba Acid panguva ino. Carborane acid ine simba rakapetwa miriyoni kupfuura concentrated sulfuric acid. Hazvibviri kuyera kusimba kweasidhi pachiyero chakajairwa, sezvo asidhi inoburitsa zvese zvinozivikanwa zvigadziko zvisina simba uye zvese zvinonyungudutsa mairi inonyungudika, kusanganisira mvura, benzene, fullerene-60, uye sulfur dioxide.
Zvadaro, Christopher Reed akaudza Nature news service kuti: βPfungwa yekugadzirwa kwecarborane acid yakabva mufungidziro dzeβmamorekuru akanga asati ambosikwa.β Pamwe chete nevamwe vake, anoda kushandisa carborane asidhi kuti oxidize maatomu einert gasi xenon - nekuda kwekuti hapana akambozviita izvi. Chekutanga, ndingati kudii.
Zvakanaka, sezvo maasidhi epamusoro ari maasidhi akajairwa, anoita zvakajairika, akasimba zvishoma. Zviri pachena kuti ganda richapisa, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti richapera. Fluorosulfonic acid ikesi yakaparadzana, asi zvese zvinoenderana nefluorine, senge mufluoride.
Trihaloacetic acids
Kunyanya, trifluoroacetic uye trichloroacetic acid
Yakanaka uye inonakidza nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwezvivakwa zve organic polar solvent uye yakasimba yakasimba asidhi. Vanonhuwaβsevhiniga.
Chinhu chinotonhorera chinonzi trifluoroacetic acid: mhinduro ye20% inoparadza simbi, cork, rubber, bakelite, polyethylene. Ganda rinopisa uye rinoita maronda akaoma anosvika pamhasuru.
Trichloroacetic acid ndiye munun'una mune izvi, asi zvakanaka zvakare. Nenzira, kuombera kune bonde risina simba: mukutsvaga runako, vamwe vanoenda kune iyo inonzi TCA peeling maitiro (TCA ndiyo TetraChloroAcetate) - kana iyi imwechete tetrachloroacetic acid inoshandiswa kunyungudutsa kumusoro, rough layer yeganda.
Ichokwadi, kana cosmetologist ichitaura pafoni, kukundikana kunogoneka
Zvakanaka, chimwe chinhu chakadai, kana tichitaura nezvemvura uye causticity. Pachava nekuwedzera here?
Source: www.habr.com