Pamusoro pedoro kuburikidza nemaziso emakemikari. Chikamu 4

Mhoro %username%.

Chechitatu chikamu chezvangu zvakatevedzana nezvedoro paHabré zvakazove zvisinganyanyi kuoneka pane zvakapfuura - tichitonga nezvakataurwa uye zviyero, saka, pamwe, ini ndatoneta nenyaya dzangu. Asi sezvo zvine musoro uye zvakakosha kupedzisa nyaya yezvikamu zvedoro, heino chikamu chechina!

Enda.

Semazuva ose, pachava nekanyaya kedoro pakutanga. Uye panguva ino achange ari serious. Iyi ichave nyaya, zvisina kunanga - asi ichibata Kukunda Kukuru kwakaitwa nasekuru vedu muna 1945. Uye pasinei nekufungidzira uye zvisina maturo, ndinodada nekukunda uku.

Pasina kudzika zvakanyanya, ini ndichakuudza nezve izvo zvinonyanya kufadza chokwadi nezve kugadzirwa uye kunwiwa kwedoro panguva yeGreat Patriotic War (data rakatorwa kubva kune yakavhurika masosi paInternet, pamwe nehurukuro yakaitwa nemunyori wenhoroondo wedoro Pavel Egorov).

• Doro raigadzirwa kunyange munguva yehondo. Hongu, zvisingaite, kugadzirwa kwedoro hakuna kumira zvachose mukati meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kunyangwe mavhoriyamu ekugadzira akaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Chikonzero chekudzikisa chakajeka: munguva dzakaoma dzenyika, zviwanikwa zvakakosha zvaidiwa - vanhu, chikafu, uye hunyanzvi.
• Mamwe mabikirwo edoro akatanga kugadzira crackers. Mabiko mazhinji eSoviet aitarisirwa kuendeswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvenguva yehondo. Semuenzaniso, chirimwa cheLeningrad "Stepan Razin" chakagadzwa neaimbova People's Commissar weFood Industry, Comrade Zotov, kugadzira crackers pachiyero chekugadzira matani mazana maviri pamwedzi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, "Stepan Razin" mumwe chete, pamwe chete nemamwe mabikirwo makuru, akarairwa kuti amire kugadzira doro uye kuendesa zviyo zvese zviripo kuti zvigayiwe kuita hupfu.
• Kana vaNazi vakauya kuLeningrad, zvakarongwa kuvaisa chepfu nedoro. Kubva munaDecember 41, mumakamuri eiyo "Stepan Razin" yakasara zvishoma kudarika mamiriyoni emarita edoro, kunyanya "Zhigulevsky". Ichi chaive chikamu cheinonzi hurongwa hwekuchengetera, hwaifanira kunge hwakaiswa chepfu kana mufascist akauya kuLeningrad. Kana chimwe chinhu chakaitika, kuparadza kwaizoitwa nemukuru anobika doro rechirimwa chacho.
• Doro raibikwa kunyange panguva yekukombwa kweLeningrad. Leningrad brewery "Red Bavaria", maererano zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa, yakakwanisa kugadzira marita edoro ingangoita miriyoni pazororo raMay 1942, nokudaro ichipa maLeningrad ese mukombe wemutambo wechinwiwa chine furo. Uyezve, chikamu chebhechi chakaiswa mabhodhoro nevashandi vezvekudyara nemaoko, sezvo chirimwa chacho chakanga chisina magetsi kwemwedzi mitatu.
• Zuva reKukunda rekutanga rakapembererwawo nedoro. Musi waMay 9, 1945, kukunda kweNazi kwaipembererwa kwose kwose: zvose muU.SR uye munyika dzeEurope uko mauto edu achiripo. Vamwe, hongu, vakapemberera chiitiko chikuru nevodka, uye vamwe nedoro: kunyanya, varwi veRed Army vaiva muCzechoslovakia panguva iyoyo vakapemberera kukunda nedoro remunharaunda (ona mufananidzo uri pakutanga kwechinyorwa chino).
• Iyo yava nemukurumbira Lida Brewery yakagadzira doro reWehrmacht. Izvi zvakaitika, hongu, kwete pakuda kwevaridzi vemiti: panguva yekutonga kweNazi, kugadzirwa kwakauya pasi pekutonga kwevaGerman, vakatanga kugadzira doro ipapo kune varwi veNazi. Zvechokwadi, vagari vomunharaunda yeguta reBelarusian reLida nematunhu akapoteredza havana kunwa doro iri, sezvo mabheti ose akagoverwa pakati pemauto eGermany akaiswa munzvimbo idzodzo.
• Doro remaNazi rakagadzirwa nemaJuda. Chii chinonakidza: kushanda kwechirimwa kwaitarisirwa neSS injiniya Joachim Lochbiller, uyo, zvinopesana nemaitiro anozivikanwa epanguva iyoyo, haana kungokwezva vaJudha pakugadzirwa kwedoro, asiwo akavadzivirira kubva kune vamwe varume veSS. Pane imwe nguva, akatonyevera pomero dzake dzokuti vakanga vari mungozi yorufu uye vaifanira kutiza. Muna September 1943, varume veSS vakauya pabindu racho ndokusunga vaJudha vose, vachivapomera kupinza muchetura mudoro. Varombo vakatakurwa muchitima, asi vari munzira, vamwe vasungwa vakakwanisa kusvetuka kubva muchitima: pakati peavo vakazopukunyuka kubva kumaNazi vaive varidzi vekutanga veLida brewery, Mark naSemyon Pupko.
• Chikamu chaitorwa cheGermany chaibika doro reUSSR. Vatengi vezvinwiwa zvakadaro vaive Boka reSoviet Forces muGermany. Kunyange mazita echiRussian edoro rakadaro akachengetedzwa. Iri mari yakawanda sei doro iri, ndiani akariwana uye kuti rainaka sei - nhoroondo, zvinosuruvarisa, haitauri pamusoro pezvinhu izvi.
  
• Pakati pemikombe yehondo pakanga pane zvokubikisa doro zveGermany. Sechikamu chemubhadharo wekukuvadza kwakakonzerwa neNazi Germany nevabatsiri vayo, USSR yakapiwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, midziyo yeimwe huru Berlin brewery. Mudziyo wakatorwa uyu wakaiswa paStepan Razin brewery. Iyo Moscow brewery muKhamovniki zvakare yakawana yakafanana trophy hardware.
  
• Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, chiyero chedoro chakagamuchirwa icho chichiri kushanda nanhasi. GOST 3473-46 yakagamuchirwa muna 1946 uye, nedzimwe shanduko, yakaramba iripo kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mushure mezvo yakatsiviwa neimwe itsva, kunyange zvazvo isiri yemazuva ano. Zvechokwadi tichataura nezvazvo zvakasiyana

Zvakanaka, zvino ngatidzokei kune yedu zvigadzirwa. Wekupedzisira asara uye uyu ndiye -

Supplements.

Ini ndichatanga nyaya yangu pamusoro pezvinowedzera nenyaya yekuti ivo havafanirwe kunge vari mudoro. Asi chaizvoizvo, zviri mumunhu wose. Uye havatombo shatise kunaka, kunaka, kana kukosha kwechinwiwa - zvinongoratidza humwe hunhu hwayo. Ngatiedzei kunzwisisa inonyanya kufarirwa kwavari, uye tozotaura pamusoro pekudiwa kwavo uye kusabatsira mune zvakadzama.

• Chinhu chinonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevabiki, icho chisina kuverengerwa murondedzero yezvinosungirwa zvinongedzo, ndiyo inonzi "zviyo zvisina kubikwa" - idzi ndidzo zviyo zvisina kupfuura nepakati pekumera, kureva kuti, hazvina kuita mumera. Inogona kuva gorosi, mupunga kana chibage. Chibage nemupunga ndizvo zvakajairika, kazhinji muchimiro cheupfu kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Chikonzero chacho chiri nyore: ivo inzvimbo yakachipa yeshuga yakapfava iyo mbiriso inoda kuburitsa kabhoni dhaidhi nedoro, uye saka nzira yekuwedzera simba rechinwiwa. Chibage chinowanzo kuwanikwa mumhando dzedoro rekuAmerica rinogadzirwa zvakanyanya (dzimwe nguva rinodaidzwa kuti chibage), uye mupunga unowanzo kuwanikwa mudoro rekuAsia, zvine musoro: United States inorima chibage uye muhuwandu hukuru, uye nyika dzeAsia dzinokura. mupunga. Mupunga nechibage zvinopa doro kutapira kwakasiyana kunoonekwa nemunhu wese. Gorosi risina kunyungudutswa rinowanzo shandiswawo: ndechimwe chezvinhu zvekugadzira doro regorosi. Izvo zvinhu zviri mugorosi izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mamwe mumvuri wekunaka uye kunhuwa.
• Shuga ndechimwe chinowanzo wanikwa chekuwedzera mudoro. Inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemweya: kuwedzerwa kweshuga kunopa mbiriso nechikafu chekuwedzera chiri nyore kugadzira doro. Shuga inogona kuwedzerwa muchimiro cheshuga-ine masosi: sirasi yechibage, sirasi yemaltose, nezvimwe. Unogonawo kushandisa uchi, asi ipapo kugadzira kunodhura zvakanyanya. Nenzira, dhayi yechisikigo inowanzoshandiswa: ruvara rwehuga (E150), iro rinonyanya shuga caramel. Kana ukaona E150 pabhodhoroа - kazhinji, zorora, nokuti iyi ndiyo yakasikwa yakatsva shuga yaunogona kudya nemapuni. NeE150b, E150c uye E150d - hazvina kudaro, asi zvisinei, hapana anozoadira kupfuura inobvumirwa 160 mg/kg yehuremu hwemuviri kune anonwa doro.
• Ngatitarisei imwe yengano: pakugadzira doro, vanenge vasingatombo shandisa makemikari mavara ekugadzira uye mapreservatives - masikirwo ezvakasikwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekuvirisa, pamwe neakapupurirwa tekinoroji maitiro (zvimwe pazviri gare gare), zvakakwana zvakakwana. Sei uchipedza mari pane mamwe makemikari uye uve nechokwadi chekuvaratidza mukuumbwa, kana zvese zvichigona kuitwa nerecipe? Asi zvakadaro, kana ukawana madoro e "michero" akachipa ("ane lime", "nepomegraneti", nezvimwewo) - ipapo doro nyoro iri rine zvinonhuhwirira uye mavara, asi zvakandiomera zvakanyanya kuti ndinzi doro. Vanogonawo kuwedzera ascorbic acid (E300) kudoro, iyo isiri yemakemikari yakagadzirwa, asi chigadzirwa chekuvirisa (hongu, ndiyo nzira yainogadzirwa). Kuwedzerwa kweascorbic acid kunowedzera kupikisa kwedoro kuchiedza uye oksijeni - uye kunyange inobvumira doro kudururirwa mumabhodhoro akajeka (zvimwe pane izvi gare gare, asi iwe unogona kutoyeuka Miller naCorona).
• Mune mamwe marudzi edoro, mugadziri anogona kushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuwedzera: clove, cardamom, anise, orange zest, pepper, fruit puree kana chibereko pachacho nezvimwe zvakawanda. Ese akagadzirwa kuti ape doro rekuwedzera kuravira, kunhuhwirira uye maitiro ekuona. Cherries, raspberries, blackberries - zvose izvi muchimiro chazvo zvinogonawo kuguma muvheti imwechete nedoro rinovirisa. Vagadziri veBelgian lambic vanonyanya kuda izvi zvinongedzo.
• Munyu unogona kuwedzerwa kudoro! Uye ichi hachisi chishuwo, asi chinhu chinodiwa chekugadzira doro muchimiro chechinyakare chechiGerman gose - gorosi sour ale, kugadzirwa kwayo kunoshandisa coriander uye lactic acid (sechigadzirwa chelactic fermentation). Iyi nzira, nenzira, inenge makore ane chiuru, saka yakatove yakare kaviri seyakakurumbira yeGermany "Beer Purity Law," iyo yatichataura pamusoro payo gare gare. Nenzira, kuwedzera munyu kunowedzera kuwanda kwe sodium uye chlorides - yeuka Chikamu 1, chakataura nezvemvura uye zvinhu zveioni izvi.
• Vamwe vabiki vakakwanisa kushandisa zvakanangana zvekuwedzera: howa, makwati emuti, dandelions, squid inki uye kunyange "whale burp" - uwandu hwakaumbwa mudumbu remawhale.

Ndinoda kutaura ini pachangu: zviri pamutemo, hapana doro risina zvinowedzera. Kana chete nekuti iwe unofanirwa kugadzirira mvura, gadzirisa maminerari ayo uye pH. Uye izvi zvinowedzera. kana chete nekuti iwe unoda kushandisa gasi - takataura nezvazvo. Uye izvi zvinowedzera. Asi ngatitaure pamusoro pekuti zvinowedzera zvinobatwa sei kubva pakuona kwemutemo.

Zvechokwadi, munhu wose achayeuka pakarepo mutemo wakakurumbira wedoro - "Mutemo weKuchena kwedoro" kana Reinheitsgebot, iyo yatova nemakore anopfuura mazana mashanu. Mutemo uyu unozivikanwa zvikuru, unozivikanwa uye unozivikanwa zvokuti wakafukidzwa nehupamhi hwenhema uye mafungiro asina kunaka ayo vatengesi vanowanzoshandisa. Kunyanya, vazhinji vanotenda kuti doro ndiro chete izvo zvinoenderana neReinheitsgeboth, uye imwe yasara chibereko chekushanda kweitsvo dzeimwe mhuri inochengeterwa equine. Panguva imwe cheteyo, nyanzvi dzinowanzova neruzivo rushoma kuti chii chakanyorwa mumutemo uyu uye kuti wakabva kupi. Ngatizvionei.

• Mutemo weBeer Purity Law une nhoroondo yemakore anopfuura mazana mashanu - iyo Bavarian Beer Purity Law ye500 ndeimwe yemitemo yekare mukugadzirwa kwechikafu. Zvakanyanya kugumbura maBavarian, mutemo wekare pamusoro pekuchena kwedoro wakawanikwa muThuringia uye waive mukuru wemakore makumi masere nemaviri pane mutemo weBavaria wakapihwa - kumashure muna 1516, mutemo wemukati wakapihwa muErfurt kushandisa chete zvimwe zvinongedzo mukubika. Maguta eMunich akatanga kutonga mabikirwo edoro chete muna 82, uye kutaurwa kwekutanga kwekushandiswa kwemumera webhari chete, hops uye mvura mukubika zvakatanga muna 1351. Panguva ino, kurongeka kweThuringian kwave kutoshanda kweanoda kusvika makore makumi maviri. Odha yakanyorwa muna 1363 uye yakapihwa muWeissensee (Thuringia) yakawanikwa mune medieval Runneburg pedyo neErfurt muna 1453.
• Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yemutemo yakadzora kwete zvakanyanya kuumbwa kwedoro semutengo wayo. Chirevo chakasainwa naDuke Wilhelm VI weBavaria chakanyanya kudzora mutengo wedoro zvichienderana nenguva yegore, uye imwe chete yemapoinzi yakataura kuumbwa kwezvigadziriso: hapana kunze kwebhari, mvura uye hops. Chirevo chaDuke chaive chakanangana nekuchengetedza chikafu. Sezvo abvumidza zviyo zvebhari chete kuti zvishandiswe kubika, Wilhelm akarambidza kushandiswa kwegorosi mukubika nekuti chaive chakakosha pakubika chingwa.
• Yeast haina kuverengerwa muzvinyorwa zvinotenderwa zviri pamutemo. asi izvi zvinoreva kuti hazvireve chinhu: maGermany ainyatsoziva mbiriso, asi sezvo vakabviswa kubva pakunwa kwapera, havana kutaurwa mumutemo.
• Iyo seti yemitemo yakagamuchira zita rayo remazuva ano - Reinheitsgebot, kureva kuti, "zvinodikanwa zvekuchena" - nguva pfupi yadarika - anenge makore zana apfuura. Iyi vhezheni, ine dzimwe shanduko, iri kushanda muGermany nanhasi uye ine zvikamu zviviri: imwe inodzora kugadzirwa kwemalager, imwe inodzora kugadzirwa kweales. Nekuda kwekusunungurwa kwemusika wemukati weEuropean, mutemo wakagamuchirwa mumutemo weEurope.
• Shanduro yemazuva ano yeReinheitsgeboth haidzivisi kupinza doro chero ripi zvaro muGermany uye hairambidzi vabiki vedoro veko kutsauka kubva pamutemo. Uyezve, mutemo unovandudzwa nguva nenguva, uchitevera maitiro emazuva ano ekubikwa kwedoro, kunyange zvazvo unoramba uchichengetedza.
• Panguva imwecheteyo, mutemo weGermany unoparadzanisa doro remunharaunda, rinobikwa maererano nemutemo wedoro, kubva kune mamwe marudzi aro: vekupedzisira havana kodzero yekunzi shoko rokuti bier, zvisinei, havadanwe zita rokuti "doro" .
• Kunyangwe zvirambidzo zvese zviripo uye conservatism yayo, Reinheitsgebot iri kuchinja, ichibvumira maGerman anobika doro kuti agadzire doro rakasiyana siyana uye haidzikisire vanogadzira doro muchikamu chevasina. Asi kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, vagadziri vazhinji veGerman uye vanoda doro vari, kana zvisiri zvinopesana nemutemo, saka zvirinani vachifarira kuichinja.

Aya ndiwo magariro avanoita kuEurope nekuGermany uko vakatanga kubika doro kare kare. Panguva imwecheteyo, muBelgium, kwavanotaurirana nembiriso zvakasununguka, uye vasinganyari nekuwedzera chero chinhu chavanoda kudoro, havanetse zvakanyanya. Uye vanobika doro rakanaka kwazvo, rinotengeswa pasi rose.

Zvakadini neRussian Federation? Pakaipa pano.

Nokuti muRussian Federation kune mitemo miviri, kana kuti pane mitemo: GOST 31711-2012, iyo ndeye doro, uye GOST 55292-2012. izvo zvinoreva "zvinwiwa zvedoro". Ini ndinotenda nemoyo wese kuti vezvemitemo vepamba uye vanyori veRussia yekubikira zviyero vaida kunyora yavo Reinheitsgebot nevanoda uye mahure - asi zvakazongoitika senguva dzose. Ngatitarisei maparera makuru.

Izvi ndizvo zvinofanira kunge zviri mudoro maererano neGOST 31711-2012

asi izvi ndizvo zvose - doro rekunwa maererano neGOST 55292-2012

Saka ndoti kudii? Muchokwadi, chinwiwa chedoro idoro rakazara, rakajairika, mukugadzirwa kwacho kwakashandiswa chimwe chinhu chisiri chekare: semuenzaniso, citrus zest, seasoning kana michero. Uye semugumisiro, pasi pezita rinotyisa "doro rekunwa", doro rakaonekwa pamasherufu ezvitoro yakakura kudarika GOSTs dzose, Russian Federation uye kunyange Reinheitsgebot. Mienzaniso: Hoegaarden - tateguru wayo akabikwa mumusha weFlemish wezita rimwe chete (zvino Belgium) kubva muna 1445, uye kunyange ipapo yakashandisa coriander uye orange zest. Hoegaarden anonetsekana nekudaidzwa kudaro? Ndinofunga ari mudambudziko. Asi mutengi wedu anoona zvipfupi, averenga zvakanyorwa pabhodhoro, anobva apinda mukushanda kwepfungwa kwakaoma maererano nekurangana kwepasi rose uye kuti "doro ravari kuunza kudhipatimendi HACHISI CHAIYO!" Nenzira, muRussia Hoegaarden inogadzirwa muRussia pachayo - asi zvimwe pane izvozvo gare gare.

Saka kana iwe ukaona mazwi ekuti "doro rekunwa" pamutengo weti kana label, wobva waziva kuti iri ringangove doro rinonakidza iro rinofanirwa kuyedza. Chete kana iwe ukaona zvisingakanganwike kemikari zvinonhuwira uye dhayi muchimiro - iyi weti se "Garage", izvo zviri nani kusazvibata zvachose.

Asi ngatienderere mberi! Sezvo kuparadzwa kweSoviet Union kusiri mumakamuri, asi mumisoro, GOST iri kuedza kudzikamisa zvakanyanya mhando dzedoro uye kuumbwa kwayo. Zvisinei, se "doro zvinwiwa". Ziva, %username%, kuti:

Kutaura zvazviri, zvinhu zvose zvakatonyanya kuoma






Kureva kuti nhanho kuruboshwe kana kurudyi kuedza kutiza, kusvetuka kuedza kubhururuka.

Zvakandiomera kuti ndikurukure nezvesimba uye kudzika kwehupenzi uku, asi ini ndichangobata paEBC mayunitsi - uyu ndiwo ruvara rwedoro maererano neEuropean Brewing Convention. Ndiyo nzira iyi inoshandiswa muGOST, kunyange zvazvo nyika yose yakashandura kwenguva refu kune itsva Standard Reference Method (SRM). Asi izvi hazvina basa - hunhu hunoshandurwa zviri nyore kuita mumwe nemumwe uchishandisa fomula yaMoray: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (pachiyero chitsva cheEBC) kana EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (pachiyero chekare cheEBC - uye hongu , neSRM zvese zviri nyore).

Nenzira, iyo SRM dzimwe nguva inonziwo Lovibond chiyero mukukudza muvambi Joseph Williams Lovibond, uyo, ari mubiki, akauya nepfungwa yekushandisa colorimeter kuratidza ruvara rwedoro uye chiyero. pacharo.

Muchidimbu, zvinoita seizvi:

Kana iwe wakanyatsoverenga uye wakatarisa %username%, saka wanzwisisa. kuti zvese zviri pasi peEBC 31 idoro rakareruka, uye zvese zviri pamusoro idoro rakasviba. Ndiko kuti:


Neruremekedzo rwese rwakakodzera, asi kupatsanurwa kwakadaro kupenga, kure nechokwadi - asi kubva kune vanogadzira izwi rekuti "doro rekunwa". Pamagirazi maviri edoro nderipi raunofunga kuti rine doro rakareruka?

Mhinduro iri panoKuruboshwe kune Guinness Nitro IPA, kurudyi kune Saldens Pineapple IPA. Marudzi ese edoro akanyorwa kuti “doro rakareruka” pamagaba.
Uye nenzira, Chirungu Pale Ale (chaizvoizvo: pale English ale) Fuller's London Pride, maererano neGOST, idoro rakasviba. Ndinonzwa kunge ndiri bofu.

Nenzira, pakuguma kwehurukuro pamusoro pezvigadzirwa uye tisati taenda kune chikamu chinotevera, apo tichazotaura nezve teknolojia, ngatitarisei imwe chidimbu chakakosha pakutsanangura kuumbwa uye kunaka kwedoro. Iwe unotoziva nezve IBU, SRM/EBC. Yave nguva yekutaura nezve ABV.

ABV haisi zvachose kuedza kukuyeuchidza nezvealfabheti apo, mushure memarita matatu, iwe unofunga kuverenga chimwe chinhu - uye chinyorwa chinobuda - iyi ndiyo Doro Nevhoriyamu (ABV). Iyo label inogona kunge iine 4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. kana 4,5% vol. - izvi zvose zvinoreva huwandu hwehuwandu hwe ethanol muchinwiwa, uye "vhoriyamu" haisi yengano "turnover", asi chaizvo "vhoriyamu". Uye hongu - kunewo "madhigirii esimba" - tsika dzekare dzisina munhu anoshandisa iye zvino, uye saka "doro 4,5 madhigirii" inongova 4,5% vol. yakaitwa naMukuru wedu naMasimbaose.

Kana iwe uchifarira nhoroondo yemadhigirii uye kuremekedza D.I. MendeleevDoro rezvinwiwa ragara richitemesa vanhu musoro, zvikuru pakamuka nyaya yemitengo. Johann-Georg Tralles, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuGermany, ane mukurumbira pakugadzirwa kwemamita edoro, akanyora basa rinokosha rokuti “Untersuchungen über die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser” (“Tsvaga pamusoro pekukwevera chaiko kwemusanganiswa wedoro nemvura”) muna 1812.
Madhigirii eTralles anoenderana nehuwandu hwemazuva ano hwedoro nehuwandu hwechinwiwa. Semuenzaniso, 40 madhigirii Tralles anofanirwa kunge akaenzana ne40% doro nehuwandu. Zvisinei, sezvakaratidzwa naD. I. Mendeleev, izvo Tralles akatora "doro" - doro rakachena, rakanga riri mhinduro yaro ine mvura, apo paingova ne 88,55% anhydrous alcohol, kuitira kuti 40-degree drink maererano neTralles inoenderana ne35,42% "maererano Mendeleev”. Nekudaro, kekutanga pasirese, musayendisiti wekuRussia munhoroondo akawana kusazadzwa kuri pasi pemabhunu ekumhiri kwemakungwa.

Mumakore ekuma1840, Academician G.I. Hess, akatumwa nehurumende yeRussia, akagadzira nzira uye chigadziro chekuona huwandu hwedoro muwaini. Kare, simba raiyerwa uchishandisa Tralles system, pamwe ne "annealing". Semuenzaniso, musanganiswa wedoro nemvura, iyo yakarasikirwa nehafu yehuwandu hwayo panguva yekuvhara (inenge 38% doro) yainzi polugar (maererano ne "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" ye1830: "inotsanangurwa mune yakadaro. nenzira iyo, yakadururirwa mune yehurumende-inonzi annealer, sampuli yeonago yakapiswa nehafu panguva yekuvharwa "). Mumharidzo yeGurukota reMari Kankrin muna 1843, zvakanzi waini annealing uye Chirungu hydrometers haipei kuverenga kwakaringana, uye Tralles doro mita inoda kuverenga kuti ione simba, uye saka zvakakosha kupa iyo Tralles system. fomu yakanakira Russia.

Muna 1847, Hess akabudisa bhuku rinonzi "Accounting for Alcohol," iro rakatsanangura mitemo yekushandisa mita yewaini ine matafura ekuona simba uye dilution yehuwandu hwedoro. Chinyorwa chechipiri muna 1849 chaivawo nerondedzero yenhoroondo nedzidziso yekuyera nhare. Hess's doro mita matafura akasanganisa zviyero zvinoenderana neTralles netsika yeRussia yekuverengerazve doro pahafu-gar. Meta yedoro yeHess haina kuratidza huwandu hwedoro, asi huwandu hwemabhakiti emvura ane tembiricha ye12,44 ° R (madhigirii Reaumur, 15,56 ° C), yaida kuwedzerwa kumabhakiti zana edoro riri kuedzwa kuti riwane hafu. -gar, inotsanangurwa se 100% doro (kunyangwe Kunyange pano pane kukakavara). Imwe nzira yakafanana yakashandiswa muEngland, uko humbowo (38% doro) hwaive muyero.

Muchidimbu, Hess akaomesa zvinhu zvose, uye naizvozvo nokuda kwaDmitry Ivanovich, uyo akaunza pfungwa yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwedoro.

Zvakanaka, apo doro rinobva kune rakajeka kune wese: ndicho chigadzirwa chikuru chekuvirisa doro, uye naizvozvo inobva pakudya kwembiriso - shuga. Shuga pakutanga inobva mumera. Zvinoitika kuti kuchine shuga yasara, asi mbiriso yakatobuda. Muchiitiko ichi, mubiki anowedzera chimwe chikamu chembiriso. Asi kana iwe uchida kuita kuti doro rionekwe rakasimba, panogona kunge pasina yakakwana yakagadziriswa shuga mu wort, uye ichi chatova dambudziko. Hapana chikonzero chekuwedzera malt, sezvo chiyero chemhando dzemalt chinokanganisa kwete doro chete - uye isu tatokurukura izvi. Eeeee?

Pane nzira mbiri dzakakurumbira. Yekutanga uye yakanyanya kushandiswa: ingopa mbiriso iyo yakapfava malt extract (kwete malt!), maltose, uchi kana chimwe chinhu chinotapira. Mhando dzakachipa dzinowanzoshandisa nehupenzi chete shuga - ndiko kuti, sucrose, asi inozobuda inotapira. Kuti udzivise kudarika-kutapira doro, mubiki anogona kushandisa imwe nzira yehurasi yezviyo kana dextrose nokuti kuwedzera kwavo hakubatsiri pamagumo ekunaka. Muzhinji, takawedzera mashuga akapfava uye tikawana doro rakawanda. Asi pane rimwe dambudziko.

Kana imwe uwandu hwedoro hwasvika, mbiriso haigoni kumira uye inofa mumarara ayo ega - kwete, inonzwika yakashata zvachose, uye naizvozvo: vanodhakwa - uyewo chimwe chinhu chakaipa - muchidimbu: vanofa. rega kushanda, kana kufa zvachose. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, vanogadzira doro rakasimba vanoshandisa mbiriso makoroni. Kazhinji, nenzira, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vanogadzira doro vanoshandisa mbiriso yewaini. Asi kunyange munyaya iyi, haigoni kukwira pamusoro pe12-13%. Uye nekuti...

Nzira yechipiri yekuwedzera dhigirii ndeyekuwedzera doro rekutengesa nekubvisa imwe yemvura nechando. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo edoro reGerman Eisbock, semuenzaniso. Asi chokwadi, doro rakasimba kupfuura 12-13% harina kunyanya kuwanda.

Chinhu chakakosha: hapana achasanganisa doro mudoro. Never. Chekutanga, izvi zvinoda marezinesi ekuwedzera ekushandisa doro rechikafu, uye chechipiri, inomira uye inoita kuti doro risagadzikane. Uye sei uchitenga chimwe chinhu chakatowanikwa semugumisiro wekuvirisa? Hongu, zvinoitika kuti doro rinonhuhwirira doro, asi izvi hazvisi mhedzisiro yekuwedzera nemaune ethanol, asi chete kuvapo kweiyo ester mudoro (rangarira hurukuro nezve esters?)

Nenzira, ini ndichatumira zvakare maranzi eruvengo kuRussia GOST 31711-2012:

Ini pachangu, handinzwisisi "kwete zvishoma" uye "+-" - izvi zvinoreva here kuti ndinogona kutengesa doro rine simba mukati me0,5% uye risina kusimba? Hongu, uye mashiripiti epamusoro simba redoro nhamba ye8,6% yakabvawo mugwaro iri. Uye naizvozvo, zvose zvine simba kazhinji hazvina kujeka. MaGermany anoseka zvikuru pane izvi. Muchidimbu, dhiyabhorosi anoziva, uye mhoro kune State Scientific Institution "VNIIPBiVP" yeRussia Agricultural Academy, muvambi wechiyero.

Zvakadaro, kuverenga kwenguva refu kwakabuda. Zvakwana!

Uye zvinoita sekunge vanhu vakafinhwa nenyaya yese iyi. Nokudaro, ini ndichatora zororo, uye kana zvikaitika kuti pane kufarira, nguva inotevera tichazotaura muchidimbu nezve teknolojia yekubika, dzidza zvakavanzika zvewaini isina doro uye, zvichida, kubvisa dzimwe nhema dzakawanda. Sezvo ini ndisiri tekinoroji, kuongororwa kweiyo tekinoroji kuchave kwakanyanya philistine, asi, ndinovimba, iwo makuru matanho uye mibvunzo nezve midziyo, kusefa uye pasteurization ichatsanangurwa.

Waita rombo rakanaka, %username%!

Kunobva: www.habr.com