Mhoro %username%.
Makorokoto: uye ndinoramba ndichiisa chepfu muuropi hwako neruzivo rwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzechepfu - yakasimba uye isina kusimba zvakanyanya.
Nhasi tichataura pamusoro pechinyorwa icho, sezvazvinozoitika, chinofarirwa nevazhinji - izvi zvatove pachena, kunyanya sezvo murongi wemakwikwi akabvisa mukwikwidzi wepedyo wekusatevedzera WADA zviyero. Zvakanaka, senguva dzose, mushure mezvinyorwa pachava nevhoti yekuti zvakakosha kuenderera mberi uye chii chekuenderera mberi.
Rangarira, %username%, ikozvino iwe chete ndiwe unoona kuti ndinofanira kuramba ndichitaura nyaya dzakadai uye zvekutaura nezvazvo - uku ndiko kuyera kwechinyorwa uye izwi rako pachako.
Sakaβ¦
"Yellow Rain"
Mvura yero inorovera pamatenga,
Pamusoro peasphalt uye pamashizha,
Ndakamira ndakapfeka raincoat ndichitota pasina.
β Chizh and Co.
Nyaya ye "yellow rain" inyaya yekukundikana kukuru. Zita rekuti "yellow rain" rakabva muzviitiko muLaos neNorth Vietnam zvakatanga muna 1975, apo hurumende mbiri dzaidyidzana nekutsigira Soviet Union dzakarwisa vapanduki veHmong neKhmer Rouge vaitsigira United States.America neSouth Vietnam. Chinhu chinosetsa ndechekuti Khmer Rouge inonyanya kudzidziswa muFrance neCambodia, uye sangano racho rakazadzwa nevechiri kuyaruka vane makore 12-15, avo vakanga varasikirwa nevabereki vavo uye vakavenga vagari vomutaundi se "vatsigiri veAmerica." Mufungo wavo wakanga wakavakirwa paMaoism, kurambwa kwechinhu chiri chose chokuMadokero nechazvino uno. Hongu, %username%, muna 1975 kuiswa kwedemocracy hakuna kumbosiyana kubva nhasi.
Somugumisiro, muna 1982, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States Alexander Haig akapomera Soviet Union kupa imwe muchetura kunyika dzechikominisiti muVietnam, Laos neCambodia kuti ishandiswe mukurwisa kupandukira. Zvinonzi, vapoteri vakatsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda zvekurwiswa kwemakemikari, kusanganisira mvura inonamira yero inodonha kubva mundege kana helikopta, iyo yainzi "yellow rain."
"Mvura yeyero" yainzi ndiyo T-2 toxin - trichothecene mycotoxin inogadzirwa nemetabolism yehupfu kubva mukuumbwa kweiyo genus Fusarium, iyo ine muchetura zvakanyanya kune eukaryotic zvipenyu - kureva, zvese kunze kwebhakitiriya, mavhairasi uye archaea. usagumbuke kana vakakudaidza kuti eukaryote!) . Muchetura uyu unokonzera lymphatic toxic agranulocytosis uye zviratidzo zvakawanda zvekukuvadzwa kwenhengo kana zvasangana neganda, mapapu, kana dumbu. Mhuka dzinogonawo kuva nechepfu panguva imwe chete (inonzi T-2 toxicosis).
Heino akanaka T-2
Nyaya yacho yakakurumidza kuputika uye chepfu yeT-2 yakarongedzerwa senhengo dzebhayoloji dzaizivikanwa zviri pamutemo sedzinokwanisa kushandiswa sezvombo zvebhaibheri.
Bhuku ra1997 rakabudiswa neU.S. Army Medical Department rakati vanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi vakaurayiwa mukurwisa kwezvombo zvemakemikari muLaos, Cambodia neAfghanistan. Tsanangudzo dzekurwiswa dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzaisanganisira maaerosol cans uye aerosols, booby traps, artillery shells, maroketi nemagirinedhi aiburitsa madonhwe emvura, guruva, hupfu, utsi kana "bug-like" zvinhu zvaive yero, tsvuku, girini, chena kana Brown. color.
MaSoviet akaramba zvirevo zveUS, uye ongororo yekutanga yeUnited Nations yakanga isingaite. Kunyanya, nyanzvi dzeUN dzakaongorora vapoteri vaviri vaiti vari kutambura nemhedzisiro yekurwiswa kwemakemikari, asi vakaonekwa vaine fungal skin infections.
Muna 1983, Harvard biologist uye anopikisa bioweapons Matthew Meselson nechikwata chake vakaenda kuLaos vakaita ongororo yakasiyana. Chikwata chaMeselson chakacherekedza kuti trichothecene mycotoxins inongoitika munharaunda uye yakabvunza uchapupu. Vakauya neimwe pfungwa: kuti mvura yeyero yaive tsvina yenyuchi isingakuvadzi. Chikwata chaMeselson chakapa zvinotevera sehumbowo:
Iwo ega "madonhwe emvura eyero" akawanikwa pamashizha uye "akagamuchirwa seachokwadi" aisanganisira mukume. Donhwe rimwe nerimwe raive nemusanganiswa wakasiyana wembeu dzemukume-sezvaizotarisirwa kana dzabva kunyuchi dzakasiyana-uye tsanga dzacho dzairatidza hunhu hwehukume hwakagayiwa nenyuchi (protein mukati mezviyo zvemukume yakanga yaenda, asi goko rekunze, risingagayeki rakasara) . Pamusoro pezvo, musanganiswa wemukume wakabva kumarudzi ezvinomera anowanikwa munzvimbo yaiunganidzwa madonhwe.
Hurumende yeUnited States yakagumbuka zvikuru, yakagumbuka, uye yakaita kune izvi zvakawanikwa, ichitaura kuti pollen yakawedzerwa nemaune kuti iite chinhu chinogona kufemerwa nyore nyore uye "kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chepfu mumuviri wemunhu." Meselson akapindura kune iyi pfungwa nekutaura kuti zvaive kure-kure kufungidzira kuti mumwe munhu aizogadzira zvombo zvemakemikari ne "kukohwa mukume wakagayiwa nenyuchi." Nyaya yekuti mukume yakabva kuSoutheast Asia yaireva kuti Soviet Union yaisakwanisa kugadzira chinhu ichi munyika uye yaizofanira kuunza matani emukume kubva kuVietnam (muzvirongo zveStar Balm, sezviri pachena? Aifanira kupa Meselson zano!) . Basa raMeselson rakatsanangurwa mune yakazvimirira ongororo yezvokurapa se "humbowo hunoratidza kuti yero mvura inogona kuva neyakajairika tsananguro yechisikigo."
Mushure mekunge fungidziro yenyuchi yaitwa pachena, chinyorwa chekare cheChinese nezve iyo yero donhwe remvura muPurovhinzi yeJiangsu munaGunyana 1976 kamwe kamwe (semazuva ese) yakamuka zvakare. Zvinoshamisa kuti maChinese akashandisawo izwi rokuti "yellow rain" kurondedzera chiitiko ichi (uye kutaura pamusoro pehupfumi hwemutauro weChinese!). Vagari vakawanda vomumusha uyu vaidavira kuti madonhwe eyero aya aiva chiratidzo chekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakanga kwava pedyo. Vamwe vaitenda kuti madonhwe aive zvombo zvemakemikari zvakapfapfaidzwa neSoviet Union kana Taiwan. Nekudaro, masayendisiti ekuChina akagumisawo kuti madonhwe acho akabva kunyuchi.
Ongororo dzezvinofungidzirwa kuti dzemvura dzeyero dzakabva kuhurumende dzeBritain, French neSweden dzakasimbisa kuvepo kwepollen uye dzakatadza kuona chero mamycotoxins. Zvidzidzo zveToxicology zvakakanda kusahadzika pamusoro pekuvimbika kwemishumo yekuti mycotoxins yakaonekwa mune vanofungidzirwa kuti vakabatwa kusvika mwedzi miviri mushure mekufumurwa nekuti aya makomisheni haana kugadzikana mumuviri uye akabviswa muropa mumaawa mashoma.
Muna 1982, Meselson akashanyira musasa wevapoteri weHmong nemienzaniso yemadonhwe enyuchi aakanga aunganidza kuThailand. Vazhinji vevaHmong vakabvunzurudzwa vakati aya aive masampuli ezvombo zvemakemikari izvo vakarwiswa nazvo. Mumwe murume akaziva nenzira yakarurama sendove yezvipembenene, asi pashure pokunge shamwari yake yamutora parutivi ndokutaura chimwe chinhu, akachinjira kunhau yezvombo zvemakemikari.
Musayendisiti wemauto wekuAustralia Rod Barton akashanyira Thailand muna 1984 ndokuona kuti vanhu vekuThai vaipomera mvura yero kukonzeresa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira gomarara, sezvo "vanachiremba vekuAmerica muBangkok vanotaura kuti United States iri kufarira kunaya kweyero uye iri kupa kurapwa pachena. rubatsiro kune vese vanonzi vakabatwa."
Muna 1987, New York Times yakaburitsa chinyorwa chaitsanangura maitirwo akaitwa zvidzidzo zvemumunda muna 1983-85 nezvikwata zvehurumende yeUS zvakapa humbowo hwekutsigira zvirevo zvekutanga nezve "yellow rain" chombo chemakemikari, asi pachinzvimbo chekupokana pamusoro pekuvimbika kwemishumo yekutanga. Nehurombo, munyika inokunda demokrasi uye rusununguko rusinganzwikwe, chinyorwa ichi chakaongororwa uye chisingabvumirwe kuburitswa. Muna 1989, The Journal of the American Medical Association yakabudisa ongororo yezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakaunganidzwa kubva kuHmong vapoteri, iyo yakacherechedza "kusawirirana kwakajeka kunoderedza zvikuru kuvimbika kweuchapupu": boka reUnited States Army rakabvunzurudza chete vanhu avo vaiti vane ruzivo rwe kurwiswa nekushandiswa kwezvombo zvemakemikari, vaongorori vakabvunza mibvunzo inotungamira panguva yekubvunzurudzwa, nezvimwe. Vanyori vacho vakacherechedza kuti nyaya dzevanhu dzakachinja nekufamba kwenguva, dzaisapindirana nedzimwe nhoroondo, uye kuti vanhu vaizviti vakazvionera voga vakazotaura kuti vaitaura nyaya dzevamwe. Muchidimbu, kuvhiringidzika muuchapupu muchimiro chayo chakachena.
Nenzira, pane dzimwe nguva dzepiquant munyaya iyi. Chirevo cheCIA kubva kuma1960s chakataura zvakataurwa nehurumende yeCambodian kuti mauto avo akarwiswa nezvombo zvemakemikari zvakasiya kuseri kwehupfu yeyero. VaCambodian vakapomera United States nekuda kwekurwiswa kwemakemikari aya. Mamwe masampula emvura yeyero akaunganidzwa muCambodia muna 1983 akaonekwa aine CS, chinhu chakashandiswa neUnited States munguva yeHondo yeVietnam. CS imhando yegasi rinobvarura uye haina muchetura, asi inogona kukonzeresa zvimwe zvezviratidzo zvakapfava zvinotaurwa nevagari vekuHmong.
Nekudaro, pakanga paine zvimwe chokwadi: kuongororwa kwemuviri wemurwi weKhmer Rouge anonzi Chan Mann, akabatwa nekurwiswa kweYellow Rain muna 1982, akawana twuma mycotoxins, pamwe neaflatoxin, Blackwater fever nemarariya. Nyaya yacho yakabva yaputirwa neUS sehumbowo hwekushandiswa kwe "yellow rain", asi chikonzero cheizvi chakazove chiri nyore: fungi inoburitsa mycotoxins yakajairika muSoutheast Asia, uye chepfu kubva kwavari haina kujairika. . Semuyenzaniso, murabhoritari yemauto ekuCanada yakawana mycotoxins muropa revanhu vashanu venzvimbo iyi vakanga vasati vambosangana nemvura yeyero kubva pamazana maviri nemakumi manomwe vakaongororwa, asi havana kuwana mycotoxins mune vamwe vevane gumi vanofungidzirwa kuti vakawirwa nekemikari.
Zvave kuzivikanwa kuti kusvibiswa kwemycotoxin muzvinhu zvakadai segorosi nechibage idambudziko rinowanzoitika, kunyanya kuSoutheast Asia. Mukuwedzera kune hunhu hwahwo hwomuzvarirwo, ruvengo rwakawedzerawo mamiriro acho ezvinhu, sezvo zviyo zvakatanga kuchengetwa mumigariro isina kufanira kuti zvisabatwa namapoka anorwisana.
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvesainzi pamusoro pechinyorwa zvino zvinopesana nefungidziro yekuti "yellow rain" yaive Soviet kemikari chombo. Nekudaro, nyaya iyi ichiri kunetsana uye hurumende yeUS haisati yabvisa izvi. Nenzira, magwaro mazhinji eUS ane chekuita nechiitiko ichi anoramba akarongedzerwa.
Hongu, hongu, shamwari yangu, Colin Powell angangove achangotanga basa rake mumakore iwayo - asi bhizinesi rake rakaramba richienderera mberi, saka hapana chekufunga kuti akagadzira chimwe chinhu chitsva - sekunge pasina chikonzero chekutenda kuti United States. inouya neimwe mhando yetekinoroji nyowani yekurwira zvavanoda.
Nenzira, zvimwe zviitiko zvekare zve "yellow rain" hysteria.
- Chiitiko che2002 nyuchi chakaburitswa muSangrampur, India, chakasimudza kutya kusiri kwechikonzero chekurwiswa kwezvombo zvemakemikari, asi chokwadi chaive nechokuita nekutama kukuru kwenyuchi dzeAsia. Chiitiko ichi chakamutsa ndangariro dzezvakatsanangurwa neNew Scientist se "Cold War paranoia."
- Mukutungamirira kusvika ku2003 kupinda muIraq, Wall Street Journal yakataura kuti Saddam Hussein aiva nekemikari chombo chinonzi "yellow rain." Muchokwadi, maIraq akaedza T-2 mycotoxins muna 1990, asi akangocheneswa 20 ml yechinhu kubva kufungidziro tsika. Kunyange zvakadaro, mhedziso inoshanda yakaitwa kuti kunyangwe T-2 ingave yakakodzera kushandiswa sechombo nekuda kwehupfu hwayo, haishande, nekuti yakanyanya kuoma kugadzira pachiyero cheindasitiri.
- Musi waMay 23, 2015, nguva pfupi zororo renyika raMay 24 risati rasvika (Zuva reBulgarian Literature and Culture), mvura yeyero yakanaya muSofia, Bulgaria. Munhu wose akakurumidza kusarudza kuti chikonzero chaiva chokuti hurumende yeBulgaria yaishora zviito zveRussia muUkraine panguva iyoyo. Kwapera kanguva, Bulgarian National Academy BAN yakatsanangura chiitiko ichi semukume.
Muchidimbu, nyika yese yakambomira kuseka nyaya ye "yellow rain," asi United States haisati yakanda mapfumo pasi.
"Agent Orange"
"Agent Orange" zvakare kukundikana, asi zvinosuruvarisa kwete sekunakidzwa. Uye hapazovi nekuseka pano. Ndine urombo, %username%
Kazhinji, mishonga yesora, kana defoliants sezvavaidanwa, yakatanga kushandiswa panguva yekuvhiya kweMalaya neGreat Britain mukutanga kwema1950. Kubva munaJune kusvika munaOctober 1952 Maeka 1,250 emiti yemusango akapfapfaidzwa ne defoliant. Kemikari hofori Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), iyo yakagadzira defoliant, yakatsanangura Malaya se "ndima ine mari yekuyedza."
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1961, pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kuCIA nePentagon, Mutungamiri weUS John Kennedy akabvumidza kushandiswa kwemakemikari kuparadza zvinomera muSouth Vietnam. Chinangwa chekupfapfaidza chaive chekuparadza zvinomera zvemusango, izvo zvaizoita kuti zvive nyore kuona mauto eNorth Vietnamese nemabhunu.
Pakutanga, nezvinangwa zvekuyedza, ndege dzeSouth Vietnamese dzichitungamirwa nemauto eAmerica dzakashandisa kupfapfaidza defoliant munzvimbo diki dzine masango munzvimbo yeSaigon (yava kunzi Ho Chi Minh City). Muna 1963, nzvimbo yakakura paCa Mau Peninsula (yanhasi yeCa Mau Province) yakarapwa nemadefoliants. Mushure mekugamuchira mhedzisiro yakabudirira, murairo weAmerica wakatanga kushandiswa kukuru kwe defoliants.
Nenzira, nekukasira kwakange kusiri kwesango: mauto eUS akatanga kunanga zvirimwa zvekudya muna Gumiguru 1962. Muna 1965, chikamu che42% chezvese zvekupfapfaidza mishonga yesora chakanangana nezvirimwa zvekudya.
Muna 1965, nhengo dzeCongress yeUnited States dzakaudzwa kuti "kuparadza zvirimwa kunonzwisiswa kuti ndicho chinangwa chinonyanya kukosha ... asi muzvinyorwa zvevanhu nezvechirongwa chinosimbiswa ndechekuparara kwemasango." Vechiuto vakaudzwa kuti vaiparadza zvirimwa nekuti vainzi vaizodyisa vatsigiri vacho negoho. Zvakazoonekwa uye zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinenge zvese zvekudya zvakaparadzwa nemauto hazvina kugadzirirwa vatsigiri; kutaura zvazviri, yakanga yangokurirwa chete kuti itsigire vagari vomunzvimbomo. Semuenzaniso, mudunhu reQuang Ngai, 1970% yenzvimbo yezvirimwa yakaparadzwa muna 85 chete, zvichisiya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vachiziya nenzara.
Sechikamu cheOperation Ranch Hand, nzvimbo dzese dzeSouth Vietnam nenzvimbo zhinji dzeLaos neCambodia dzakasangana nekurwiswa kwemakemikari. Mukuwedzera kune nzvimbo dzemasango, minda, mapindu uye minda yerabha yairimwa. Kubva 1965, defoliants yakapfapfaidzwa pamusoro peminda yeLaos (kunyanya munzvimbo dzayo dzekumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva), kubva muna 1967 - kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo yakaderedzwa. Muna Zvita 1971, Mutungamiri Nixon akaraira kumisa kushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda yesora, asi kushandiswa kwayo kwakabvumidzwa kure nenzvimbo dzemauto eAmerica nenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda.
Pakazara, pakati pa1962 na1971, mauto eUS akapfapfaidza anenge 20 galoni (000 cubic metres) emakemikari akasiyana.
Mauto eAmerica ainyanya kushandisa maitiro mana emishonga yesora: yepepuru, orenji, chena uye yebhuruu. Zvikamu zvavo zvikuru zvaiva: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram uye cacodylic acid. Kuumbwa kweorenji (kupokana nemasango) uye bhuruu (kupokana nemupunga nezvimwe zvirimwa) zvakanyanya kushandiswa - asi kazhinji kwaive ne "vamiririri" vakakwana: kuwedzera kune orenji, pink, yepepuru, yebhuruu, chena uye girini yakashandiswa - musiyano. yaive mureshiyo yezvigadzirwa uye mitsetse yemavara padhiramu. Kuparadzira makemikari zviri nani, mafuta eparafini kana dizeli akawedzerwa kwavari.
Kuvandudzwa kwekomboni mufomu yakagadzirira kushandiswa zvine hungwaru kunonzi kune zvikamu zvemurabhoritari zveDuPont Corporation. Anonziwo kutora chikamu mukuwana zvibvumirano zvekutanga zvekugovera tactical herbicides, pamwe chete neMonsanto neDow Chemical. Nenzira, kugadzirwa kweboka iri remakemikari ndeyechikamu chekugadzirwa kwengozi, semhedzisiro yezvirwere zvinosangana (kazhinji zvinouraya) zvakaitika pakati pevashandi vemafekitari emakambani ekugadzira ambotaurwa, pamwe nevagari venzvimbo dzekugara. mukati memiganhu yeguta kana kuti munharaunda iyo nzvimbo dzekugadzira dzakaiswa .
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
Picloram
Cacodylic acid
Hwaro hwekugadzira kuumbwa kwe "agent" raive basa reAmerican botanist Arthur Galston, uyo akazokumbira kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwemusanganiswa, uyo iye pachake akafunga kuti chombo chemakemikari. Mukutanga kwema1940, zvino mumwe mudzidzi wechidiki akapedza kudzidza paYunivhesiti yeI Illinois, Arthur Galston, akadzidza kemikari uye biological properties yeauxins uye physiology yezvirimwa zvesoya; akawana mhedzisiro ye2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid pamaruva. maitiro echikamu ichi chezvirimwa. Akasimbisa murabhoritari kuti muhuwandu hwehuwandu hweasidhi iyi inotungamirira mukuderera kwemafibers e-cellulose pakusangana kwehunde nemashizha, izvo zvinotungamirira pakudeuka kwemashizha (defoliation). Galston akadzivirira dissertation yake pamusoro wake waakasarudza muna 1943. uye akazvipira makore matatu anotevera kutsvagisa basa rekugadzira zvigadzirwa zverabha zvezvinodiwa zvemauto. Zvichakadaro, ruzivo pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwemusayendisiti wechidiki, pasina ruzivo rwake, rwakashandiswa nevabatsiri verabhoritari yemauto paCamp Detrick base (mukuru wesangano reAmerican chirongwa chekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvipenyu) kuona tarisiro yekushandiswa kwehondo. kemikari defoliants kugadzirisa matambudziko ehungwaru (saka iro zita repamutemo remhando iyi zvinhu zvinozivikanwa se "tactical defoliants" kana "tactical herbicides") muPacific theatre yekushanda, uko mauto eAmerica akatarisana nekupikiswa kunotyisa kubva kumauto eJapan achitora mukana wemasango ane miti. . Galston akakatyamadzwa apo, muna 1946, Nyanzvi mbiri dzinotungamira kubva kuCamp Detrick dzakauya kwaari kuCalifornia Institute of Technology uye dzakamuudza nemoyo wese kuti mhedzisiro yedzidziso yake yakashanda sehwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwemauto (iye, semunyori, aive nekodzero yemubairo wenyika). Zvadaro, apo ruzivo rwekupindira kwemauto eAmerica muVietnam muma1960. yakafukidzwa mupepanhau, Galston, achinzwa pachake ane mhosva yekuvandudzwa kweAgent Orange, akarayira kuti kupfira kwechinhu ichi pamusoro penyika dzeIndochina Peninsula kumiswe. Maererano nemusayendisiti, kushandiswa kwechirwere ichi muVietnam "kwakazunungusa kutenda kwake kwakadzama mubasa rinovaka resainzi uye kwakamuita kuti apikise zvakasimba kumutemo weUnited States." Pakangosvika ruzivo rwekushandiswa kwechinhu ichi musayendisiti muna 1966, Galston akabva anyora hurukuro yekutaura kwake pamusangano wepagore weAmerican Society of Plant Physiologists, uye apo komiti yepamusoro yesosaiti yakaramba kumubvumira kutaura, Galston akatanga kuunganidza masiginecha kubva kune mamwe masayendisiti pasi pechikumbiro kuMutungamiriri weUS Lyndon Johnson. Masayendisiti gumi nemaviri akanyora muchikumbiro pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pekusabvumirwa kushandiswa kwe "vamiririri" uye zvinogona kuitika kune ivhu uye huwandu hwevanhu venzvimbo dzakapfapfaidzwa.
Kushandiswa kukuru kwemakemikari nemauto eAmerica kwakatungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa. Masango eMangrove (500 zviuru mahekita) akapotsa aparadzwa zvachose, 60% (anenge miriyoni mahekita) yesango uye 1% (anopfuura 30 zviuru mahekita) emasango epasi akabatwa. Kubva 100, goho rekurima rabha rakaderera ne1960%. Mauto eAmerica akaparadza kubva ku75% kusvika ku40% yezvirimwa zvebhanana, mupunga, mbatatisi, papaya, madomasi, 100% yeminda yekokonati, 70% yehevea, 60 zviuru mahekita eminda yecasuarina.
Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemakemikari, iyo ecological balance yeVietnam yakachinja zvakanyanya. Munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa, pamarudzi eshiri 150, 18 chete ndiwo akasara, amphibians uye zvipembenene zvakapotsa zvanyangarika zvachose, uye nhamba yehove munzizi yakaderera. Iyo microbiological kuumbwa kwevhu kwakakanganiswa uye zvinomera zvakaiswa chepfu. Nhamba yemarudzi emiti nemakwenzi mumasango emvura inopisa yakaderera zvikuru: munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa chete marudzi mashomanana emiti uye marudzi akawanda euswa ane minzwa, asina kukodzera kupfuyo yezvipfuwo, anoramba.
Kuchinja kwemhuka dzeVietnam kwakakonzera kutamiswa kweimwe mhando yemakonzo nhema nemamwe marudzi anotakura denda muSouth neSoutheast Asia. Zvikwekwe zvinotakura zvirwere zvine njodzi zvakaonekwa mumhando yezvikwekwe. Kuchinja kwakafanana kwakaitika mukuumbwa kwemarudzi eumhutu: panzvimbo yeumhutu husingakuvadzi, humhutu hunotakura marariya hwakaonekwa.
Asi zvese izvi zvinopera muchiedza chekubata kwevanhu.
Ichokwadi ndechekuti pazvikamu zvina zve "agents," inonyanya kutyisa ndeye cacodylic acid. Tsvakurudzo yekutanga pamusoro pemacacodyles yakaitwa naRobert Bunsen (yup, Bunsen burner iri mukukudzwa kwake) paYunivhesiti yeMarburg: "kunhuwa kwemuviri uyu kunokonzera kutinhira kwemaoko nemakumbo, uye kunyange kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo. dzungu uye kusanzwa... Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kana munhu akasangana nemunhuwi wemisanganiswa iyi inoita kuti rurimi rufukidzwe nejira dema, kunyangwe pasina mimwe mhedzisiro yakaipa. Cacodylic acid ine muchetura zvakanyanya kana ikamwiwa, inhaled, kana kusangana neganda. Yakaratidzwa mumakonzo kuve teratogen, kazhinji ichikonzera kutsemuka mukanwa uye kufa kwe "fetus" pamadosi makuru. Yakaratidzwa kuratidza genotoxic zvimiro mumasero emunhu. Kunyange isiri iyo yakasimba carcinogen, cacodylic acid inowedzera mhedzisiro yemamwe macarcinogens munhengo dzakaita seitsvo uye chiropa.
Asi aya zvakare maruva. Chokwadi ndechekuti, nekuda kweiyo synthesis scheme, 2,4-D uye 2,4,5-T inogara iine kanenge 20 ppm ye dioxin. .
Hurumende yeVietnam inoti mamirioni mana evagari vayo vakaoneswa Agent Orange uye vanosvika mamirioni matatu vakarwara nehurwere. VeVietnam Red Cross vanofungidzira kuti vanhu vanosvika miriyoni imwe vakaremara kana vane matambudziko ehutano nekuda kweAgent Orange. Vanosvika mazana mana ezviuru zveVietnamese vakafa neacute Agent Orange chepfu. Hurumende yeUnited States inopokana nenhamba idzi sedzisina kuvimbika.
Maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa naDr. Nguyen Viet Ngan, vana vari munzvimbo dzakashandiswa Agent Orange vane matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano, kusanganisira cleft palates, urema hwepfungwa, hernias, uye zvimwe zvigunwe nezvigunwe. Mumakore ekuma1970, mazinga akakwirira e dioxin akawanikwa mumukaka wechipfuva wevakadzi veSouth Vietnamese uye muropa revarwi veUnited States vakashanda muVietnam. Nzvimbo dzakanyanya kukanganiswa inzvimbo dzine makomo dziri pedyo neTruong Son (Makomo Marefu) uye muganhu uri pakati peVietnam neCambodia. Vagari vanobatwa munzvimbo idzi vanotambura nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajini.
Dzvanya apa kana iwe uchida chaizvo kuona mabatiro eAgent Orange pamunhu. Asi ndinokuyambira: hazvina kukosha.
Yese yaimbova mabhesi emauto eUS muVietnam kwaichengeterwa mishonga yesora uye kutakurwa mundege inogona kunge ichiri neakakwira madhioxin muvhu, zvichiunza njodzi kuhutano kunharaunda dzakatenderedza. Kuyedzwa kwakanyanya kwekusvibiswa kwe dioxin kwakaitwa kune aimbove US air base muDa Nang, Pho Cat District uye Bien Haa. Mamwe mavhu uye zvinyoro zvine mazinga akanyanya e dioxin anoda decontamination. PaDa Nang Air Base, kusvibiswa kwe dioxin kwakakwira zvakapetwa mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu kupfuura zviyero zvepasirese. Ivhu rakasvibiswa uye sediment zvinoramba zvichikanganisa vanhu veVietnam, vachiisa chepfu chekudya kwavo uye kukonzera kurwara, mamiriro eganda akakomba uye marudzi akasiyana ekenza mumapapu, larynx uye prostate.
(Nenzira, iwe uchiri kushandisa Vietnamese balm? Zvakanaka, chii chandingati ...)
Tinofanira kuva nechinangwa uye tichiti mauto eUnited States muVietnam akatamburawo: havana kuziviswa nezvenjodzi, uye naizvozvo vakagutsikana kuti kemikari yakanga isingakuvadzi uye havana kutora matanho ekuzvidzivirira. Pakudzokera kumusha, varwi veVietnamese vakatanga kufungidzira chimwe chinhu: hutano hwevakawanda hwakanga hwaderera, madzimai avo akanga achiwedzera kupfupfudzika, uye vana vakazvarwa vaine hurema hwekuzvarwa. Veterans vakatanga kukwidza nyaya muna 1977 kuDepartment of Veterans Affairs kuti vabhadhare hurema hwemabasa ekurapa avaifunga kuti zvine chekuita nekusangana neAgent Orange, kana kuti dioxin, asi zvavaida zvakarambwa. vanga vari mubasa kana mukati megore rimwe mushure mekudzingwa (mamiriro ekupa mabhenefiti). Isu, munyika yedu, tinonyatsoziva izvi.
Pakazosvika Kubvumbi 1993, Dhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs rakanga rabhadhara muripo kuvanhu mazana mana nemakumi masere nevatanhatu chete, kunyangwe rakanga rawana zvichemo zvekuremara kubva kuvarwi 486 avo vakasangana neAgent Orange pavaishanda kuVietnam.
Kubva 1980, kuedza kwakaitwa kuwana muripo kuburikidza nematare, kusanganisira nemakambani anogadzira zvinhu izvi (Dow Chemical neMonsanto). Panguva yekutongwa kwemangwanani musi waChivabvu 7, 1984, mudare rakaunzwa nemasangano evarwi vehondo vekuAmerica, magweta emakambani eMonsanto neDow Chemical akakwanisa kugadzirisa nyaya yekirasi kunze kwedare maawa mashoma sarudzo yevatongi isati yatanga. Makambani aya akabvuma kubhadhara mamiriyoni zana nemakumi masere emadhora semuripo kana varwi vehondo yerusununguko vakarasa zvose zvavari kupomerwa. Veterans vazhinji avo vaive vanyajambwa vakashatirwa kuti nyaya yacho yakagadziriswa pane kuenda kudare: vakanzwa vatengeswa nemagweta avo. βJustice Hearingsβ dzakaitwa mumaguta makuru mashanu eAmerica, umo vakarwa hondo nemhuri dzavo vakakurukura zvavakaita pakugadzirisa kwacho uye vakashora zvakaitwa nemagweta nematare, vachida kuti nyaya yacho itongwe nedare revamwe vavo. Mutongi weFederal Jack B. Weinstein akaramba zvikumbiro, achiti kugadzirisa kwacho kwaive "kwakanaka uye kwakarurama." Pakazosvika 180, kutya kwevarwi vehondo kwakasimbiswa pakasarudzwa kuti mari yaizobhadharwa sei: zvakanyanya sezvinobvira (hongu, chaizvo. zvakanyanya!) Mumwe murwi wekuVietnam akaremara aikwanisa kuwana mari inosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri zvemadhora, inobhadharwa muzvikamu zvemakore gumi. Pamusoro pezvo, nekugamuchira mari idzi, vakaremara veterans vanogona kutadza kuwana mabhenefiti mazhinji ehurumende ayo akapa rutsigiro rwakakura rwemari, senge zvitambi zvekudya, rubatsiro rweveruzhinji, uye penjeni yehurumende.
Muna 2004, mutauriri weMonsanto, Jill Montgomery, akataura kuti Monsanto yakanga isiri iyo inokonzera kukuvadzwa kana kufa kunokonzerwa ne "agents": "Tinonzwira tsitsi vanhu vanotenda kuti vakakuvadzwa uye vanonzwisisa kunetseka kwavo uye chido chekutsvaga chikonzero, asi chakavimbika" Scientific. humbowo hunoratidza kuti Agent Orange haikonzeri hutano hwenguva refu. "
VeVietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange uye Dioxin Poisoning (VAVA) vakamhan'ara "kukuvara, kugadzirwa kwemakemikari uye mhosva yekugadzira" kudare reUnited States District Court kuEastern District yeNew York kuBrooklyn vachipokana nemakambani akati wandei eUS, vachiti kushandiswa kwe "vamiririri" kwakatyora 1907 Hague Convention paNyika Wars, 1925 Geneva Protocol uye 1949 Geneva Kokorodzano. Dow Chemical neMonsanto ndivo vaive vaviri vakanyanya kugadzira "maagents" emauto eUS uye vakadomwa kumatare edzimhosva pamwe nemamwe makambani mazhinji (Diamond Shamrock, Uniroyal, Thompson Chemicals, Hercules, nezvimwewo). Musi waKurume 10, 2005, Mutongi Jack B. Weinstein weEastern District (iye akatungamira nyaya yedanho revarwi vehondo yeUS muna 1984) akarasa nyaya iyi, achiti pakanga pasina kumira mushe kune zvaipomerwa. Akagumisa kuti Agent Orange yakanga isingatariswi sechepfu pasi pemutemo wenyika dzakawanda panguva yekushandiswa kwayo muUnited States; US haina kurambidzwa kuishandisa semushonga wesora; uye makambani aigadzira zvinhu izvi akanga asina basa nemaitiro ehurumende ekuishandisa. Weinstein akashandisa muenzaniso weBritish kubatsira kukunda zvaipomerwa: "Dai maAmerican vaive nemhosva dzehondo nekushandisa Agent Orange muVietnam, maBritish aizovawo nemhosva dzehondo nekuti vaive nyika yekutanga kushandisa mishonga yesora uye defoliants mudunhu. hondo." uye vakaashandisa pamwero mukuru mukati mekushanda kweMalaya. Sezvo pakanga pasina kuratidzira kubva kune dzimwe nyika mukupindura kushandiswa kweBritain, US yakazviona sekutanga kushandiswa kwemishonga yesora uye defoliants muhondo yesango. " Hurumende yeUS yanga isiriwo bato panyaya iyi nekuda kwehutongi hwejekerere, uye dare rakapa mutongo wekuti makambani emakemikari, semakondirakiti ehurumende yeUS, aive nekudzivirirwa kumwe chete. Mhosva iyi yakakwidzwa uye yakatongwa neDare Redzimhosva reChipiri muManhattan musi waChikumi 18, 2007. Vatongi vatatu vedare reChipiri reDunhu reAppeal vakatsigira mutongo waWeinstein wekuramba nyaya iyi. Vakatonga kuti kunyange zvazvo mishonga yesora ine dioxin (chepfu inozivikanwa), haina kuitirwa kuti ishandiswe sechepfu kuvanhu. Naizvozvo, defoliants haaonekwe sezvombo zvemakemikari uye saka hazvityore mutemo wepasirese. Kumwe kutariswa kwenyaya yacho neboka rakazara revatongi veDare Repamusorosoro kwakasimbisawo mutongo uyu. Magweta evafi akaendesa chikumbiro kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States kuti rinzwe nyaya iyi. Musi waMarch 2, 2009, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaramba kuongorora mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro.
Musi waChivabvu 25, 2007, Mutungamiri Bush vakasaina mutemo wakapa $3 miriyoni zvakananga kubhadhara zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa dioxin nzvimbo pane aimbove mauto eUS, pamwe nezvirongwa zvehutano zveveruzhinji munharaunda dzakatenderedza. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kuparadzwa kwe dioxins kunoda kupisa kwakanyanya (kupfuura 1000 Β° C), nzira yekuparadza ine simba-yakawanda, saka dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti chete US air base muDa Nang inoda $ 14 mamiriyoni kuchenesa, uye kuchenesa mamwe aimbova mauto eVietnamese mabhesi eUS ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwekusvibiswa kunoda imwe madhora makumi matanhatu emamiriyoni.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton akataura panguva yekushanya kuHanoi muna Gumiguru 2010 kuti hurumende yeUS ichatanga basa rekuchenesa kusvibiswa kwe dioxin paDa Nang Air Base.
Muna Chikumi 2011, mhemberero yakaitwa paDa Nang Airport kuratidza kutanga kweUS-inotsigirwa nemari yekubvisa dioxin hotspots muVietnam. Kusvika pari zvino, dare reCongress rekuAmerica rakapa mari inosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemaviri emadhora ekubhadharira chirongwa ichi.
Kuti vabatsire avo vakabatwa ne dioxin, hurumende yeVietnam yakagadzira "misha yerunyararo", imwe neimwe iine makumi mashanu kune 50 vakabatwa vanowana rubatsiro rwekurapa uye rwepfungwa. Kubva muna 100, kune misha gumi neimwe yakadai. American Vietnam War veterans uye vanhu vanoziva uye vanonzwira tsitsi nevakabatwa neAgent Orange vakatsigira zvirongwa izvi. Boka repasi rose reVietnam War veterans kubva kuUnited States nevabatsiri vayo, pamwe nevaimbova muvengi wavo, veterans veVietnam Veterans Association, vakatanga Musha wehushamwari hweVietnam kunze kweHanoi. Iyi nzvimbo inopa rubatsiro rwekurapa, kudzoreredza uye kudzidzisa basa kuvana uye veVietnam veterans vakabatwa ne dioxin.
Hurumende yeVietnam inopa mari shoma pamwedzi kune vanopfuura 200 veVietnamese vanonzi vabatwa nemishonga yesora; muna 000 chete, mari iyi yaiva $2008 mamiriyoni. Vietnam Red Cross yakasimudza mari inodarika mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri emadhora kubatsira vanorwara kana vakaremara, uye nheyo dzakati wandei dzeUS, masangano eUN, hurumende dzeEurope nemasangano asiri ehurumende vakapa mari inosvika madhora mamirioni makumi maviri nematatu ekuchenesa, kurimazve masango, hutano uye mamwe mabasa. .
Verenga zvakawanda nezve kutsigira vakabatwa neAgent Orange .
Iyi inyaya yekudyarwa kwedemocracy, %username%. Uye hazvichasetsa zvakare.
Saka zvinoβ¦
Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. , Munogamuchirwa.
Uye chii chandinofanira kunyora chinotevera?
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Ndiudze nezvemishonga yekurwisa
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Tiudze nezveyero phosphorus uye tsaona pedyo Lvov
32 vashandisi vakavhota. 4 vashandisi vakaramba.
Source: www.habr.com