Mhoro %username%.
Sezvakavimbiswa, heino chinyorwa-nyaya nezveyero phosphorus uye kuti yakapisa sei zvinobwinya pedyo neLvov muUkraine nguva pfupi yadarika.
Hongu, ndinoziva - Google inopa ruzivo rwakawanda nezvetsaona iyi. Sezvineiwo, zvizhinji zvezvaanopa hazvisi zvechokwadi, kana kuti, sezvinotaurwa nevakaona, upenzi.
Ngatizvione!
Zvakanaka, kutanga kwezvose, hapana anofarira hardware, asi nenzira iyo inokosha zvikuru!
Sezvinotaura Wikipedia inofinha, phosphorus ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakajairika zvepasi: zvirimo ndeye 0,08-0,09% yehuremu hwayo. Haisi kuwanikwa muhurumende yakasununguka nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwemakemikari. Iyo inoumba anenge 190 zvicherwa, iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye apatite Ca5 (PO4) 3 (F, Cl, OH), phosphorite Ca3 (PO4)2 nevamwe. Phosphorus chikamu cheakakosha biological compounds - phospholipids. Iri munyama yemhuka, chikamu chemapuroteni uye mamwe anokosha organic compounds (ATP, DNA), uye chinhu chehupenyu. Rangarira izvi, %username%, uye isu tichaenderera mberi.
Phosphorus muchimiro chayo chakachena chena, tsvuku, dema uye simbi. Izvi zvinonzi allotropic modifications - bonde risina simba rinonyatsoziva mavari, nokuti nekubata vanogona kusiyanisa dhaimondi kubva kugraphite - uye izvi zvakare allotropic kugadziriswa, chete mu carbon. Kazhinji, phosphorus yakafanana.
Iyo gamba renyaya yedu - yero phosphorus - ndeyechokwadi isina kucheneswa chena. Kazhinji, "isina kucheneswa" inoreva musanganiswa we phosphorus tsvuku, uye kwete zvimwe zvinotyisa zvekunze zvinhu.
Yellow phosphorus (senge chena phosphorous) igehena chairo: rine muchetura (maximum concentration limit in atmospheric air 0,0005 mg/mΒ³), chinhu chinobvira checrystalline chinobvira kubva kune yero kusvika kune yakasviba. Chaiyo giravhiti 1,83 g/cmΒ³, inonyunguduka pa +43,1 Β°C, inovira pa+280 Β°C. Haina kunyungudika mumvura, nyore oxidize mumhepo uye inongobatidza moto. Inopisa nemurazvo wakasvibira unopenya uye inoburitsa chiutsi chichena chakakora - zvidimbu zvidiki zve tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10. Iyi inofinha Wikipedia zvakare, asi ndapota, %username%, rangarirawo ruzivo urwu.
Zvino ngatizviongororei.
Zvakanaka, chekutanga, kunyangwe nehupfu hwe phosphorus, zvakanyanya kuoma kuwana chepfu nayo nekuda kwechikonzero chakareruka: inongobatidza mumhepo. Very fast. Uye rinopisa, sezvatotaurwa, nebhuruu, murazvo wakasvibira wakajeka. Mukuita, zvinoratidzika seizvi: iwe unoisa chidimbu patafura uye zvishoma nezvishoma inotanga kusvuta. Zvadaro nekukurumidza. Zvadaro zvimwe. Uye ipapo inoputika uye inopisa. Nguva yekupenya inobva pakukura kwechidimbu: chiduku, chinokurumidza. Ndosaka zvakandiomera kuti ndifungidzire huruva yeyero phosphorus mumhepo - inongobata moto.
Kunyangwe, iwe ungapikisa, ivo vanonyora: iyo inouraya yero phosphorous kuvanhu ndeye 0,05-0,15 magiramu, inonyungudika zvakanaka mumvura yemuviri uye inokurumidza kunyura kana ikamedzwa (nenzira, tsvuku phosphorus haina kunyungudika uye saka yakaderera-chepfu. ) Acute chepfu inoitika kana yero phosphorus mhute inofemerwa uye/kana kana ichipinda mudumbu. Poisoning inoratidzwa nekurwadziwa mudumbu, kurutsa, kupenya kwakanaka-mu-mu-rima marutsi anonhuwa segariki, uye manyoka. Chimwe chiratidzo cheacute yellow phosphorus chepfu ndiko kutadza kwemoyo.
Mushure mekuverenga izvi, nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero ndakarangarira nezve phosphine chepfu (zviratidzo zvaive zvakafanana) uye ndakafunga zvakaoma - asi kwete nezvekuvapo kweyero phosphorus mhute, asi nezve kukwana kwemunhu akaona kuputa, kupenya murima chidimbu. chechinhu chisingazivikanwi - uye pakarepo akadya. Zvakanaka, ndizvozvo.
Nenzira, kuti uwane mhinduro ye phosphorus mumvura ye 3 mg / l - uye iyi mhinduro yakazara, haichanyungudika zvakare - unoda kuzunungusa chidimbu che phosphorus mumvura kwevhiki. Zvakanaka, ini handina kuuya neizvi, GOST 32459-2013 inotaura kudaro - uye iyi haisi yose ye internet yako!
Kazhinji, mumaonero angu, huturu hwe phosphorus hwakanyanya kuwedzererwa. Asi ine mamwe nuances. Pamusoro pavo - pazasi.
Phosphorus inopisa, sezvo nyanzvi dzinoshanda nayo dzinoda kutaura, maererano nemutemo wegimlet: ndiko kuti, chimedu chinopisa chinodya mukati maro chinopisa. Patafura. Musimbi. Mushangu. Muruoko. Chikonzero chacho chiri nyore: chigadzirwa chinopisa - phosphorus oxide - iine acidic oxide, iyo inotora mvura pakarepo, ichiita phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid, kunyangwe isiri yakashata sesulfuric kana hydrofluoric acid, inoda kudya zvishoma - uye nekudaro inoshatisa zvese. Nenzira, dzimwe nguva inowedzerwa kune chimbuzi ndiro yekuchenesa mvura. Musanganiswa wakanaka wekupisa-tembiricha (kusvika 1300 Β° C) uye inopisa asidhi inopa mamwe maburi patafura yako, uye kana usina rombo rakanaka, kumuviri wako. Uye hongu, %username% Yakanyanya Kukuvara.
Ndakatoita nharo kakawanda uye ndicharamba ndichichengetedza kuti hakuna muvengi mukuru kune munhu kupfuura iye pachake: hongu, iyo yero phosphorus haina kuenda isingaoneki - uye vanhu vakanaka vakauya nepfungwa yekuwedzera kune incendiary. zvombo, nekuti zviri nyore kana chimwe chinhu changoerekana chabata moto wemhepo!
Zvinotaridzika zvakanaka kwazvo - unogona kuzviyemura
Asi vanhu havataridzi vakanaka kwazvo mushure mekurwiswa kwakadaro - saka zviri nani kuti usatarise
Sezvo izvi zvese zvichiyevedza, kusimudzira, kuyedza, kufambisa, kutengeserana, kushandiswa uye kuraswa kwepfuti dzephosphorus kunoitwa tichifunga nezvezvibvumirano zvepasi rose nezvibvumirano, zvinosanganisira:
- Petersburg Declaration "Pakubviswa kwekushandiswa kwebhomba rinoputika uye rinopisa" ra1868.
- Mamwe maProtocols a1977 kuGeneva Convention yeDziviriro yeVakabatwa muHondo ye1949, inorambidza kushandiswa kwewhite phosphorus munitions kana ikaisa vanhu munjodzi. IU.SA neIsrael havana kuvasaina, nenzira.
- Zvinoenderana neThird Protocol ku1980 UN Convention pamusoro peZvimwe Zvombo, zvombo zvinopisa hazvifanirwe kushandiswa kurwisa vanhu, uye, nekuwedzera, hazvigone kushandiswa kupesana nezvinangwa zvemauto zviri munzvimbo inogara veruzhinji.
Kazhinji, pane mapepa akawanda, asi ane chimiro chiri pedyo nechimbuzi, nokuti zvombo izvi zvinoshandiswa nguva dzose - Palestine neDonbass ichasimbisa.
Sezvo phosphorous inopindirana nemvura chete pane tembiricha inopfuura 500 madhigirii Celsius, kudzima phosphorus, shandisa mvura yakawanda (kuderedza kupisa kwemoto uye kushandura phosphorus kuita yakasimba mamiriro) kana mhinduro yemhangura sulfate (copper sulfate), mushure. kudzima phosphorus inofukidzwa nyoro jecha. Kuti udzivirire kubva pakupisa kunongoerekana kwaitika, yellow phosphorus inochengetwa uye inotakurwa pasi pemvura (calcium chloride solution, kunyatsojeka, asi mvura ichaitawo). Izvi zvakakoshawo!
Ndiani anogadzira phosphorus? Uye pano, % mushandisi%, mumwe munhu achazadzwa nekuzvikudza: mupi mukuru wephosphorus, chikafu chegiredhi phosphoric acid, hexaphosphate uye sodium tripolyphosphate inodada Kazakhstan!
Muchokwadi, kubvira panguva dzeUSSR, bhizinesi reKazphosphate rakavakwa muguta rinobwinya reDzhambul (hongu, rakatumidzwa zita iroro Dzhambul Dzhabayev). Ipapo Dzhambul akatumidzwa zita rekuti Taraz - zvakanaka, ngatirege kukurukura nezvekuita, maKazakhs anoziva zviri nani - asi bhizinesi rakaramba riripo. Kuvepo kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira uye kugona, pamwe nemutengo wakaderera wevashandi (uye chokwadi hapana kumwe kunoshanda muTaraz/Dzhambul) yakatemerwa kuti yero phosphorus inogadzirwa pano.
Pandakanga ndiri pabasa iri, zvaive zvakanaka! Southern Kazakhstan, 300 km kuenda kuUzbekistan - inodziya! Shiri dziri kuimba! Zvese zvakasvibira! Kune makomo ari kumusoro! Runako!
Nenzira, chirimwa cheKazphosphate hachikanganisi iyi idyll nenzira ipi zvayo: yose mumashizha, maruva, pamateru egomo duku.
Pakanaka chaizvo ipapo
Chikonzero chekunaka chiri nyore - zvigadzirwa, zvigadzirwa uye tsvina yekugadzira zvinhu zvine phosphorus, izvo chaizvoizvo mafetireza. Saka zvinhu zvose zvinokura uye zvinotumbuka.
Nenzira, manejimendi epamusoro echirimwa haadi dandelions. Hapana anoziva chikonzero nei. Nokudaro, vasati vashanyira zviremera zvepamusoro, vashandi vanorongwa zuva rekuchenesa kuti vabvise dandelions. Zvakanaka, munhu wose anoziva kuti ndezvipi kurwisa dandelions kubva kune dachas / yemiriwo magadheni; mukati mehutano hwe phosphorus chaos, izvi hazvina maturo zvachose: zvakakwana kwezuva, maviri zvakanyanya. Asi hutungamiri ndizvo zvahuri.
Ndakanyanya kufadzwa nebasa rerabhoritari yekambani. Kune vanhu vakangwara chaizvo vakagara ipapo. Uye saka unonzwisisa, %username%, mashoma echokwadi.
Muyero phosphorus, zvakakosha zvikuru kudzora tsvina - kunyanya arsenic, antimony, selenium, nickel, mhangura, zingi, aluminium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, iron. Kuti udzore zvose izvi, phosphorus inoda kunyungudutswa, uye panguva imwe chete, zvose zvinotungamirirwa hazvifaniri kubhururuka.
Dambudziko nhamba yekutanga: kuyera sei chimwe chinhu chinovhenekera mumhepo? Vanoita izvi: vanorovera ingot yephosphorus pasi pemvura, vanotora zvimedu zvakakura-zviduku zvinoputika nokukurumidza-uye vanozviisa mugirazi remvura. Zvadaro vanoyera imwe girasi remvura, tora phosphorus kubva kune yekutanga, kuipukuta nedoro, kumirira kusvikira yaoma, uye kuikanda mugirazi yemvura yakayerwa. Huremu hwe phosphorus hunotariswa nekusiyana kwehuremu.
Sezvo inogona kubata moto - kune mhinduro yemhangura sulfate iri pedyo - kana ikabata moto, woikanda mairi.
Ipapo phosphorus inonyungudika. Inonyungudika mu nitric acid, yakazara nebromine vapor - chinhu chinotapira uye chinonhuhwirira. Ndinoikurudzira papurazi. Iwe unofanirwa kukanda phosphorus mumusanganiswa uyu, wobva waipisa zvishoma, uye kana maitiro atanga, aendese kune chirongo nemvura inotonhora, nokuti kupisa kwakanyanya. Uye kurunga, mutsa, kurunga - kana ukasabvongodza, zvidimbu zvinongosvetuka kubva muto unoputika - mhedzisiro ichave isina kururama! Vanobvongodza nemaoko avo, vakapfeka mittens mbiri: rabha rekudzivirira asidhi uye rinonzwa rekudzivirira tembiricha (rabha rinongonyunguduka, asi rinonzwa hariponese kubva kumadonhwe eacid. Zvisinei, kana phosphorus ikapinda; zvose hazvingakuponesi.
Chiratidzo chinonakidza chekuparara kweyero phosphorus
Panguva imwecheteyo, nitrogen oxides uye bromine inobhururuka - ichi chinyorwa. Musikana anotya iyi miswe mitsvuku uye zvimedu zvephosphorous zvinogona kupinda pazvipfeko zvake kana mitten. Handiyeuki chepfu ne "mhute" kana "mhinduro" dze phosphorus.
Hongu, nenzira, muhoro wevasikana vanoita izvi hausi kudarika $ 200 (uye mhinduro yacho iri nyore: hapana imwe nzvimbo yekushanda muTaraz, ndakatotaura izvozvo). Saka nguva inotevera, %username%, paunochema nezvemihoro yakaderera uye basa rinokuvadza - rangarira Kazphosphate!
Zvakanaka, ikozvino iyo ruzivo rwekutanga rwakaunganidzwa, ngatienderere mberi kune njodzi chaiyo muLvov.
Sezvo phosphorus iri kudiwa muEurope, Kazphosphate inoshingairira kutengesa kunze zvigadzirwa kuburikidza neCzech shamwari. Inofamba mumatangi akazadzwa nemvura, uye zviri pachena kuti nenjanji.
Musi weMuvhuro, July 16, 2007, pa16:55 muBus district yeLviv region yeUkraine, pachikamu cheKrasnoye-Ozhidiv, matangi gumi nemashanu ane yellow phosphorus yechitima chekutakura Nha. Paiva nengoro makumi mashanu nesere pamwe chete. Matangi acho aifamba kubva kuchiteshi cheKazakh Asa (Taraz, Kazakhstan) kuenda kuchiteshi cheOklesa (Republic of Poland). Kudonha kwephosphorus kubva kune rimwe tangi kwakakonzera kupisa kwega kwemamwe matangi matanhatu.
Zvairatidza epic
Uye zvino - musanganiswa wekutya, wakakonzerwa nevezvenhau, kushaya ruzivo mukushanda ne yellow phosphorus uye kusaziva kwakakwana kwemakemikari.
Ndichiri kudzima moto, gore rezvigadzirwa zvinopfuta rakagadzirwa nenzvimbo yekukuvadza inosvika 90 square kilometres. Iyi nzvimbo yaisanganisira misha gumi nemana yeBus district, inogara vanhu zviuru gumi nembiri, pamwe nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzedunhu reRadekhiv neBrodivo. Bazi Remamiriro Emergency reUkraine rakakoka vagari vomumisha iri pedyo kuti vabve ndokuvatumira anenge mabhazi gumi, asi vanhu vakawanda vakaramba kubva mudzimba dzavo. Zviremera zveLviv zvakavimbisa kuti zvaisazobuditsa munhu nechisimba, kunyange zvazvo zvakanyevera pamusoro pekusafungidzirika kwemigumisiro yetsaona. Pakazara, vangangosvika mazana masere vagari vakagariswa patsva kubva kunzvimbo nhanhatu mudunhu reBus husiku.
Pakazosvika Chipiri, pakanga paine vanhu makumi maviri vakaurayiwa (nyanzvi 20 kubva kuMinistry of Emergency Situation, 6 vamiriri veBazi rezvemukati menyika, 2 vashandi vechitima nevanhu gumi kubva muvagari vemo), avo gumi nevatatu vakaiswa muchipatara vaine mamiriro akakomba uye ari pakati nepakati. mauto ekiriniki yekiriniki nzvimbo yeWestern Operational Command muLviv. Vanomwe veavo vari muchipatara vashandi veMinistry of Emergency Situations, vaviri vashandi veState Traffic Inspectorate, vana vagari venzvimbo.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuchema kunotyisa uye kwomusango kwakamuka munhau. Mamwe emaparera:
- ...
Kuverenga zvese izvi kunondisuwisa. Nekuti izvi zvinoratidza kusaziva zvachose kemisitiri pakati peruzhinji. Uye zvakare - zviri nyore sei kunyengera vanhu vasina kudzidza (nenzira, %username%, waiziva here kuti varidzi vevaranda muU.SA vaitenda zvakasimba kuti varanda vanofanira kunge vasina kuverenga - kuitira kuti vasakwanise kuforoma zvitupa zvezororo, mamwe mapepa, zvinoenderana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara, kuronga kumukirana uye nezvimwe - zvishoma zvachinja).
Zviitiko zvakawanda kana zvishoma mukuverenga nguva zvinoratidzwa pano (kunyatso - Ukrainian, kana zvinonyadzisa zvausingazive - Google Translate):
Chii chinogona kunzwisiswa kubva mukuverengwa kwenguva uku?
- Hapana aiziva chinhu.
- Munhu wese aida kuzvisimudzira.
- Vanodzima moto/EMERCOM vaitya.
- Mauto futi.
- Pakanga pane mhirizhonga yakakwana pakati pevagari vemo.
- Kusvikira vamiriri veKazphosphate vasvika musi wa18 Chikunguru, hapana akanzwisisa zvekuita.
- Hapana aida kubhadhara chero chinhu.
Mushure mekutaura nevamwe vashandi veKazphosphate vanobatanidzwa zvakananga mukubvisa mhedzisiro yetsaona, ndinogona kutaura zvinotevera.
Pakange pasina kuputika/kupisa kwakangoerekana kwaitika/kuputika kwephosphorous - yakafamba zvakadzikama pasi peimwe mvura. Uye yellow phosphorus haigoni kuputika pachayo! Asi njanji yakanga yakuvadzwa, izvo zvakaita kuti matangi aderedzeke. Apo matangi akarova, mutswe wakaumbwa, mvura yakayerera - uye phosphorus yakabudirira kubata moto. Tembiricha uye hunhu hwekupisa hwakaparadza zvachose tangi.
- Utsi huchena hunonzwisisika - hutsi hwephosphoric acid, asi kwete phosphorus. Kana iwe ukafema mukati mavo, hongu, iwe uchatanga kuva nechikosoro chakasimba uye kazhinji izvi hazvisi kunyanya kubatsira. Zvisinei, haina kukuvadza zvinouraya. Zvakawanda zvekukuvadzwa kwevanhu veko zvakakonzerwa nekuti vanhu vakamhanya kunotora zvimedu zvekusvuta zvinofadza mumabhodhoro emvura, asi cordon haina kuiswa pakarepo - munhu wose aitya.
- Vanodzima moto vanotya kuti βzvinhu izvi zviri kutsva nokuda kwemvura!β nekuda kwekuti jeti ine simba remvura yakaputsa phosphorus kuita zvidimbu zvidiki - zvakanaka, vakapararira ndokubata moto. Zvaive zvakakodzera kana nerukova rusina simba kana nefuro, izvo zvakazoitwa.
- Nenzira, apo zvinhu zvose zvakadzimwa uye zvimedu chete zvakasara mukati metangi, maKazakhs akazvidzima. Eya, sezvavaidzima, vakaiunganidza ndokuikanda mumigomo yemvura, nokuda kworutivi rukurusa. Mumwe wavo ndiye mukuru wetekinoroji wechirimwa, anoputa zvakanyanya. Saka - akabika uye akasvuta. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kwaitova nemifananidzo yoβmuKazakh anopenga uyo anosvutawo mumoto unotyisa wemakemikari!β Saka manje?
- Paive uye hapagone kuve nenjodzi yezvakatipoteredza kana "Chernobyl yechipiri" - kutaura zvazviri, zvisikwa zvakagamuchira muyero wefosforasi fetiraiza.
- Munhu mumwe chete akazvibata zvakakwana, akateerera kuKazakhs uye akaita zvakanga zvakakodzera aiva Vladimir Antonets, Mutevedzeri Wokutanga weBazi reEmergency Situations. Pamwe nekuti ndiye colonel general ane mibairo yakawanda.
Mushure mekunge zvave pachena kuti pakanga pasina manzwiro: pakanga pasina kurwisa kwegandanga, kwakanga kusina kutyisidzira kwenjodzi yezvakatipoteredza, hapana akafa uye hapana mari yaizopiwa - vakakurumidza kurasikirwa nechido munjodzi. Pamutemo, zvikonzero zvetsaona zvaiva:
- Mamiriro asina kukwana enjanji pachikamu chenjanji ichi.
- Kutyorwa kwemitemo yekuchengetedza nevashandi velocomotive crew.
- Kuregeredza (mirayiridzo pamusoro pemamiriro ekushisa ekutakura zvinhu zvine ngozi zvakanyanya akafuratirwa).
- Kusakwana kwehunyanzvi mamiriro ematangi.
Kutaura zvazviri, chokwadi pane izvi ndechekutanga. Zvimwe zvakawedzerwa kuti zvidzivise kubhadhara maKazakhs pakurasikirwa kwemutoro. Zvakanaka, zvinoita sekunge inishuwarenzi yakabhadharwa.
Saka munhu wese akagara zvake.
Tsika, %username%: dzidza chemistry. Ari kwese kwese. Ichakubatsira iwe kurarama, kurarama, uye kunzwisisa chimwe chinhu iwe pachako.
Uye pakupedzisira...
Haasi makemikari ese anokuvadza. Pasina hydrogen neokisijeni, semuenzaniso, hazvingabviri kubudisa mvura, chikamu chikuru chedoro.
- Dave Barry, haambove wemakemikari
Source: www.habr.com