Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Iyo kinetic simba reSapsan pakumhanya kukuru inopfuura 1500 megajoules. Kuti zvimire zvakakwana, zvese zvinofanirwa kuraswa nemabhureki zvishandiso.

Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1
Pane chinhu ndokumbira kuti nditsanangure nezvenyaya iyi ipo pano paHabré. Zvakawanda zvinyorwa zvekuongorora nezve njanji misoro zvinoburitswa pano, asi iyi nyaya haisati yanyatsofukidzwa zvakadzama. Ini ndinofunga zvingave zvinonakidza kunyora chinyorwa nezve izvi, uye pamwe zvinopfuura chimwe. Naizvozvo, ini ndinokumbira katsi yeavo vanofarira kuti mabhureki masisitimu ekutakura njanji akagadzirwa sei, uye nezvikonzero zvipi iwo akagadzirwa nenzira iyi.

1. Nhoroondo yemabhureki emhepo

Basa rekudzora chero mota rinosanganisira kudzora kumhanya kwayo. Kutakurwa kwechitima hakuna mutsauko; uyezve, magadzirirwo ayo maficha anosuma akakosha nuances mukuita uku. Chitima chine nhamba huru yezvingoro zvakabatana, uye inoguma system ine hurefu hwakakosha uye huremu pakumhanya kwakaringana.

A-priory, mabhureki seti yezvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kugadzira artificial, anochinjika ekupikisa masimba anoshandiswa kudzora zvinodzoreka kumhanya kwemotokari.

Iyo inonyanya kuoneka, pamusoro, nzira yekugadzira braking simba ndeye kushandisa friction. Kubva pakutanga kusvika nhasi, mabhureki eshangu akashandiswa. Zvishandiso zvakakosha - mabhureki mapedhi, akagadzirwa nechinhu chine yakakwira coefficient yekukweshana, anotsikirirwa nemuchina pakatarisana nekutenderedza pamusoro pevhiri (kana kutarisana nemadhisiki akakosha akaiswa paaxle yevhiriset). Simba rinopokana rinomuka pakati pemapadhi nevhiri, richigadzira torque yekubhureki.

Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Simba rekubhureki rinogadziriswa nekushandura simba rekutsikirira mapadhi pavhiri - brake pressure. Mubvunzo chete ndewekuti chii chidhiraivha chinoshandiswa kutsikirira mapadhi, uye, muchidimbu, nhoroondo yemabhureki ndiyo nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweiyi drive.

Mabhureki echitima ekutanga aive emuchina uye aishandiswa nemaoko, zvakasiyana pane imwe neimwe ngoro nevanhu vakasarudzika - mabhureki kana makondakita. Maconductor aive panzvimbo yainzi mabrake platforms paiiswa mota imwe neimwe, vakatsika mabhureki vachiona mutyairi welocomotive. Kuchinjana kwezviratidzo pakati pemutyairi nemakondakita kwakaitwa pachishandiswa tambo yechiratidzo yakatambanudzwa pachitima chose, iyo yakaridza muridzo chaiwo.

Vintage two-axle freight wagon ine brake pad. Handbrake knob inoonekwa
Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Iyo mabhureki anotyairwa nemichina pachayo ane simba shoma. Kuwanda kwemabhureki kunoenderana nesimba uye dexterity ye conductor. Mukuwedzera, chinhu chevanhu chakavhiringidza kushanda kweiyo braking system - conductors vaisagara vachiita mabasa avo nemazvo. Pakanga pasina chikonzero chekutaura nezvekushanda kwepamusoro kwemabhureki akadaro, pamwe nekuwedzera kwekumhanya kwezvitima zvakashongedzerwa nazvo.

Kuwedzera kusimudzira mabhureki kunodiwa, chekutanga, kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa kwebhureki, uye chechipiri, mukana wekudzora kure pamota dzese kubva kubasa remutyairi.

Iyo hydraulic drive inoshandiswa mumotokari mabhureki yave kupararira nekuda kwekuti inopa yakanyanya kudzvanywa ine compact actuators. Nekudaro, kana uchishandisa sisitimu yakadaro pachitima, dhizaini yayo huru ichaonekwa: kudikanwa kweiyo yakakosha fluid inoshanda - brake fluid, iyo inodonha isingagamuchirwi. Hurefu hwakakura hwemabhureki hydraulic mitsara muchitima, pamwe chete nepamusoro zvinodiwa pakusimba kwavo, zvinoita kuti zvisaite uye zvisina musoro kugadzira hydraulic njanji brake.

Chimwe chinhu ndeye pneumatic drive. Kushandiswa kwemhepo yakakwira yekumanikidza kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mabhureki akakwira ane zviyero zvinogamuchirika zveanoita - brake cylinders. Iko hakuna kushomeka kwemvura inoshanda - mhepo yakatitenderedza, uye kunyangwe paine kudonha kwemvura inoshanda kubva kubhureki system (uye inozviita), inogona kuzadzikiswa zviri nyore.

Iyo yakapfava mabhureki system inoshandisa compressed mweya simba ndeye Direct acting non-automatic brake

Dhiagiramu ye-direct-acting non-automatic brake: 1 - compressor; 2 - tangi huru; 3 - mutsara wekupa; 4 - mutyairi wechitima crane; 5 - brake line; 6 - brake cylinder; 7 - kusunungura chitubu; 8, 9 - mechanical brake transmission; 10 - brake pad.
Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Kuti ushandise bhureki rakadaro, kupihwa kwemweya wakamanikidzwa kunodiwa, kuchengetwa palocomotive mune yakakosha tangi inonzi. main reservoir (2). Kupinza mweya mukati metangi guru uye kuchengetedza nguva dzose kumanikidzwa mairi kunoitwa compressor (1), ichisundwa negwenya remagetsi. Mhepo yakadzvanywa inopihwa kumidziyo yekudzora mabhureki kuburikidza nepombi yakakosha inonzi zvinovaka muviri (NM) kana pressure mugwagwa mukuru (3).

Mabhureki emota anodzorwa uye mweya wakatsikirirwa unopihwa kwavari kuburikidza nepombi refu inomhanya nechitima chose ichidaidzwa. brake line (TM) (5). Kana mweya wakamanikidzwa uchipihwa kuburikidza neTM, inozadza mabhureki silinda (TC) (6) yakabatana zvakananga kune TM. Mhepo yakadzvanywa inodzvanya papiston, ichidzvanya mabhureki mapedhi 10 kurwisa mavhiri, zvese palocomotive uye pamota. Braking inoitika.

Kumisa braking, ndiko kuti mazororo mabhureki, zvakakosha kusunungura mhepo kubva mumutsara webhureki kuenda mumhepo, izvo zvinozoita kuti kudzoka kwemaitiro ebhureki kunzvimbo yavo yepakutanga nekuda kwesimba rekuburitsa zvitubu zvakaiswa muTC.

Kuti bhureki, zvinodikanwa kubatanidza brake line (TM) neiyo feed line (PM). Kwezororo, batanidza mutsara webhureki kumhepo. Aya mabasa anoitwa neakakosha mudziyo - mutyairi chitima crane (4) - kana ichibhureki, inobatanidza PM nePM, kana yaburitswa, inobvisa mapaipi aya, panguva imwe chete ichiburitsa mweya kubva kuPM kuenda mumhepo.

Muhurongwa hwakadaro, pane chechitatu, chepakati chinzvimbo chemutyairi crane - reroof apo PM uye TM zvakaparadzana, asi kusunungurwa kwemhepo kubva kuTM mumhepo hakuitike, crane yemutyairi inoiparadzanisa zvachose. Dzvinyiriro yakaunganidzwa muTM neTC inochengetwa uye nguva yainochengetedzwa padanho rakaiswa inotarwa nehuwandu hwekubuda kwemhepo kuburikidza nekudonha kwakasiyana-siyana, pamwe nekupisa kwekupisa kwemabhureki pads, ayo anopisa panguva yekupokana. mavhiri emavhiri. Kuiisa padenga zvese panguva yebhureki uye panguva yekuburitswa inobvumidza iwe kugadzirisa iyo braking simba mumatanho. Iyi mhando yebhureki inopa zvese nhanho braking uye nhanho kusunungurwa.

Pasinei nekureruka kweiyo mabhureki system, ine chikanganiso chinouraya - kana chitima chikasabatanidzwa, mutsara webhureki unoputika, mhepo inobuda mairi uye chitima chinosara chisina mabhureki. Ndicho chikonzero nei bhureki rakadaro harigone kushandiswa mukutakura njanji, mutengo wekutadza kwayo wakanyanya kukwirira. Kunyangwe pasina kuputika kwechitima, kana paine mhepo yakakura inodonha, kushanda kwebhureki kuchaderedzwa.

Zvichienderana nezviri pamusoro apa, chinodiwa chinomuka chekuti chitima braking chinotangwa kwete nekuwedzera, asi nekuderera kwekumanikidza muTM. Asi sei zvino kuzadza mabhureki silinda? Izvi zvinopa chikonzero chechipiri chinodiwa - chimwe nechimwe chinofamba muchitima chinofanirwa kuchengetedza mhepo yakamanikidzwa, iyo inofanira kukurumidza kupedzwa mushure mekugadzirisa kwega kwega.

Kufunga kweinjiniya mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1872 kwakasvika pamhedziso dzakafanana, izvo zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwekutanga otomatiki njanji brake naGeorge Westinghouse muna XNUMX.

Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Westinghouse brake device: 1 - compressor; 2 - tangi huru; 3 - mutsara wekupa; 4 - mutyairi wechitima crane; 5 - brake line; 6 - air distributor (katatu valve) yeWestinghouse system; 7 - brake cylinder; 8 - tangi yakasara; 9 - kumisa vharafu.
Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Chimiro chinoratidza chimiro cheichi bhureki (Mufananidzo a - kushanda kwebhureki panguva yekuburitswa; b - kushanda kwebhureki panguva yekubhureki). Chinhu chikuru cheWestigauze brake yaive brake air distributor kana, sezvazvinombonzi dzimwe nguva, vharafu katatu. Uyu muparadzi wemhepo (6) ane nhengo inonzwisa tsitsi - piston inoshanda pamusiyano uri pakati pematsimba maviri - mumutsara webhureki (TM) uye reservoir reservoir (R). Kana dzvinyiriro muTM ikava shoma pane muTC, ipapo piston inoenda kuruboshwe, ichivhura nzira yemhepo kubva kuCM kuenda kuTC. Kana dzvinyiriro iri muTM ikava yakakura kudarika kumanikidzwa muSZ, piston inofamba ichienda kurudyi, ichitaurirana neTC nemhepo, uye panguva imwechete ichikurukura TM neSZ, zvichiita kuti iyo yekupedzisira izere nemhepo yakamanikidzwa kubva. iye TM.

Saka, kana kudzvinyirirwa muTM kuchiderera nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi, zvingava zviito zvemutyairi, kubuda kwemhepo yakanyanyisa kubva kuTM, kana kuputika kwechitima, mabhureki achashanda. Kureva kuti mabhureki akadaro ane otomatiki chiito. Ichi chivakwa chebhureki chakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera imwe mukana wekudzora mabhureki echitima, ayo anoshandiswa pazvitima zvinotakura vanhu kusvika nhasi - kumira kwechitima nechitima nemutyairi nekutaurirana mutsara webhureki nemhepo kuburikidza nevhavha yakakosha - emergency brake (9).

Kune avo vanoziva nezvechikamu ichi chemabhureki echitima, zvinosetsa kuona mafirimu apo mbavha-vakomana vemombe vanokurura zvine mutsindo ngoro ine goridhe kubva muchitima. Kuti izvi zviitike, vafudzi vemombe vanofanira, vasati vasangana, vavhare mavharuvhu ekupedzisira pamutsara webhureki unoparadzanisa mutsara webhureki kubva pamagetsi ekubatanidza pakati pemotokari. Asi havambodaro. Kune rumwe rutivi, mavharuvhu ekupedzisira akavharwa ane kanopfuura kamwechete akakonzera njodzi dzinotyisa dzine chokuita nekukundikana kwemabhureki, zvose pano (Kamensk muna 1987, Eral-Simskaya muna 2011) uye kunze kwenyika.

Nekuda kwekuti kuzadza kwemasilinda mabhureki kunoitika kubva kune yechipiri sosi yemhepo yakamanikidzwa (spare tank), pasina mukana wekugara ichizadzikiswa, brake yakadai inonzi. kuita zvisina kunanga. Kuchaja kwebhureki nemhepo yakatsikirirwa kunoitika chete kana bhureki raburitswa, izvo zvinotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti nekugadzika braking kunoteverwa nekuburitswa, kana pasina nguva yakakwana mushure mekusunungurwa, bhureki harizove nenguva yekuchaja kune inodiwa kudzvanywa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuneta kwakakwana kwebhureki uye kurasikirwa kwekudzora mabhureki echitima.

Iyo pneumatic brake inewo imwe dhizaini ine chekuita nekuti kudonhedza kudonha mumutsara webhureki, senge kukanganisa kupi, kunopararira mumhepo kumusoro, asi kuchiri kupera, kumhanya - kwete kupfuura 340 m / s. Nei zvisingawedzere? Nekuti kumhanya kweruzha kwakanakira. Asi muchitima chepneumatic system pane zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinoderedza kukurumidza kwekupararira kwekudonhedzwa kwekumanikidzwa kunobatanidza nekupikisa kuyerera kwemhepo. Naizvozvo, kunze kwekunge matanho akakosha akatorwa, chiyero chekudzikiswa kwedziviriro muTM ichave yakaderera, iyo inoenderera mberi mota ichibva kune locomotive. Panyaya yeWestinghouse bhureki, kumhanya kweanonzi braking wave haipfuuri 180 - 200 m / s.

Zvisinei, kuuya kwebhureki repneumatic kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuwedzera simba remabhureki uye kushanda nesimba kwekutonga kwawo kubva kunzvimbo yebasa yemutyairi.Izvi zvakashanda sesimba guru rekusimudzira kutakura njanji, zvichiwedzera kukurumidza uye huremu hwemotokari. zvitima, uye somugumisiro, kuwedzera kukuru kwekutakura zvinhu panjanji, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwenjanji pasi rose.

George Westinghouse akanga asiri muvambi chete, asiwo muzvinabhizimisi aishingaira. Akapa patent yekugadzirwa kwake muna 1869, izvo zvakamubvumira kuti atange kugadzirwa kwemazhinji emidziyo yebhureki. Nekukurumidza, mabhureki eWestinghouse akapararira muUSA, Western Europe uye Humambo hweRussia.

MuRussia, mabhureki eWestinghouse akatonga kusvika muna Gumiguru Revolution, uye kwenguva yakareba mushure mayo. Kambani yeWestinghouse yakagadzira bhureki yayo pachayo muSt. Nekudaro, iyo Westinghouse brake yaive nezvakawanda zvisizvo zvakakosha.

Chekutanga, bhureki iri rakapa maitiro maviri chete ekushandisa: braking kusvikira masilinda akabhureka azadzwa zvachose, uye holide — kubvisa ma cylinders emabhureki. Zvakanga zvisingaite kugadzira huwandu hwepakati hwekumanikidzwa kwebhureki nekugadzirisa kwayo kwenguva refu, ndiko kuti, iyo Westinghouse brake yakanga isina modhi. reroof. Izvi hazvina kubvumira kunyatso kudzora kumhanya kwechitima.

Chechipiri, mabhureki eWestinghouse haana kushanda zvakanaka pazvitima zvirefu, uye nepo izvi zvaigona kuregererwa mumigwagwa yevafambi, matambudziko akamuka mumigwagwa yekutakura zvinhu. Rangarira mabhureki wave? Saka, mabhureki eWestinghouse akange asina nzira yekuwedzera kumhanya kwayo, uye muchitima chakareba, kuderera kwekumanikidzwa kwebhureki fluid pamotokari yekupedzisira kunogona kutanga kunonoka, uye pamwero wakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura kumusoro kweiyo. chitima, izvo zvakagadzira kusaenzana kusashanda kwemabhureki muchitima.

Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti mabasa ese ekambani yeWestinghouse, muRussia panguva iyoyo uye pasi rese, akanyatsozadzwa nekunhuhwirira kwecapitalist yehondo dzepatent uye kukwikwidza kusina kunaka. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti gadziriro yakadaro isina kukwana irarame upenyu hwakareba kudaro, kunyanya munguva iyoyo yenhau.

Nezvese izvi, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyo Westinghouse brake yakateya nheyo dze braking sainzi uye musimboti wekushanda kwayo wakaramba usina kuchinjika mune ano rolling stock mabhureki.

2. Kubva kuWestinghouse bhureki kuenda kuMatrosov brake - kuumbwa kwesainzi yekubhureki yemumba.

Anenge pakarepo mushure mekuonekwa kweWestinghouse brake uye kuitika kwezvikanganiso zvayo, kuedza kwakamuka kuvandudza iyi hurongwa, kana kuumba imwe, itsva. Nyika yedu yakange isina mutsauko. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Russia yakanga ine network yakagadziridzwa yenjanji, iyo yakaita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza hupfumi uye kukwanisa kudzivirira nyika. Kuwedzera kushanda kwekutakura kunobatanidza nekuwedzera kwekukurumidza kwekufamba kwayo uye kuwanda kwekutakura kwakatakurwa panguva imwe chete, zvinoreva kuti nyaya dzekuvandudza mabhureki dzakasimudzwa nekukurumidza.

Kukurudzira kwakakosha kwekuvandudzwa kwesainzi yebraking muRSFSR uye gare gare USSR yaive kuderera kwesimba rehombe yekuMadokero, kunyanya iyo kambani yeWestinghouse, mukusimudzira indasitiri yezvitima mushure meGumiguru 1917.

F.P. Kazantsev (kuruboshwe) uye I.K. Vafambisi vezvikepe (kurudyi) - vagadziri vedzimba njanji mabhureki
Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1 Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Chiratidzo chekutanga, kubudirira kwekutanga kwechidiki chesayenzi yekudzidzira, kwaiva kugadzirwa kweinjiniya Florenty Pimenovich Kazantsev. Muna 1921, Kazantsev akaronga hurongwa yakananga kuita otomatiki mabhureki. Dhiagiramu iri pazasi inotsanangura mazano makuru akaunzwa kwete naKazantsev chete, uye chinangwa chayo ndechekutsanangura nheyo dzekutanga dzekushanda kweiyo yakagadziridzwa otomatiki brake.

Yakananga-kuita otomatiki brake: 1 - compressor; 2 - tangi huru; 3 - mutsara wekupa; 4 - mutyairi wechitima crane; 5 - brake line leak supply device; 6 - brake line; 7 - kubatanidza brake hoses; 8 - vharafu yekupedzisira; 9 - vharafu; 10 - cheki vharafu; 11 - tangi yakasara; 12 - muparidzi wemhepo; 13 - brake cylinder; 14 - brake lever transmission.
Chokwadi nezveChitima Mabhureki: Chikamu 1

Saka, yekutanga pfungwa huru ndeyekuti kudzvanywa muTM kunodzorwa zvisina kunanga - kuburikidza nekudzikira / kuwedzera kwekumanikidza mune yakakosha dura inonzi. tangi yekugezera (UR). Inoratidzwa mumufananidzo kurudyi rwepombi yemutyairi (4) uye pamusoro pechigadzirwa chemagetsi chekudonha kubva kuTM (5). Kuwanda kwechidziva ichi kuri nyore kwazvo kuve nechokwadi kupfuura kuwanda kwetambo yebhureki - pombi inosvika makiromita akati wandei pakureba uye ichimhanya nechitima chose. Iko kugadzikana kwakagadzikana kwekumanikidza muUR kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza kudzvanywa muTM, uchishandisa kudzvanywa muUR sereferensi. Zvechokwadi, piston mumudziyo (5) apo kudzvinyirira mu TM kunoderera, inozarura vheji inozadza TM kubva kumutsara wekutengesa, nokudaro kuchengetedza kudzvinyirira mu TM yakaenzana nekumanikidzwa muUR. Iyi pfungwa yakanga ichine nzira yakareba yekufamba mukusimudzira, asi ikozvino kudzvinyirirwa muTM kwaisaenderana nekuvapo kwekubuda kwekunze kubva pairi (kusvika kune mamwe miganhu). Chishandiso 5 chakatamira kune crane yemushandisi uye inoramba iripo, mune yakagadziridzwa fomu, kusvika nhasi.

Imwe pfungwa inokosha iri pasi pekugadzirwa kwemhando iyi yebhureki ndiyo simba rekupa kubva kubhureki remvura kuburikidza nevhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavha 10. Kana kudzvinyirirwa muvhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavha kudarikira kucinja muvharihwana wo bhureki. mvura. Nenzira iyi, kuvuza kunoramba kuchizadzikiswa kubva mudura rekuchengetedza uye mabhureki haapere.

Pfungwa yechitatu inokosha yakataurwa naKazantsev ndiyo dhizaini yemugovera wemhepo unoshanda pamusiyano wezvisiri zviviri zvinomanikidza, asi zvitatu - kudzvanywa mumutsara webhureki, kudzvanywa muhumburumbira yebhureki, uye kudzvanywa mune imwe imba yakakosha yekushanda (WC), iyo, panguva yekusunungurwa, inodyiswa nekumanikidzwa kubva kumutsara webhureki, pamwe chete netangi rekuchengetedza. Mune iyo braking mode, iyo yekuchaja yekumanikidza inobviswa kubva kuchengetedzo reservoir uye mutsara webhureki, kuchengetedza kukosha kwekutanga kuchaja kudzvanywa. Ichi chivakwa chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutenderedza stock mabhureki ese kupa nhanho kuburitswa uye kudzora kufanana kwekuzadza kweTC padivi pechitima muzvitima zvinotakura zvinhu, sezvo kamuri yekushanda inoshanda seyero yekumanikidza kwekutanga kuchaja. Zvichienderana nekukosha kwayo, zvinokwanisika kupa nhanho kuburitswa uye kuronga kwekutanga kuzadza kwenzvimbo yekutenga mumotokari dzemuswe. Ini ndichasiya tsananguro yakadzama yezvinhu izvi kune zvimwe zvinyorwa pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi, asi ikozvino ndinongotaura kuti basa raKazantsev rakashanda sechikurudzira mukuvandudzwa kwechikoro chesainzi munyika yedu, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekuvandudzwa kwekutanga. rolling stock brake systems.

Mumwe muvambi weSoviet uyo akapesvedzera zvakanyanya kuvandudzwa kwemabhureki emumba aive Ivan Konstantinovich Matrosov. Mafungiro ake akanga asina kunyanya kusiyana nemafungiro aKazantsev, zvisinei, miedzo yakatevera yeKazantsev neMatrosov brake systems (pamwe chete nemamwe mabhureki masisitimu) yakaratidza hukuru hukuru hwechipiri system maererano nemaitiro ekuita kana ichishandiswa zvakanyanya pazvitima zvinotakura zvinhu. Saka, Matrosov akabhureki ane mhepo distributor ine zvirevo. Nhamba 320 yakava hwaro hwekumwe kuvandudzwa uye dhizaini yemabhureki emidziyo ye1520 mm gauge railways. Iyo yemazuva ano otomatiki brake inoshandiswa muRussia uye nyika dzeCIS inokwanisa kutakura zita reMatrosov's brake, sezvo yakatora, padanho rekutanga rekukura kwayo, mazano uye dhizaini mhinduro dzaIvan Konstantinovich.

Pane mhedziso

Chii chinogumisa? Kushanda pachinyorwa ichi kwakandipwisa kuti musoro wacho wakakodzera kuva nenhevedzano yezvinyorwa. Muchinyorwa chino chekutyaira, takabata nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemabhureki emasheya. Muzvinotevera tichaenda mune zvakasvibirira zvinhu, zvisingabatanidzi chete pabhureki repamba, asiwo pane zviri kuitika zvevatinoshanda navo kubva kuWestern Europe, tichiratidza dhizaini yemabhureki emhando dzakasiyana uye mhando dze rolling stock service. Saka, ndinovimba kuti musoro wacho uchanakidza, uye tokuonai zvakare pahubhu!

Ndinokutendai nekuteerera kwenyu!

Source: www.habr.com

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