Nguva inotevera, kana iwe ukazviwana uri pachiteshi, tora miniti yekutarisisa kwako uye ubhadhare kune iyo yakanyorwa, pakati chaipo pazasi pechitima chitima, pauchasimudzwa uchienda kune yako inotevera yakamirirwa kwenguva refu. vacation. Ichi chinyorwa hachisi pano netsaona; inotiudza imwechete isinganzwisisike, yakajairwa nhamba yebrake air distributor iyo yakaiswa pamota iyi.
Kunyorwa kunoonekwa kunyangwe chitima chakamira pakakwirira, saka usachipotsa.

Pamotokari iyi - "Ammendorf", iyo yakagadziridzwa kugadziridzwa kukuru (KVR) paTver Carriage Works, muparadzi wemhepo (VR) conv. No. 242 mutakuri mhando. Iko zvino yakaiswa pamotokari nyowani uye "isina kuvharwa", ichitsiva yekutanga 292nd VR. Ndiwo maturusi aya ari emhuri yemabhureki midziyo yatichataura nezvayo nhasi.

1. Westinghouse Vadyi venhaka

Vafambisi vemhando yemhepo vanoparadzira vanoshandiswa pa1520 mm gauge njanji imhando yekukanganisika pakati pekureruka kwedhizaini yakagarwa nhaka kubva kuWestinghouse katatu valve uye zvinodiwa kuchengetedza traffic. Havana kupfuura nemunzira yakareba uye inoshamisa yebudiriro sevamwe vavo vanotakura zvinhu.

Parizvino, mhando mbiri dzinoshandiswa: air distributor conv. No. 292 uye air distributor conv., iyo iri kukurumidza kuitsiva (kunyanya muRussia Railways zvikepe). Nhamba 242.

Midziyo iyi inosiyana mumagadzirirwo, asi inenge yakafanana mukushanda kwayo.Midziyo yese miviri inoshanda pamusiyano wezvidzvanyiriri zviviri - mumutsara webhureki (TM) uye reservoir reservoir (R). Ose ari maviri anopa kuwedzera kubuda kweiyo brake mutsara panguva yekubhureki: iyo 292nd inoburitsa TM mune yakakosha yakavharwa kamuri (yekuwedzera discharge chamber), ine volume ye1 litre, uye 242nd - yakananga mumhepo. Maturusi ese ari maviri akashongedzerwa nechimbichimbi braking accelerator. Midziyo yese miviri haina kuburitswa kwenhanho - inoburitsa nekukurumidza kana kudzvanywa muTM kukwira pamusoro pekumanikidza munzvimbo yekupisa yakagadzwa ipapo mushure mekupedzisira braking; sezvavanotaura, vane "nyoro" kuburitswa.

Kushaikwa kwekuburitswa kwenhanho kunotsiviwa nenyaya yekuti ese maturusi haashande ega pamota (kunyangwe achigona), asi pamwe chete nemagetsi air distributor conv. Nhamba 305, iyo inotanga kutonga kwemagetsi emagetsi, uye kamuri yekushanda ine pneumatic relay, inopa kukwanisa kutsika kusunungurwa.

Semuenzaniso, funga nezveVR 242, seyechizvino-zvino, pamwe neEVR 305.

Brand new VR 242 pane pneumatic panel mukamuri yeinjini yeEP20 yemagetsi locomotive.


Iyo imwe chete yakaiswa pangoro inotakura vanhu


Iye zvino ngatitendeukei kune dhizaini uye misimboti yekushandisa yechigadzirwa ichi.

Dhiagiramu inotsanangura iyo VR 242 mudziyo: 1, 3, 6, 16 - makomba akaenzana; 2,4 - mafirita; 5 - piston yekuwedzera discharge limiter TM;
7, 10, 13, 21, 22 - zvitubu; 8 - vharafu yekupedza; 9 - tsvimbo ine mhango; 11 - piston huru; 12 - kuwedzera kuburitsa valve; 14 - kumira kwekushandura mode yekushanda; 15 - kushanda mode chinja piston; 17. 28 - tsvimbo; 18 - brake valve; 19 - vharafu; 20 - kumira kwechimbichimbi braking switch; 23, 26 - mavharuvhu; 24 - gomba; 25 - emergency brake accelerator piston; 27 - vharafu yekudzikisa kuwedzera kubuda; UK - kukurumidza kamuri; ZK - spool chamber; MK - imba huru; TM - brake line, ZR - spare tank; TC - brake silinda


Mugoveri wemhepo anotangira papi? Inotanga nekuchaja, ndiko kuti, kuzadza makamuri emugovera wemhepo pachayo uye tangi rekuchengetedza nemhepo yakamanikidzwa kubva pamutsetse webhureki. Aya maitiro anoitika kana locomotive yatangwa mudhipatimendi, kana yakamira isina mweya, pamwe nemota dzese, padzinobatanidzwa kune locomotive, uye vharafu yekupedzisira yakavhurwa - chitima chinotorwa "yemhepo". Ngatinyatsoongororai maitiro aya

Chiito cheBP 242 paunenge uchichaja


Saka, mhepo kubva pamutsetse webhureki, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe0,5 MPa, inomhanyira muchishandiso, ichizadza kamuri U4 pasi pepiston inomhanyisa, yobva yakwira chiteshi (inoratidzwa mutsvuku), kuburikidza nesefa 4, kuburikidza nechiteshi A kupinda mukamuri huru. (MK), achiitsigira kubva pazasi pepiston huru 11, inosimuka, ine mhango tsvimbo 9 inovhura iyo exhaust valve 8, iyo inotaurira mhango yebrake cylinder nemhepo. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhepo kubva kune sefa, pamwe neaxial chiteshi chetsvimbo 28, kuburikidza negomba rakagadziriswa 3, inopinda mutangi rekuchengetedza (inoratidzwa muyero), uye kubva ipapo kuburikidza nemugero mukamuri ye spool (SC) pamusoro. iyo huru piston 11.

Iyi maitiro inoenderera mberi kusvika kudzvanywa mutangi rekuchengetedza, main uye spool makamuri akaenzana nekuchaja kudzvanywa mumutsara webhureki. Iyo piston huru ichadzokera kunzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera, ichivhara vharafu yekupedza. Muparadzi wemhepo akagadzirira kuita.

Ini ndichanyora zvakare - kudzvanywa muTM hakuna kugadzikana, kune mavuza mairi, madiki madiki, asi anogara aripo. Ndiko kuti, kudzvinyirira muTM kunogona kuderera. Kana dzvinyiriro ichiderera pamwero wakaderera pane chiyero chebasa, ipapo mhepo kubva mukamuri ye spool ine nguva yekuyerera ichipinda mukamuri huru kuburikidza ne throttle 3, iyo piston huru inoramba iripo uye braking haina kuitika.

Kana dzvinyiriro mumutsara webhureki yadzikira pamwero webhureki rebasa, kudzvanywa muvharuvhu yebhureki kunodzikira nekukurumidza kuti piston huru iende pasi, pasi pesimba rekumanikidza kukuru mukamuri ye spool. Ichifamba pasi, inovhura iyo yekuwedzera yekuburitsa valve 12.

Chiito cheBP 242 panguva yebhureki: chikamu chekuwedzera kubuda kweTM


Mhepo kubva mukamuri huru, kuburikidza nevharuvhu 12 kuburikidza negwara K, kuburikidza neaxial chiteshi chetsvimbo 28, inobuda mumhepo. Dzvinyiriro mumutsara wemabhureki uye kamuri huru inodzikira zvakatonyanya kukurumidza uye piston 11 inoenderera ichidzika pasi.

Chiito cheBP 242 panguva yebhureki: kutanga kuzadza kwebrake cylinder


Iyo gomo tsvimbo yepiston huru 9 inosimuka kubva pachisimbiso pavharuvhu yekuburitsa, nekudaro ichivhura nzira yemhepo kubva mutangi rekuchengetedza, inoyerera nemugero B kupinda mukamuri ye spool, axial chiteshi chetsvimbo 9, chiteshi D uye iyo mode switch inopinda muhumburumbira yebhureki kuburikidza nechannel L. Panguva imwe chete iyo mhepo imwe chete inopfuura nemugero D ichipinda mukamuri U2, ichidzvanya papiston 6, iyo inodimbura imwe nzira yekuburitsa kubva mumhepo. Kuwedzera kubuda kunomira. Panguva imwecheteyo, tsvimbo 28 yepiston 6 inodzika pasi, migero ye radial mairi yakavharwa ne rubber cuffs, iyo inotungamirira pakuparadzaniswa kwemakamuri makuru uye spool. Izvi zvinowedzera kunzwisiswa kweanoparadzira mhepo kune braking - ikozvino kudzikisa kudzvanywa mumutsara webhureki chero chiyero zvinotungamira mukudzikiswa kwepiston huru uye kuzadza silinda yebhureki.

Chiito cheBP 242 panguva yebhureki: kushandura chiyero chekuzadza chenzvimbo yekutengesa


Pakutanga, silinda yebhureki inozadzwa nekukurumidza, kuburikidza nemugero wakafara, kuburikidza nevhavha yakavhurika yebhureki 18. Sezvo silinda yebhureki yakazadzwa, kamuri U16 yemodhi switch inozadzwawo kuburikidza negomba rakagadziriswa 1. Kana dzvinyiriro ikava yakakwana kudzvanya chitubu pasi pepiston 15, vharafu yebhureki inovhara uye TC inozadzwa kuburikidza negomba rakagadziriswa muvharuvhu yebhureki zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinoitika kana mubato wemodhi switch 14 yakashandurwa kuita "D" (yakareba-yakabatana). Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kana nhamba yemotokari muchitima ichipfuura 15. Izvi zvinoitwa kuitira kuderedza kuzadza kwezvitoro pamotokari, kuve nechokwadi chekufanana kukuru kwemabhureki pachitima.

Pazvitima zvipfupi, kubata 14 kunoiswa munzvimbo "K" (chitima chipfupi). Panguva imwecheteyo, inovhura mavharuvhu ebhureki 18, uye kuzadza kwenzvimbo yekutengesa kunoitika nekukurumidza nguva dzese.

Kana mutyairi akaisa vharafu panzvimbo yekuvhara, kudonha kwemhepo mumutsara webhureki kunomira. Kuzadza kwebhureki cylinder kuchaitika kusvikira, nekuda kwekuyerera kwemhepo yekuzadza, kumanikidzwa mutangi rekuchengetedza, uye naizvozvo muimba ye spool, madonhwe, akaenzana nekumanikidzika mukamuri huru, uye naizvozvo mumutsara wemabhureki. Iyo piston huru ichadzokera kunzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera. Kuzadzwa kwenzvimbo yezvitoro kunomira, uye pane kuvhara.

Kuti asunungure mabhureki, mutyairi anoisa mubato wecrane panzvimbo I. Mhepo ichibva kumadziva makuru inomhanyisa mumutsara webhureki, ichiwedzera zvakanyanya kumanikidza mairi (kusvika 0,7 - 0,9 MPa, zvichienderana nehurefu hwechitima). Kudzvinyirirwa mukamuri huru BP kunowedzerawo, izvo zvinotungamirira kune piston huru inofamba ichikwira kumusoro, ichizarura chivharo chekupedza 8, iyo mhepo inobva mumasilinda akaputika, uyewo kubva mukamuri U2, inopukunyuka mumhepo. Kudonha kwekumanikidza mukamuri U2 kunoita kuti piston 6 uye tsvimbo 28 isimuke, mutsara webhureki uye reservoir reservoir zvinotaurirana zvakare kuburikidza ne throttle 3 - iyo reservoir inobhadhariswa.

Kana dhizaini yekuchaja mutangi rekuwedzera (UR) inosvika kuenzana nekumanikidza kwekuchaja, mutyairi anoisa vharuvhu munzvimbo II (chitima chinzvimbo). Dzvinyiriro iri muTM inokurumidza kudzoserwa kune yekumanikidza level muUR. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kwe throttle 3, kudzvanywa mutangi rekuchengetedza hakusati kwave nenguva yekukwira kune yekuchaja, kubhadharisa kudzivirira kwemhepo kunoenderera, asi nekunonoka. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kudzvanywa mutangi rekuchengetedza, main uye spool makamuri akaiswa akaenzana neanochaja. Muparadzi wemhepo anobva agadzirira zvakare kune imwe braking.

Kubva pakuona kwemutyairi, maitiro akatsanangurwa anotaridzika seizvi:

Chinhu chakaparadzana cheVR 242 ndiyo emergency braking accelerator; mudhayagiramu iri kuruboshwe rwechishandiso. Paunenge uchichaja, pamwe nekuzadza chikamu chikuru chemugovera wemhepo, iyo accelerator inobhadhariswawo - gomba riri pasi pepiston 25 uye mhango iri pamusoro pepiston inozadzwa nemhepo kuburikidza nekamuri yekumhanyisa (AC). Mutsara webhureki uye kamuri inokurumidza kutaurirana kuburikidza negomba 1, iyo dhayamita yaro zvekuti panguva yebasa rebraking, kudzvanywa mukamuri yekumhanyisa kunokwanisa kuenzana nekumanikidza kweiyo brake line uye accelerator haishande.

Kushanda kwe emergency brake accelerator


Nekudaro, kana dzvinyiriro ichidonha panguva yekukurumidzira - mhepo inobhururuka kubva mumutsara webhureki mumasekondi 3 - 4, madhiri haana nguva yekuenzana, mhepo kubva mukamuri inomhanyisa inotsikirira piston 25, uye inovhura. vharafu 19, kuvhura gomba rakakura mumutsara wemabhureki kubva panobva mhepo ichipinda mumhepo, zvichiwedzera maitiro. Saka, panguva yekukurumidzira braking, kana accelerator iri kushanda, hwindo mumutsara webhureki rinovhura pamotokari imwe neimwe.

Kuti udzime accelerator (somuenzaniso, kana ikasashanda), shandisa kiyi yakakosha kuti utendeuke kumira makumi maviri, iyo inovhara piston yekusimudza panzvimbo yepamusoro.

Pasinei nemashoko akawanda akanyorwa uye mavara, chaizvoizvo chigadzirwa ichi chine dhizaini iri nyore uye yakavimbika. Mukuenzanisa neyakatangira, BP 292, iyi haina spools, izvo zvichiri zvisingaite mukushanda, zvinoda kugaya kune girazi uye lubrication, uye zvakare zvinopfeka.

Air distributor 242 chinhu chakamira-chega uye chinogona kushanda pasina vabatsiri. Kutaura zvazviri, pamotokari dzinotakura vanhu nezvitima, inoshanda pamwe chete neimwe mudziyo unonzi

2. Electric air distributor (EVR) cond. Nhamba 305

Mudziyo uyu wakagadzirirwa kushanda mu electro-pneumatic brake system pane passenger rolling stock. Yakaiswa pangoro nemotikari pamwe chete neVR 242 kana VR 292. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita unit unit yemabhureki pangoro inotakura vanhu.

Kumberi kune silinda yebhureki. Kumberi zvishoma, kamuri yekushanda EVR 305 yakakwenenzverwa kumadziro ekumashure enzvimbo yekutengesa. .

EVR 305 mudziyo: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 - nzira dzemhepo; 4 - kusunungura valve; 5 - brake valve; 7 - vharafu yemhepo; 8 - kugovera valve; 11 - diaphragm; 13, 17 - mapako evhavhavhavha; 15 - kushandura vharafu; 16 - chisimbiso chevhavha yekushandura; TC - brake cylinder; RK - kamuri yekushanda; OV - kusunungura valve; TV - brake valve; ZR - tangi yekuchengetedza; VR - muparidzi wemhepo

EVR 305 ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: kamuri yekushanda (RC), vheji yekushandura (PC) uye shanduko yekumanikidza (RD). Iyo yekumanikidza switch imba ine kuburitsa mavharuvhu 4 uye brake mavharuvhu 5, inodzorwa nemagetsi.

Paunenge uchichaja, simba harina kupihwa kune mavharuvhu, vheji yekuburitsa inovhura mhango yekamuri yekushanda kumhepo, uye bhureki yakavharwa. Mhepo kubva pamutsetse webhureki, kuburikidza nemugoveri wemhepo kuburikidza nezviteshi zviri mukati meEVR, inopinda mutangi rekuchengetera, ichiichaja, asi haiendi kumwe kunhu, sezvo nzira yayo inopinda mugomba riri pamusoro pe diaphragm yekumanikidza switch yakavharwa ne yakavharwa brake valve.

Chiito cheEVR 305 paunenge uchichaja


Kana vharuvhu yemutyairi ichiiswa panzvimbo yeVa, mukana wakanaka (unoenderana nenjanji) unoshandiswa kune EPT waya uye mavharuvhu ese ari maviri anogamuchira simba. Ivhavha yekuburitsa inoparadzanisa kamuri yekushanda kubva mumhepo, nepo vheji yebhureki ichivhura nzira yemhepo mugomba riri pamusoro peiyo RD diaphragm uyezve mukamuri yekushanda.

Chiito cheEVR 305 panguva yekubhureki


Kudzvinyirirwa muimba yekushanda uye mugomba riri pamusoro pe diaphragm kunowedzera, diaphragm inokotama pasi, ichizarura valve yekugovera 8, iyo mweya unobva mutangi rekuchengetedza unotanga kupinda mugomba rekurudyi revhavha inoshandura. Iyo plug yevharuvhu inoenda kuruboshwe, ichivhura nzira yemhepo muhumburumbira hwebhureki.

Kana crane yemutyairi yakaiswa padenga, iyo voltage inopiwa kune EPT waya inochinja polarity, diode iyo iyo brake valve inofambiswa yakavharwa, iyo brake valve inorasikirwa nesimba, uye brake valve inovhara. Kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa muimba yekushanda kunomira, uye cylinder yebhureki yakazadzwa kusvikira kumanikidzika mairi kwakaenzana nekumanikidzwa muimba yekushanda. Mushure meizvi, membrane inodzokera kunzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera uye valve yekudyisa inovhara. Ceiling iri kuuya.

Mhedzisiro yeEVR 305 kana ichipindirana


Ivhavha yekuburitsa inoramba ichiwana simba, ichichengeta vheji yekuburitsa yakavharwa, ichidzivirira mweya kubva mukamuri yekubikira.

Kuti isunungurwe, mutyairi anoisa chibatiso checrane pachinzvimbo I kuti chiburitswe zvizere, uye pachinzvimbo II chekuburitsa nhanho. Muzviitiko zviviri izvi, mavharuvhu anorasikirwa nesimba, vheji yekuburitsa inovhura, ichiburitsa mweya kubva mukamuri yekushanda mumhepo. Iyo diaphragm, inotsigirwa kubva pazasi nekumanikidza mucylinder yebhureki, inofamba ichikwira kumusoro, ichivhura vharafu yekuburitsa mweya inobuda nayo cylinder yebhureki.

Chiito cheEVR 305 panguva yezororo


Kana, painoburitswa munzvimbo yechipiri, mubato unoiswa kumashure musirin'i, mweya unomira kuyerera uchibuda mukamuri yekushanda, uye kubuda kweTC kuchaitika kusvikira kumanikidza kuri mairi kwakaenzana nekumanikidza kusara mukushanda. chamber. Izvi zvinozadzisa mukana wekusunungurwa kwe nhanho.

Iyi electro-pneumatic brake ine huwandu hwezvinhu. Chekutanga, kana mutsetse weEPT ukatyoka, mabhureki anoburitsa. Muchiitiko ichi, mutyairi, mushure mekuita zviito zvakawanda zvinosungirwa zvakatemwa nemirayiridzo, anoshandura kushandisa pneumatic brake. Kureva, EPT haisi otomatiki mabhureki. Ichi ndicho chinokanganisa chegadziriro ino.

Kechipiri, kana EPT iri kushanda, iyo yakajairwa mhepo yekugovera iri munzvimbo yekuburitsa, isingamire kunyudza inodonha kubva mutangi rekuchengetedza. Uku ndiko kuwedzera, sezvo inovimbisa kusapera kweiyo electro-pneumatic brake.

Chechitatu, dhizaini iyi haikanganise kushanda kweanojairwa air distributor zvachose. Kana iyo EPT yakadzimwa, ipapo BP, ichizadza silinda yebhureki, inotanga yazadza mhango yekuruboshwe yevhavhavhavha, ichifambisa plug mairi kurudyi, ichivhura nzira yemhepo kubva mudura rekuchengetedza kuti ipinde mubrake cylinder. .

Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kushanda kweakatsanangurwa masisitimu anotaridzika kubva kune mutyairi cab:

mhedziso

Ini ndaida kudzvanya mabhureki emidziyo muchinyorwa chimwe chete, asi kwete, ichi chinyorwa chinoda nhaurirano yakaparadzana, sezvo maVR ekutakura zvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma, anoshandisa akanyanya kuoma matekiniki mhinduro uye matipi, nekuda kweiyo chaiyo yekushanda kwekutakura zvinhu. stock.

Kana iri mabhureki emutyairi, hukama hwayo neWestinghouse brake inotsiviwa nemamwe magadzirirwo ehunyanzvi, ayo pamusha wekukungurusa masheya anopa zvinogamuchirika zviratidziro zvekushanda, mwero wekuchengetedza uye manufacturability ekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa. Zvichave zvinonakidza kuenzanisa ne "kuti zviri kuenda sei ikoko" kunze kwenyika. Tichafananidza, asi gare gare. Ndinokutendai nekuteerera kwenyu!

PS: Kutenda kwangu kuna Roman Biryukov nokuda kwemifananidzo yemifananidzo, pamwe chete nesaiti www.pomogala.ru, panotorwa mashoko emifananidzo.

Source: www.habr.com