Tiri kutaura nezvedzimwe nzira dzesilicon.
/ mufananidzo Unsplash
Mutemo waMoore, Mutemo waDennard uye Coomey's Rule zviri kurasikirwa nebasa. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti silicon transistors yave kusvika painogumira tekinoroji. Takakurukura nyaya iyi zvakadzama . Nhasi tiri kutaura nezvezvinhu izvo mune ramangwana zvinogona kutsiva silicon uye kuwedzera kutendeseka kwemitemo mitatu, izvo zvinoreva kuwedzera kugona kwevagadziri uye macomputer masisitimu anoashandisa (kusanganisira maseva munzvimbo dze data).
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes masilinda ane madziro ane monatomic layer yekabhoni. Radhiyasi yekabhoni maatomu idiki pane yesilicon, saka nanotube-based transistors ine yakakwira maelectron mobility uye ikozvino density. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kumhanya kwekushanda kwe transistor kunowedzera uye kushandiswa kwayo kwesimba kunoderera. By mainjiniya kubva kuYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison, kubereka kunowedzera zvakapetwa kashanu.
Icho chokwadi chekuti kabhoni nanotubes ine hunhu huri nani pane silicon yave ichizivikanwa kwenguva yakareba - yekutanga transistors akadaro akaonekwa. . Asi munguva pfupi yapfuura masayendisiti akakwanisa kukunda chiverengero chakati chezvaisingakwanisi kuitwa neruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti agadzire mudziyo unoshanda zvakakwana. Makore matatu apfuura, nyanzvi dzefizikisi kubva kuYunivhesiti yatotaurwa yeWisccin yakaratidza prototype ye nanotube-based transistor, iyo yakapfuura yemazuva ano michina yesilicon.
Imwe yekushandiswa kwemidziyo yakavakirwa pacarbon nanotubes inochinjika zvemagetsi. Asi kusvika pari zvino tekinoroji haina kupfuura murabhoritari uye hapana kutaurwa nezvekuita kwayo kukuru.
Graphene nanoribhoni
Iwo machira nhete akati wandei gumi emananomita yakafara uye chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvekugadzira transistors yeramangwana. Iyo huru pfuma yegraphene tepi kugona kumhanyisa ikozvino kuyerera kuburikidza nayo uchishandisa magineti. Panguva imwecheteyo, graphene mukuru magetsi conductivity kupfuura nesilicon.
By , ma processor anoenderana negraphene transistors anozokwanisa kushanda pamafrequency ari pedyo ne terahertz. Nepo iyo frequency yekushanda yemachipisi emazuva ano yakaiswa pa4-5 gigahertz.
Yekutanga prototypes yegraphene transistors . Kubva ipapo mainjiniya maitiro e "kuunganidza" zvishandiso zvichibva pazviri. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mhedzisiro yekutanga yakawanikwa - timu yevagadziri kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCambridge munaKurume nezve kutanga mukugadzirwa . Mainjiniya vanoti mudziyo mutsva uyu unogona kukurumidzisa kushanda kwemidziyo yemagetsi nekagumi.
Hafnium dioxide uye selenide
Hafnium dioxide inoshandiswawo mukugadzira microcircuits . Inoshandiswa kugadzira insulating layer pane transistor gedhi. Asi nhasi mainjiniya anokurudzira kuishandisa kukwenenzvera kushanda kwesilicon transistors.
/ mufananidzo PD
Pakutanga gore rapfuura, masayendisiti kubva kuStanford , kuti kana kristall structure ye hafnium dioxide yakarongwa zvakare nenzira yakakosha, saka iyo (ine basa rekugona kwepakati kuendesa munda wemagetsi) ichawedzera kanopfuura kana. Kana iwe ukashandisa zvinhu zvakadaro paunenge uchigadzira magedhi e transistor, unogona kuderedza zvakanyanya simba .
Uyewo masayendisiti eAmerica kuderedza saizi yemazuva ano transistors uchishandisa hafnium uye zirconium selenides. Ivo vanogona kushandiswa seanoshanda insulator ye transistors pachinzvimbo chesilicon oxide. Selenides ine diki diki gobvu (maatomu matatu), uku ichichengetedza yakanaka bhendi gap. Ichi chiratidzo chinotarisa kushandiswa kwesimba kwe transistor. Mainjiniya vatove nazvo akati wandei anoshanda prototypes emidziyo yakavakirwa pahafnium uye zirconium selenides.
Iye zvino mainjiniya anofanirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekubatanidza transistors akadaro - kugadzira madiki madiki akakodzera kwavari. Chete mushure meizvi zvichave zvichikwanisika kutaura nezve kugadzirwa kwehuwandu.
Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum sulfide pachayo iine hurombo semiconductor, iyo yakaderera mumidziyo kune silicon. Asi boka renyanzvi dzefizikisi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNotre Dame rakaona kuti mafirimu akaonda emolybdenum (atomu rimwe gobvu) ane zvimiro zvakasiyana - ma transistors anobva paari haapfuure ikozvino kana akadzimwa uye anoda shoma simba rekuchinja. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuti vashande pamagetsi mashoma.
Molybdenum transistor prototype murabhoritari. Lawrence Berkeley muna 2016. Chigadzirwa chacho chinongova nanometer imwe chete yakafara. Mainjiniya vanoti ma transistors akadaro achabatsira kuwedzera Mutemo waMoore.
Zvakare molybdenum disulfide transistor gore rapfuura mainjiniya kubva kuyunivhesiti yekuSouth Korea. Iyo tekinoroji inotarisirwa kuwana application mukudzora maseketi eOLED anoratidza. Nekudaro, hapasati pave nekutaura nezve kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwema transistors akadaro.
Pasinei neizvi, vaongorori kubva kuStanford kuti zvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvekugadzira ma transistors zvinogona kuvakwazve kuti zvishande ne “molybdenum” zvishandiso pamutengo wakaderera. Kuti zvichakwanisika here kuita zvirongwa zvakadaro zvicharamba zvichionekwa mune ramangwana.
Zvatinonyora nezvazvo muTeregiramu chiteshi chedu:
Source: www.habr.com