Kuburitsa chakavanzika chemakore zana nemakumi mana mufizikisi

Dudziro yechinyorwa nevanyori kubva kuIBM Research.

Kubudirira kwakakosha mufizikisi kunotibvumira kudzidza maitiro emuviri wemasemiconductors mune zvakadzama zvakadzama. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kukurumidzira kuvandudzwa kweinotevera-chizvarwa semiconductor tekinoroji.

Vanyori:
Oki Gunawan - Nhengo yevashandi, IBM Tsvakurudzo
Doug Bishop - Characterization Engineer, IBM Research

Semiconductors ndiwo matombo ekuvaka emazuva ano emagetsi edhijitari, achitipa michina yakasiyana-siyana inobatsira hupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ano, semakomputa, mafoni uye mamwe nharembozha. Kuvandudzwa kwekuita semiconductor uye kuita kuri kuitawo chizvarwa chinotevera semiconductor application mukombuta, kunzwa, uye shanduko yesimba. Vatsvagiri vagara vachinetsekana kukurira zvipingamupinyi mukukwanisa kwedu kunzwisisa zvizere machaji emagetsi mukati mesemiconductor zvishandiso uye zvepamberi semiconductor zvinhu zviri kudzosera kumashure kugona kwedu kuenda kumberi.

Muchidzidzo chitsva mujenari muzvarirwo Kubatana kwekutsvagisa kunotungamirwa neIBM Tsvagiridzo inotsanangura budiriro inonakidza mukugadzirisa chakavanzika chemakore zana nemakumi mana mufizikisi, icho chinozotitendera kudzidza hunhu hwema semiconductors mune zvakadzama zvakadzama uye kugonesa kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva uye zvakagadziridzwa semiconductor.

Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa fizikisi yemasemiconductors, isu tinofanirwa kutanga tanzwisisa zvakakosha zvevatakuri vechaji mukati memidziyo, ingave yakaipa kana yakanaka zvimedu, kumhanya kwavo mumunda wemagetsi akaiswa, uye kuti akazara sei mukati mezvinhu. Nyanzvi yefizikisi Edwin Hall akawana nzira yekuona zvivakwa izvi muna 1879 paakaona kuti magineti ichakanganisa mafambiro emagetsi machaji mukati me conductor, uye kuti huwandu hwekutsauka hunogona kuyerwa semusiyano ungangoita perpendicular kune inotungamira kuyerera kwechaji. zvidimbu, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1a. Voltage iyi, inozivikanwa seHoro voltage, inoratidza ruzivo rwakakosha nezve vanotakura machaji mu semiconductor, kusanganisira kana ari maerekitironi asina kunaka kana ma quasiparticles anonzi "maburi," mamhanyiro aanoita mumunda wemagetsi, kana "kufamba" kwavo (µ ), uye kutarisisa kwavo (n) mukati meiyo semiconductor.

140-year-old chakavanzika

Makumi emakore mushure mekuwanikwa kwaHall, vaongorori vakawanawo kuti vaigona kuita zviyero zveImba yacho nechiedza-yedzo inonzi photo-Hall, ona Mufananidzo 1b. Mukuedza kwakadaro, kuvhenekera kwechiedza kunogadzira akawanda anotakura, kana maelectron-hole pairs, mumasemiconductors. Nehurombo, manzwisisiro edu ekutanga kweHoro mhedzisiro yakapa nzwisiso kune ruzhinji (kana ruzhinji) vanotakura vanochaja. Vatsvakurudzi havana kukwanisa kubvisa zvigadziro kubva kune zvose zviri zviviri (zvikuru uye zvisiri-zvikuru) panguva imwe chete. Ruzivo rwakadai rwakakosha kune akawanda ane chekuita nechiedza, senge solar panel uye zvimwe optoelectronic zvishandiso.

IBM Research magazini kudzidza muzvarirwo inoburitsa chimwe chezvakavanzika zvakachengetwa kwenguva refu zveHoro mhedzisiro. Vatsvagiri kubva kuKorea Advanced Institute of Science neTekinoroji (KAIST), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Duke University, uye IBM vakawana fomula nyowani uye hunyanzvi hunotitendera kuti titore panguva imwe chete ruzivo nezve yekutanga uye isiri-yakakosha. vatakuri, senge kutarisisa kwavo uye kufamba, pamwe nekuwana rumwe ruzivo nezve hupenyu hwemutakuri, kureba kwekupararira uye maitiro ekubatanidza.

Kunyanya, mukuyedza-Kumba kwemifananidzo, vatakuri vese vari vaviri vanopa shanduko mukufambiswa (σ) uye Horo coefficient (H, inoenderana nereshiyo yemagetsi eHoro kune iyo magineti). Maonero akakosha anobva pakuyera conductivity uye Hall coefficient sebasa rekusimba kwechiedza. Yakavigwa muchimiro checonductivity-Hall coefficient curve (σ-H) inoratidza ruzivo rutsva: mutsauko wekufamba kwevatakuri vese. Sezvakakurukurwa muchinyorwa, hukama uhwu hunogona kuratidzwa zvakanakisa:

$$kuratidza$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$ratidza$$

Kutanga nehuwandu hunozivikanwa hwekutakura huzhinji kubva pachiyero cheHoro murima, tinogona kuratidza kune ruzhinji uye vashoma mutakuri wekufamba uye density sebasa rekusimba kwechiedza. Chikwata chakatumidza nzira itsva yekuyera: Carrier-Resolved Photo Hall (CRPH). Nekusimba kunozivikanwa kwekuvhenekera kwechiedza, hupenyu hwemutakuri hunogona kusimbiswa nenzira yakafanana. Kubatana uku uye mhinduro dzayo zvakavanzwa kweanoda kusvika zana nehafu kubva pakuwanikwa kweHoro maitiro.

Kunze kwekufambira mberi mukunzwisisa kwedzidziso iyi, kufambira mberi mumitoo yekuedza kwakakoshawo kugonesa iyi nzira itsva. Nzira yacho inoda kuyerwa kwakachena kwechiratidzo cheHoro, iyo inogona kuoma kune zvinhu apo chiratidzo cheHoro chisina simba (somuenzaniso, nekuda kwekufamba kwakaderera) kana kana mamwe masaini asingadikanwi aripo, sekunge nechiedza chakasimba chekuvhenekera. Kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa kuita chiyero cheHoro uchishandisa oscillating magnetic field. Kungofanana nekuteerera redhiyo, unofanirwa kusarudza frequency yechiteshi chaunoda, uchirasa mamwe ma frequency anoita seruzha. Iyo CRPH nzira inoenda nhanho imwe mberi uye inosarudza kwete chete frequency inodiwa asiwo chikamu cheiyo oscillating magineti uchishandisa nzira inonzi synchronous sensing. Iyi pfungwa yekuyeresa Imba kuyerwa kwagara ichizivikanwa, asi nzira yechinyakare yekushandisa hurongwa hwemagetsi emagetsi coils kugadzira inotenderera magineti yaive isingashande.

Kuwanikwa kwapfuura

Sezvinowanzoitika musainzi, kufambira mberi mune imwe nzvimbo kunosundwa nezviwanikwa mune imwe. Muna 2015, IBM Tsvagiridzo yakashuma chiitiko chaimbozivikanwa mufizikisi chine chekuita neitsva yemagineti yekuvharirwa inonzi "camel hump" mhedzisiro, inoitika pakati pemitsetse miviri yedipoles inochinjika kana ichidarika kureba kwakakomba, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2a. Mhedzisiro iyi chinhu chakakosha chinogonesa mhando nyowani yemagineti trap inonzi parallel dipole line trap (PDL trap), sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2b. Magnetic PDL trap inogona kushandiswa sechikuva chikuva chemhando dzakasiyana dzekunzwa maapplication akadai setiltmeter, seismometer (sensi yekudengenyeka kwenyika). Masensa matsva akadai, akasanganiswa nehukuru hwe data matekinoroji, anogona kuvhura akawanda matsva maapplication, uye ari kuongororwa neIBM Research timu ichigadzira hombe data analytics platform inonzi IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), iyo ine hupfumi hwe geospatial. uye Internet yezvinhu data. (IoT).

Zvinoshamisa kuti iyo yakafanana PDL chinhu chine imwe yakasarudzika application. Kana ichitenderedzwa, inoshanda seyakanakira foto-Hall yekuyedza system kuti iwane unidirectional uye yakachena harmonic oscillation yemagnetic field (Mufananidzo 2c). Zvinotonyanya kukosha, iyo sisitimu inopa yakakwana nzvimbo yekubvumidza kuvhenekerwa kwenzvimbo yakafara yemuenzaniso, iyo yakakosha mumifananidzo-Hall kuyedza.

Impact

Iyo nzira itsva yefoto-hall yatakagadzira inotibvumira kutora huwandu hunoshamisa hweruzivo kubva kune semiconductors. Mukupesana nematanho matatu chete anowanikwa muyero yeHoro yekirasi, iyi nzira nyowani inoburitsa anosvika manomwe paramita pane imwe neimwe yechiedza chakaedzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufamba kwemaerekitironi nemakomba; kusungirirwa kwemutakuri wavo pasi pesimba rechiedza; recombination lifetime; uye diffusion kureba maerekitironi, maburi uye ambipolar marudzi. Zvese izvi zvinogona kudzokororwa N nguva (kureva huwandu hwechiedza chesimba paramita inoshandiswa mukuyedza).

Uku kuwanikwa kutsva uye tekinoroji ichabatsira kufambira mberi semiconductor mune ese aripo uye ari kusimukira matekinoroji. Isu tave neruzivo uye maturusi anodiwa kuburitsa iwo emuviri maitiro e semiconductor zvinhu zvakadzama. Semuyenzaniso, zvichabatsira kukurumidza kusimudzira chizvarwa chinotevera semiconductor tekinoroji, senge zviri nani solar panels, zviri nani optoelectronic zvishandiso, uye zvinhu zvitsva nemidziyo yeartificial intelligence tekinoroji.

Chekutanga chinyorwa chakaburitswa muna Gumiguru 7, 2019 mukati IBM Tsvakurudzo blog.
Shanduro: Nikolay Marin (NikolayMarin), Chief Technology Officer IBM muRussia uye nyika dzeCIS.

Source: www.habr.com