Mhoro %username%.
Semazuva ese, handidzikame.
Uye chikonzero cheizvi iodine pentafluoride uye !
Kazhinji, isu tose (tine tariro) tinoyeuka kutanga kwebasa raRidley Scott uye firimu rinoshamisa "Alien", iro randinokurudzira, pasinei nokuti yakabva muna 1979. Pakupera kwechinyorwa chino, ini ndicharatidza kuti iyo firimu haina kungotonhorera - ndeye SCIENTIFIC!
Uye nekuda kweizvi isu tinoshungurudza ndangariro dzedu uye nekurangarira magumo: Ripley anokwira shuttle obva angoona Mutorwa ipapo.
Uye zvino pachava nemimwe mifananidzo, zviyeuchidzo zvinodziya uye chemistry.
Mushure mekunge awana Mutorwa, Ripley anofunga kuridza magasi akakosha paari. Achiimba rwiyo rwenyeredzi ine rombo rakanaka, Ripley anovhura iyi iri nyore pani.
Special magasi pane shuttle
Rondedzero yacho inopfuura kunakidza:
- A. Iodine pentafluoride.
- B. Isobutane.
- C. Methyl chloride.
- D. Nitrosyl chloride.
- E. Methyl bromide.
- F. Isobutylene.
- G. Phosphine.
- N. Silan.
- I. Perfluoropropane.
- J. Phosgene.
- K. Chimwe chinhu chine "A", argon? Handizivi, handikwanise kuzviita.
Saka, Ripley anoedza kupfungaidza shamwari yedu kutanga ne iodine pentafluoride:
First try
Mutorwa neimwe nzira haapembereri zviito izvi zvakanyanya.
Zvadaro tinoputira ne methyl chloride.
Kuedza kwechipiri
Zvakare zero kusvika pasi.
Nguva yechitatu - rombo rakanaka! Isu tinoputira chisikwa ne nitrosyl chloride.
Chechitatu kuedza
Zvino kwakauya kugwinha-gwinha nekukanda
Zvose zvakaguma nekukandwa muchadenga uye kupiswa mumhepo kubva muinjini.
Nenzira, Mutorwa haana kupisa mukuneta, izvo zvinokosha
Zvino ngatitarisei zvatakaona.
Magasi akaita sei?
"Special Gases paShuttle" ndeyechokwadi inoshamisa seti.
1. Iodine pentafluoride IF5
Zvakanaka, chaizvoizvo, iodine pentafluoride haisi gasi, asi inorema yero mvura ine nzvimbo yekuvira ye97,85 Β°C. , ichi chinhu chakasimba kwazvo chefluoridating agent, ndiko kuti, kana kamhuka kedu kakafuridzirwa nemarara aya patembiricha yemvura iri kufashaira, inoshingirira zvechokwadi! Mibvunzo yakawanda inomutswa neiyo iyo shuttle pachayo inogadzirwa, sezvo iodine pentafluoride inoparadza nyore kwete simbi chete, asiwo girazi. Zvakare mibvunzo nezve Ripley's spacesuit - asi ndizvozvo.
2. Isobutane CH(CH3)3
Isobutane inowanzoitika gasi rinopisa (nenzira, ine octane nhamba ye100), inogona kushandiswa mumajini ekupisa mukati uye seanotonhorera. Ripley haana kuishandisa - uye ndizvozvo: kana iodine pentafluoride isina kupa chero mhedzisiro, zvinorevei? Uyezve, panogona kunge pakave nepfarivari ipapo gare gare, zvinoreva kuti inogona kunge yakaputika.
3. Methyl chloride CH3Cl
Methyl chloride igasi risina ruvara, rine muchetura rine kunhuhwirira kwakanaka. Nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwakadzikira, muchetura kana zvinoputika zvinogona kupotsa. Chloromethane yakamboshandiswa sefiriji, asi nekuda kwehupfu uye kuputika kwayo haichashandiswi mubasa iri. Main inoshandisa ikozvino: polymer kugadzirwa, semethylating agent mune organic synthesis, semafuta e rocket, semutakuri mune yakaderera-tembiricha polymerization, semvura ye thermometric uye thermostatic midziyo, semushonga wesora (zvakare zvishoma nekuda kwehupfu).
Iyo toxicity yemethyl chloride inosanganiswa neiyo hydrolysis kune methyl doro - uyezve, sezvandatonyora mukati. .
Ripley angave asingazivi biochemistry, kana aitarisira kuti Mutorwa aivewo nedoro dehydrogenase mumuviri wake, uye aigona kunwa zvakachengeteka nayo. Asi, sezvaitarisirwa, hunyengeri hahuna kushanda - kuedza kwechipiri kwaRipley hakuna kubudirira.
4. Nitrosyl chloride NOCl
Nitrosyl chloride igasi dzvuku, ine chepfu, ine hwema hunokachidza. Inowanzoonekwa sechigadzirwa chekuparara kweaqua regia - musanganiswa wehydrochloric uye nitric acids - iyi ndiyo inonhuwa uye muswe wayo unokwira pamusoro payo kana ichipisa (yakasvibiswa nenitrogen oxides). Ndiri kutaura nezvakewo .
Nitrosyl chloride inoshandiswa zvakanyanya senge chlorinating agent; nenzira, yakanyoreswa sechikafu chekuwedzera ine index E919 - sekuvandudza uye ruvara stabilizer yezvinhu zvakabikwa. Dzimwe nguva yaishandiswawo kuchenesa uye kuuraya utachiona mvura yekunwa.
Idiki nitrosyl chloride inoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekudya; panguva imwecheteyo, muchimiro chayo chakachena, chinhu ichi chinoisa njodzi yakanyanya kuhupenyu uye hutano. Kufema kwehuputi hwayo kunokonzera kushatirwa kwakanyanya kwemucous membranes, pulmonary edema, bronchospasm, asthmatic attack, pamwe nehuwandu hwezvimwe zviratidzo zvekufema kusagadzikana. Kubata muviri kunotungamirira kumakemikari anopisa paganda.
Hazvishamisi kuti Mutorwa aisamuda zvakanyanya.
5. Methyl bromide CH3Br
Hunhu hwayo hwakafanana nemethyl chloride. Pamusoro pezvo, mukuwedzera kune organic synthesis, inoshandiswa sefumigant yekuuraya hutachiona hwezvirimwa kubva kune zvipembenene, zvipembenene zvenhema uye mealybugs, pamwe nekudzora zvipembenene zvemustock, kunyanya mitsva uye yakaoma miriwo nemichero, uye zvishoma kazhinji kugadzira zviyo. Sefumigant inorambidzwa kushandiswa nekuda kwechepfu zvinoenderana neMontreal Protocol.
Yakashandiswawo mukugadzirisa zvipfeko zvakashandiswa, asi pano zvakare yakasiiwa nekuda kwehupfu (saka iwe unogona kuenda zvakachengeteka kuSecondHand).
Ripley aive akarurama zvachose kuti asashandise - chii chakanakira kana methyl chloride isina kubatsira?
6. Isobutylene CH2C(CH3)2
Gasi rinopfuta rinowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemapolymers. Hapana chakakosha, mhedzisiro ichave yakafanana ne isobutane.
7. Phosphine PH3
Iyo gasi ine chepfu inokanganisa metabolism uye inokanganisa iyo yepakati tsinga system; inokanganisawo tsinga dzeropa, nhengo dzekufema, chiropa, uye itsvo. Yaionekwa semakemikari ehondo yehondo - uye nenzira, imwe yezvigadzirwa zvine muchetura zvekusangana kweyero phosphorus nemvura (zvakare chirevo che. ) Gasi rakachena harinhuhwi; gasi rehunyanzvi rine tsvina, ndosaka richinhuwa sehove dzakaora.
Phosphine inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwe organophosphates, senzvimbo yekusachena kwephosphorus mukugadzirwa kwesemiconductors, uye zvakare sefumigant - imwe nzira kune yakarambidzwa methyl bromide. Sezviri pachena, nekuenzanisa nemethyl bromide uye methyl chloride, Ripley akasarudza kuti phosphine yaisazobatsira.
8. Silane, kana kuti monosilane SiH4
Gasi risina ruvara rine kunhuwa kusingafadzi. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti pamberi pe okisijeni, monosilane oxidizes nokukurumidza kunyange pamvura tembiricha yemhepo. Ivo vanonyora kuti silane ine muchetura neLC50 ye0,96% yemakonzo - asi vachinzwisisa zvimiro zve silane uye kudiwa kwemakonzo kufema chimwe chinhu, ipapo kana makonzo aingodzipwa nekushaikwa kweokisijeni, kana akapisa mumurazvo we silane, kana .
Inoshandiswa mukuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwe organic synthesis (kugadzirira kwe organosilicon polymers, nezvimwewo), sesosi yesilicon yakachena yeindasitiri yemagetsi mukugadzira crystalline uye yakaonda-firimu mafotoconverters akavakirwa pasilicon, LCD skrini, substrates uye matekinoroji akaturikidzana. yemaseketi akabatanidzwa, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwe-ultra-pure polysilicon.
Ini ndinofunga Ripley aitya moto chaizvo, uye saka haana kushandisa silane paAlien.
9. Perfluoropropane C3F8
Perfluoropropane inomiririra inomiririra perfluorinated hydrocarbons. Inogona kushandiswa sefiriji. Kudzika-kupisa, kusaputika, kuderera-muchetura. Kufanana nemaperfluorocarbons ese, inokwanisa kugadzira simba regreenhouse rakasimba zvakapetwa nemazana kupfuura CO2, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira terraforming. Nenzira, haigadziri greenhouse effect.
Ripley, sezviri pachena, akasarudza kuti perfluoropropane yaisazobatsira, yaingove yakakodzera kune mhuka dzinodzipwa dzinofema okisijeni - asi tichifunga nezvekuti Mutorwa akazununguka nesimba mudenga, yakanga isiri sarudzo.
10. Phosgene COCl2
Sarudzo yakanaka yehupfu kuvanhu nemhuka dzinoyamwisa - ndiri kutaura nezvazvo . Inoshandiswawo mune organic synthesis.
Sezviri pachena, Ripley akanzwisisa kuti Mutorwa akanga akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune biology yemhuka dzinoyamwisa, uye saka haana kusarudza phosgene. Inogona kunge iri "nhamba yechina" mushure me nitrosyl chloride. Hazvizivikanwe pano.
11. Huh? Argon?
Hapana chakakosha zvachose - gasi inert. Haadyidzani nechimwe chinhu.
Uyewo hazvina maturo, se perfluoropropane.
zvakawanikwa
- Ripley, mumamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, akaita nokungwarira uye nemaune: akadzivisa moto, nokuchenjera akasarudza magasi kusvuta Mutorwa - zvose zvakaitwa nemazvo.
- Hazvinyatso nyatso kujeka kuti Alien anosanganisirei? Tichifunga nezve causticity yemate ake, ine chimwe chinhu chakaita seklorini trifluoride, asi ipapo tembiricha yake inofanira kunge iri pasi pe +12 Β°C, zvikasadaro chinhu ichi chinofashaira. Ropa rake rakagadzirwa kubva kubromine fluorides (ndiri kutaura nezvayo )? Zvadaro chii chakaitwa: hachityi kutonhora kwakakwirira uye kwakadzika, asi ine yakakura yekuwedzera coefficient painopisa - yeuka kuguma kweAlien 3, apo mushure mokunge mutobvu wakanyungudutswa waikwanisa kuputika nemvura yakapfapfaidzwa. Organosilicon haina kukodzera - fluorides inogona kuinyungudutsa. Imwe mhando ye organofluorine? Asi nei nitrosyl chloride yakashanda? Apa vagadziri vemafirimu vakasiya chakavanzika.
- Hazvinyatso nyatso kujeka kuti ngarava inogadzirwa nei: haitye inopisa iodine pentafluoride, nitrosyl chloride - asi inodyiwa nekupfuura nemate eAlien. Kana ropa reAlien riine super acids (verenga nezvavo mukati ), ipapo kupikisa magasi kunoshamisa. Kana pane fluoride halogens muropa remutorwa, zvinoshamisa kuti chikepe chakapedzwa navo, asi iodine pentafluoride yakapona. Chakavanzika chechipiri.
- Iyo yekutengesa tug Nostromo, kana kuti yekununura shuttle, yakashongedzerwa nemagasi anodiwa kune organic synthesis (fluorination, methylation, polymer reactions, chlorination), magasi ekurapa zvirimwa kurwisa zvipembenene, gasi remafuta, mafiriji, mbishi kugadzirwa semiconductor uye magasi. nokuda kweterraforming. Zvaitarisirwa here kuti muzivi wemuchadenga ashandise tekinoroji yepamusoro kuti ararame? Kune rimwe divi, ramangwana riri kure (iyo yekutanga vhezheni yescript yakataura nezve 2087)...
- "Alien" ndiyo firimu rinotonhorera. Kusiyana nemamwe mafirimu eHollywood, inofungidzirwa kunyange kusvika kune akadaro kemikari.
Source: www.habr.com