Kunzwisisa zvipfupiso zvechiLatin uye mitsara muChirungu

Gore nehafu rapfuura, kuverenga kunoshanda nezvekusagadzikana Meltdown uye Specter, ndakaona ndisinganyatsonzwisisi musiyano uripo pakati pezvipfupiso kureva и semuenzaniso Avo. Zvinoita sezviri pachena kubva pane zviri kutaurwa, asi zvino zvinoita sezvisina kunaka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ini ndakabva ndazviitira diki pepa rekubiridzira rakanangana neaya mapfupiso, kuti ndisavhiringika. Uye ipapo pfungwa yechinyorwa ichi yakaonekwa.

Nguva yakafamba, ndakaunganidza muunganidzwa wemazwi echiLatin uye zvipfupiso zvakawanikwa muzvinyorwa zveChirungu, uye nhasi ndagadzirira kuigovera nevaverengi veHabra. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mazhinji emitsara iyi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabhuku ezvidzidzo muchiRussia, asi muchiRungu ivo vanogara vaenzi kunyangwe munzvimbo dzakawanda. Ndinotarisira kuti kuunganidza uku kuchave kunobatsira kune vanhu vasingabatanidzi basa rezvesayenzi munharaunda inotaura chiRussia, asi vanowanzosangana nemagwaro akawanda kana mashoma muChirungu, apo zvinyorwa zveLatin zvinogona kuvhiringidza.

Zvidimburidzo zvakajairika uye mataurirwo

etc. - et cetera, "nezvimwewo." Inoverengwa muchiLatin - [ˌɛt ˈsɛt(ə)ɹə], uye, kusiyana nemamwe mapfupiso mazhinji, inowanzoshandiswa mukutaura nemuromo. Unogona kudzidza kududzira nenzira yakanaka kwazvo Elenore by The Turtles - rwiyo chete na etc. mumashoko anobaya machati.

♫Elenore, gee ndinofunga uri kuzvimba
♫Uye unondiitira zvakanaka
♫ Uri kudada kwangu uye mufaro, etc.

and unto. - et alii, “nevamwe”, inoverengwa sezvakanyorwa [ɛtˈɑːl]/[ˌet ˈæl]. Inenge inogara ichireva vanhu (kupfupisa rondedzero yevanyori mumutumbi webasa); hazviwanzo kureva dzimwe nzvimbo muzvinyorwa (lat. uye alibi) panguva yekuongorora. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki rinoshandiswa kureva "nezvimwewo." (lat. et al).

Ziva kuti aya matanho anodzivirira chete Meltdown, uye kwete kirasi yeSpecter kurwiswa kwakatsanangurwa naKocher and unto. [40].
Ziva kuti matanho aya anodzivirira chete Meltdown uye haashande kurwisa Specter kurwiswa kunotsanangurwa naKocher et al [40].

kureva - id ndizvo, “mupfungwa”, “ndizvo”. Verenga kungave sechipfupiso IE ([ˌaɪˈiː]) kana zviri nyore se ndiko.

Kudzivirira kutevedzana kwekuraira kwechinguvana kubva kuenderera neukoshi husina kunaka, kureva, '0', Meltdown inoedzazve kuverenga kero kusvika yasangana neukoshi hwakasiyana ne'0' (mutsara wechitanhatu).
Kuti udzivise shanduko yekutevedzana kwemirairo kubva pakuenderera mberi nekuita nekoshi isiriyo, i.e. ne "0", Meltdown inoedza kuverenga kero zvakare kusvika yawana kukosha kunze kwe "0" (mutsara 6). (Pano, "kukosha kusiri iko" zvinoreva chete uye chete "0", uye chitsauko pachacho chinodaidzwa kuti Nyaya ye0 - "Nyaya yeZero").

viz. - videre licet, "zvinonzi". Muzviitiko zvakawanda inoverenga senge kureva kana kuti wit. Kubva kureva zvakasiyana mune izvozvo kureva - uku kujekeswa, asi viz. - inosungirwa yakazara chiratidzo chechinhu (s) mushure mekuziviswa kweiyo / yavo kusarudzwa / rondedzero. Mamwe manyuko anoti hachichashandi kureva; Zvechokwadi, mumabasa ehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechiXNUMX viz. zvinoitika kakawanda kupfuura zvazvino uno.

Sezvo iyi kirasi nyowani yekurwiswa inosanganisira kuyera chaiyo nguva dzenguva, sechikamu, pfupi-pfupi, kudzikisira isu tiri kuremadza kana kudzikisa humbowo hweakawanda nguva masosi muFirefox. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvese zviri pachena masosi, senge performance.now(), uye masosi anotendera kuvaka-high-resolution timer, viz.,SharedArrayBuffer.
Nekuti iyi kirasi nyowani yekurwiswa inosanganisira chaiyo kuyerwa kwenguva dzenguva, sechikamu chekushanda isu tiri kudzima kana kuderedza iko kurongeka kwemamwe masosi enguva muFirefox. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvese zviri pachena zvinyorwa zvakaita se performance.now() uye zvisina kunanga izvo zvinokutendera kuti ugadzire yakakwirira-resolution timers, zvinoti SharedArrayBuffer.

semuenzaniso - muenzaniso gratia, "somuenzaniso", "zvikurukuru". Inoverenga senge Semuyenzaniso, kashoma sechidimbu EG. Kusiyana nemapfupiso maviri apfuura, rinoshandiswa chaizvo semuenzaniso, uye kwete rondedzero yezvese kukosha.

Meltdown haishandisi chero njodzi yesoftware, kureva, inoshanda pane ese makuru masisitimu anoshanda. Pane kudaro, Meltdown inoshandisa ruzivo rweparutivi-chiteshi chinowanikwa pane akawanda emazuva ano processors, semuenzaniso, yemazuva ano Intel microarchitectures kubvira 2010 uye ingangoita pane mamwe maCPU evamwe vatengesi.
Meltdown haishandisi chero kusarudzika kwesoftware, i.e. Inoshanda pane ese makuru masisitimu anoshanda. Pane kudaro, inoshandisa ruzivo rweparutivi-chiteshi chinowanikwa pane mazhinji emazuva ano processors, kunyanya Intel microarchitectures kubva 2010 zvichienda mberi uye pamwe nevamwe vagadziri veCPU.

NB - not bene, "chinyorwa". Yakanyorwa nemavara makuru.

vs., v. - ne, “kupikisa”, [ˈvɝː.səs]. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti shoko rakakweretwa muchiLatin raiva nerevo yakasiyana - "kutungamirira mushure mekutendeuka kwakapinza." Vazivi veMiddle Ages vakashandisa chirevo chacho maringe naDeus mukuvaka senge "Petya akabira Korovans hupenyu hwake hwese, uye paakabatwa uye akatongerwa padanda, akatendeuka zvakanyanya. kuna Mwari".

c., cca., ca., circ. - nezve, "zve" maererano nemazuva. Yakadudzwa [ˈsɝː.kə].

ad hoc – “special”, “situational”, “temporary”, zvichishandurwa kuti “nokuda kweizvi”. Zvinoreva chimwe chinhu chinogadzirisa chakananga, chakatetepa zvakanyanya uye chinowanzo kukurumidza dambudziko. Inogona kushandiswa kureva "crutch".

Kucherekedza uku kwakakonzera kuwanda kwetsva Specter uye Meltdown kurwisa akasiyana uye zvakatowanda ad hoc kudzivirira (semuenzaniso, microcode uye software zvigamba).
Kucherekedza uku kwakonzera kuwanda kwenhamba yezvitsva zvakasiyana zveSpecter uye Meltdown kurwiswa uye zvakatonyanya mamiriro ekudzivirira mhinduro (kunyanya microcommand masisitimu uye zvigamba).

Kana iwe usina capacitor yekushandisa senzira yekunzvenga, unogona kuisiya se ad hoc Solution.
Kana iwe usina decoupling capacitor, unogona kupfuura pasina iyo seyenguva pfupi crutch.

ad lib – chidimbu che ad libitum, “pakuda”, “impromptu”. Zvinoreva kungoerekana zvaitika, kuvandudza, pfungwa yakangoerekana yavapo. Kubva ad hoc ane rusununguko rwakawanda. Avo. "Simba redu rakaputika, vashandi vekukurumidzira vakavimbisa kusvika muawa imwe, taifanira kuvharira chivakwa nemabhaketi" - ad hoc. "Ndakanganwa kutenga sour cream yemadumplings, saka ndaedza mayonesi" - ad lib.

Ndakanganwa script yangu, saka ndakataura ad lib
Ndakanganwa mazwi acho saka ndakavandudza

[sic] - "saka mune yekutanga." Muzvinyorwa zvedzidzo, zvinoreva zviperengo zvepakutanga (mutauro, chinyakare, kukanganisa kwekunyora, nezvimwewo). Nekusimuka kwemasocial network, zvikanganiso uye typos mumatweets uye zvimwe zvinyorwa ("tarisai benzi!") zvave kupararira sechimiro chekunyomba.

Mutungamiri achangosarudzwa, VaDonald Trump, vakaisa hukama pakati peUS neChina panjodzi pavakaenda kuTwitter neMugovera vachipomera China nezve "chiito chisina mutungamiri" chekutora ngarava yeUS isina munhu svondo rino.

Zvidimburiso muzvinyorwa zvebhaibheri nezvinyorwa zvezasi

ibid., ib. - Ibid, ibid (nezve kwakabva);
id. - idem, zvakafanana (pamusoro pemunyori). Maererano nemitemo yakasimba ibid. chaiko zvinoreva "munzvimbo imwe chete" - mune imwe sosi papeji imwechete - uye hazvireve kumwe kujekesa, asi id. inoratidza imwe nzvimbo mune imwechete sosi uye inogara ichiwedzerwa nenhamba yepeji (kana passim) Muchokwadi, vanyori vakawanda vanoshandisa chete ibid. uye ugozvipa zvinyoronyoro nemapeji matsva.

op. cit. - opere quote, “basa rataurwa.” Inotsiva musoro wechinyorwa kana bhuku riini ibid. haikodzeri nokuti dzimwe nongedzero dzebasa rimwe chetero dzakabatanidzwa (somuenzaniso, mumashoko omuzasi); yakanyorwa mushure mezita remunyori:

cf. - musangano - "cf.", "compare". Kusiyana ona inoratidza imwe pfungwa yemaonero echinangwa chikuru (ona muenzaniso uri pamusoro).

passim - "kwese". Inoshandiswa pazvisingaite kuratidza peji chaiyo mutsime nekuti pfungwa/ruzivo rwuri kutsvagwa rwunopinda mukati mese.

uye seq. - et sequentes - "uyezve" nezvemapeji arimo.

f. и ff. - folio - imwe sarudzo "uye mberi" inoiswa pakarepo mushure mepeji nhamba pasina nzvimbo. Poshi f. zvinoreva peji rimwe, maviri ff. - nhamba isingaverengeki yemapeji. ff. yakakurumbira muGerman nekuti yakafanana ne fortfolgende - "zvinotevera".

Cherechedza: muChirungu chemazuva ano hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa et. seq. uye ff., zviri nani kuratidza zvakananga peji renji.

Zvipfupiso zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa

inf. и sup. - infra, pamusoro - ona pazasi uye ona kumusoro, zvichiteerana.

loc. cit. - loco citato - analogue ibid.

sc. - scilicet - "ndizvo", analogue viz.

qv - qud vide - "ona", "tarisa". Nguva dzose inonongedzera kune imwe nzvimbo mubasa rimwechete; muchimiro chayo chekirasi inozvimiririra, nokuti anofungidzira kuti muverengi achawana chitsauko chaanoda pachake. Mumutauro wemazuva ano zviri nani kushandisa ona nemirayiridzo chaiyo yezvaunofanira kuona.

sv - sub verbo - zvakanyanya seizvi <a href> pamberi pe hypertext, inoratidza imwe duramazwi inopinda, iro zita chairo rinotevera pakarepo mushure mekudimburirwa.

Uye zvishoma

QED - quod erat demonstrandum - "izvo ndizvo zvaifanira kuratidzwa."

sl - sensu lato - "mupfungwa yakafara".

ss - sensu stricto - "mupfungwa yakasimba."

izwi neshoko - "chaizvoizvo", "verbatim".

Source: www.habr.com