ProHoster > Blog > internet nhau > Retrospective: sei IPv4 kero dzakapera

Retrospective: sei IPv4 kero dzakapera

Geoff Huston, mukuru wekutsvagisa injinjini painternet registrar APNIC, akafanotaura kuti IPv4 kero ichapera muna 2020. Munhevedzano itsva yezvishandiso, tichavandudza ruzivo rwekuti kero dzakapera sei, ndiani anga achiri nazvo, uye nei izvi zvaitika.

Retrospective: sei IPv4 kero dzakapera
/Unssplash/ LoΓ―c Mermilliod

Sei tiri kupera kero?

Tisati taenda kune nyaya yekuti IPv4 dziva "yakaoma," ngatitaure zvishoma nezvezvikonzero. Muna 1983, pakatangwa TCP/IP, 32-bit addressing yakashandiswa. Apo zvakaonekwakuti 4,3 bhiriyoni kero dzevanhu mabhiriyoni 4,5 zvakakwana zvakakwana. Asi zvino vagadziri havana kufunga kuti huwandu hwepasi hwaizoda kupetwa kaviri, uye Indaneti yaizopararira.

Panguva imwecheteyo, mumakore ekuma80, masangano mazhinji akagamuchira kero dzakawanda kupfuura dzavaida chaizvo. Makambani akati wandei achiri kushandisa kero dzeveruzhinji kumaseva anoshanda chete pamanetiweki emuno. Kupararira kwehunyanzvi hwenharembozha, iyo Internet yezvinhu uye virtualization yakawedzera mafuta kumoto. Miscalculations mukufungidzira huwandu hwevatambi padandemutande repasi rose uye kusashanda kwemakero kugovera kwakonzera kushomeka kweIPv4.

Kuti kero dzakapera sei

Pakutanga kweXNUMXs, mutungamiriri we APNIC Paul Wilson yakashamiswakuti IPv4 kero ichapera mumakore gumi anotevera. Kazhinji, kufanotaura kwake kwakave kwakanyatsojeka.

2011 gore: Sezvakafanotaurwa naWilson, Internet registrar APNIC (inotarisira nzvimbo yeAsia-Pacific) yakadzika kusvika pakupedzisira. block /8. Sangano rakaunza mutemo mutsva - imwe 1024-kero block pamunhu. Vanoongorora vanoti pasina muganho uyu, /8 block ingadai yapera mumwedzi. Iye zvino APNIC inongova nenhamba shoma yemakero yasara nayo.

2012 gore: IEuropean Internet registrar RIPE yakazivisa kupera kwedziva. Yakatangawo kugovera yekupedzisira /8 block. Sangano rakatevera kutungamira kweAPNIC uye rakaunza zvirambidzo zvakasimba pakuparadzirwa kweIPv4. Muna 2015, RIPE yaingova nemamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu emakero emahara. Nhasi nhamba iyi yadzikira zvakanyanya - kusvika mamiriyoni 3,5. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muna 2012 Kuburitswa kweIPv6 pasi rose kwakaitika. Global telecom operators vakamisikidza protocol itsva kune vamwe vatengi vavo. Pakati pekutanga kwaiva AT & T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL, etc. Panguva imwecheteyo, Cisco uye D-Link yakagonesa IPv6 nekusagadzika muzvirongwa zve routers dzavo.

Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvitsva kubva kublog yedu paHabrΓ©:

2013 gore: Geoff Haston anobva kuAPNIC pane blog Ndakaudzakuti US registrar ARIN ichapera IPv4 kero muhafu yechipiri ye2014. Panguva imwecheteyo, vamiririri veARIN yakaziviswakuti vane maviri / 8 matombo asara.

2015 gore: Arin akava wekutanga registrar kupedza zvachose dziva remahara IPv4 kero. Makambani ese ari mudunhu rino akamira uye akamirira kuti mumwe munhu aburitse IP isina kushandiswa.

2017 gore: Nezvekumisa kuburitswa kwemakero akadaro paLACNIC registrar, inotarisira nyika dzeLatin America. Zvino kuti uwane Iwo chete makambani asina kumbobvira aagamuchira anogona kuvharisa. AFRINIC - inoona nezvedunhu reAfrica - yakaunzawo zvirambidzo pakupihwa kwemakero. Chinangwa chavo chinonyatsoongororwa, uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwavo pamunhu hushoma.

2019 gore: Nhasi, maregistrars ese ane nhamba shoma yemakero asara. Madziva anochengetwa akayangarara nokupota achidzosa kero dzisina kushandiswa kuti dzidzoke mukutenderera. Somuenzaniso, paMIT kuwanikwa 14 miriyoni IP kero. Vanopfuura hafu yavo vakasarudza kutengesera kumakambani aida rubatsiro.

Chii chinotevera

Zvinotendwa kuti IPv4 kero zvichapera kusvika Kukadzi 2020. Mushure meizvi, vanopa Internet, vagadziri vemidziyo yetiweki uye mamwe makambani pachava nechisarudzo - tamira kuIPv6 kana kushanda nayo NAT nzira.

Netiweki Kero Dudziro (NAT) inokutendera iwe kushandura kero dzakawanda dzemunharaunda kuita kero imwe yekunze. Nhamba yepamusoro yezviteshi zviuru makumi matanhatu neshanu. Zvinofungidzirwa, nhamba imwechete yemakero emunharaunda inogona kurongwa kune imwe kero yeruzhinji (kana iwe usingatarise zvimwe zvinogumira zvega zveNAT).

Retrospective: sei IPv4 kero dzakapera
/Unssplash/ Jordan Whitt

Vanopa Internet vanogona kutendeukira kune akasarudzika mhinduro - Mutakuri Giredhi NAT. Vanokutendera kuti utore nechepakati kero dzemuno nedzekunze dzevanyoreri uye kudzikisira huwandu hweTCP uye UDP ports inowanikwa kune vatengi. Nekudaro, zviteshi zvinogovaniswa zvakanyanya pakati pevashandisi, uyezve pane kuchengetedzwa kubva kuDDoS kurwiswa.

Pakati pezvakashata zveNAT matambudziko anogona kuitika nemafirewall. Yese maseshini emushandisi anowana network kubva kune imwe chena kero. Zvinoitika kuti mutengi mumwe chete panguva anogona kushanda nemasaiti anopa mukana wekuwana masevhisi kuburikidza neIP. Uyezve, iyo sosi inogona kufunga kuti iri pasi pekurwiswa kweDoS uye kuramba kuwana kune vese vatengi.

Imwe nzira yeNAT ndeyekuchinja kuIPv6. Aya kero achagara kwenguva yakareba, uye zvakare ane akati wandei mabhenefiti. Semuenzaniso, yakavakirwa-mukati IPSec chikamu icho encrypts yega data packet.

Parizvino IPv6 inoshandiswa ne chete 14,3% yemasaiti pasi rese. Kuwanda kugamuchirwa kweprotocol kunokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei zvine chekuita nemutengo wekutama, kushaikwa kwekudzokera kumashure, uye kuoma kwehunyanzvi mukuita.

Tichazotaura nezvazvo nguva inotevera.

Zvatinonyora nezvazvo muVAS Nyanzvi corporate blog:

Source: www.habr.com

Voeg