Mumamyuziyamu emazuva ano uye matura, zvinyorwa zvekare, zvinyorwa uye mabhuku zvakachengetwa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, izvo zvinovabvumira kuchengetedza chimiro chavo chepakutanga kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Mumiriri anokatyamadza wemanyoro asingaori anoonekwa seMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa (zvinyorwa zveQumran), zvakatanga kuwanikwa muna 1947 zvichidzokera muna 408 BC. e. Mimwe mipumburu yacho yakasara iri zvidimbu chete, asi mimwe yacho haisati yabatwa nenguva. Uye pano mubvunzo uri pachena unomuka - sei vanhu makore anopfuura 2000 apfuura vakakwanisa kugadzira zvinyorwa zvakasara kusvika nhasi? Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakasarudzwa neMassachusetts Institute of Technology kutsvaga. Masayendisiti akawana chii mumipumburu yekare uye ndeapi matekinoroji akashandiswa kuigadzira? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yevatsvakurudzi. Enda.
Historical Background
Mugore richangopfuura ra1947, vafudzi veBedouin Muhammad ed-Dhib, Juma Muhammad naKhalil Musa vakaenda kunotsvaka gwai rakarasika, iro rakavatungamirira kumapako eQumran. Nhoroondo yakanyarara pamusoro pekuti vafudzi vakawana artiodactyl yakarasika, asi vakawana chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukosha kubva munhoroondo yekuona - majagi evhu akawanda umo mipumburu yekare yakavanzwa.
Mapako eQumran.
Muhammad akatora mipumburu yakawanda ndokuiunza kwaaigara kuti aratidze vamwe vedzinza rake. Imwe nguva gare gare, vaBedouin vakasarudza kupa mipumburu yacho kumutengesi ainzi Ibrahim Ija muBhetrehema, asi wechipiri akaiona semarara, zvichiratidza kuti yakanga yabiwa musinagogi. VaBedouin havana kurega kuedza kutengesa zvavakawana ndokuenda kune mumwe musika, uko mumwe muKristu wokuSyria akati aida kutenga mipumburu yacho kwavari. Somugumisiro, sheikh, ane zita rakaramba risingazivikanwi, akapinda muhurukuro uye akamukurudzira kuti ataure nemutengesi wekare Khalil Eskander Shahin. Mhedzisiro yeiyi tsvakiridzo yakaoma zvishoma yemusika yaive kutengeswa kwemipumburu ye7 Jordanian pounds (inongopfuura $314).
Zvirongo umo mipumburu yacho yakawanikwa.
Mipumburu inokosha ingadai yaiunganidza huruva pamasherufu emutengesi wezvinhu zvekare dai isina kukwezva ngwariro yaDr. John C. Traver weAmerican School of Oriental Research (ASOR), uyo akaenzanisa zvidzidzo zviri mumipumburu yacho nedzimwe dzakafanana. muNash papyrus, manyoro eBhaibheri ekaresa aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, uye akawana fanano pakati pawo.
Mupumburu waIsaya une anenge mashoko akazara eBhuku roMuprofita Isaya. Kureba kwemupumburu ndeye 734 cm.
Muna March 1948, Hondo yeArab neIsrael payakakura, mipumburu yacho yakaendeswa kuBeirut (Rebhanon). Pana Kubvumbi 11, 1948, mukuru weASOR Millar Burrows akazivisa zviri pamutemo kuwanikwa kwemipumburu. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, kutsvaka kwakazara kwakavamba kubako rimene (rainzi bako Nha. 1) uko mipumburu yokutanga yakawanikwa. Muna 1949, hurumende yeJordan yakapa mvumo yekusecha munharaunda yeQumran. Uye kare muna Ndira 28, 1949, bako rakawanikwa neBelgian United Nations mucherechedzi Captain Philippe Lippens uye kaputeni weArab Legion Akkash el-Zebn.
Kubva pakawanikwa mipumburu yekutanga, manyoro 972 akawanikwa, mamwe acho aive akakwana, uye mamwe acho akaunganidzwa ari muchimiro chezvidimbu zvakasiyana. Zvimedu zvacho zvakanga zviduku zvikuru, uye nhamba yavo yakapfuura 15 000 (tiri kutaura nezveavo vakawanwa mubako Nha. 4). Mumwe wevatsvakurudzi akaedza kuvabatanidza kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1979, asi haana kukwanisa kupedza basa rake.
Zvimedu zvemipumburu.
Panyaya yezvirimo, Mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa yaisanganisira zvinyorwa zvebhaibheri, apokirifa uye pseudepigrapha uye mabhuku evanhu veQumran. Mutauro wezvinyorwa zvakare wakasiyana-siyana: Chihebheru, chiAramaic uye kunyange chiGiriki.
Zvinyorwa zvacho zvakanyorwa nemarasha, uye zvinhu zvemipumburu yacho zvaiva matehwe ematehwe embudzi nemakwai; paivawo nemanyoro enhokwe. Chikamu chiduku chemipumburu yakawanikwa chakagadzirwa pachishandiswa unyanzvi hwekunamira mashoko pamapepa matete emhangura, ayo aibva akungurutswa oiswa muzvirongo. Kwakanga kusingabviri kupetunura mipumburu yakadaro pasina kuparadzwa kwayo kusingadzivisiki nokuda kwokuora, naizvozvo vanochera matongo vakaicheka kuita zvidimbu, izvo zvakazounganidzwa kuva chinyorwa chimwe.
Zvimedu zvemupumburu wendarira.
Kana mipumburu yemhangura yairatidzira kusarura uye kunyange utsinye hwokufamba kwenguva, ipapo pakanga pane iyo iyo nguva yairatidzika kuva isina simba pamusoro payo. Mumwe muenzaniso wakadaro mupumburu wakareba mamita masere unokwezva ngwariro noukobvu hwawo huduku noruvara rwakajeka rwenyanga dzenzou. Vanochera matongo vanoudana kuti “Mupumburu weTemberi” nemhaka yenongedzero murugwaro rweTembere Yokutanga, iyo Soromoni aifanira kuvaka. Dehwe remupumburu uyu rine dhizaini rine collagenous base material uye atypical inorganic layer.
Mupumburu wetemberi. Unogona kuona zvirinani Mupumburu wese weTemberi pa .
Masayendisiti ari mubasa ratiri kuongorora nhasi akaongorora kemikari yeiyi isina kujairika inorganic layer vachishandisa X-ray uye Raman spectroscopy uye vakawana matombo emunyu (sulfate evaporites). Kuwana kwakadaro kunoratidza nzira yakasarudzika yekugadzira mupumburu wakaongororwa, unogona kuzivisa zvakavanzika zvekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvekare zvinogona kushandiswa munguva yedu.
Migumisiro Yekuongorora Mipumburu Yetemberi
Sezvinocherechedzwa nesainzi (uye sezvatinoona isu pachedu kubva pamifananidzo), mipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa yakawanda yakasviba muruvara, uye chikamu chidiki chete chine ruvara rwakajeka. Pamusoro pechitarisiko chayo chinoshamisa, Mupumburu weTemberi une dhizaini yakawanda ine mavara akanyorwa pane yenyanga yenzou inorganic layer inovhara ganda rinoshandiswa sepasi pemupumburu. Kuseri kwemupumburu unogona kuona kuvepo kwebvudzi rakasara paganda.
Mufananidzo #1: А - kutaridzika kwebhuku, B - nzvimbo iyo inorganic layer uye zvinyorwa zvisipo, С - rutivi rwemavara (kuruboshwe) uye reverse side (kurudyi), D - Chiedza chinoratidza kuvepo kwenzvimbo isina inorganic layer (nzvimbo dzakareruka), Е - Yakawedzerwa optical micrograph yenzvimbo yakasimbiswa nemutsetse une doti pa1C.
Tsoka follicle yebvudzi*, inooneka kuseri kwemupumburu (1A), vanoti chikamu chemashoko omupumburu wacho chainge chakanyorwa mukati meganda.
Follicle yebvudzi* - nhengo iri mudermis yeganda uye ine makumi maviri emhando dzakasiyana dzemasero. Basa guru renhengo iyi ine simba ndeyekugadzirisa kukura kwebvudzi.
Padivi pezvinyorwa pane "isina" nzvimbo pasina inorganic layer (1C, kuruboshwe), izvo zvinoita kuti iyo yero collagen base layer ionekwe. Nzvimbo dzaipetwa mupumburu wacho dzakawanikwawo pakanga pakanyorwa mashoko acho, pamwe chete nerakanga risiri renyika, “zvakadhindwazve” nechekuseri kwemupumburu wacho.
µXRF uye EDS mupumburu ongororo
Pashure pokunge vaongorora mupumburu wacho nemaziso, masayendisiti akaita µXRF* и EDS* kuongorora.
XRF* (X-ray fluorescence analysis) - spectroscopy, iyo inoita kuti zvikwanise kutsvaga kuumbwa kwekutanga kwechinhu kuburikidza nekuongorora spectrum inoonekwa kana zvinhu zviri kudzidza zvakasvibiswa ne-X-ray radiation. µXRF (micro-X-ray fluorescence) inosiyana kubva kuXRF mune yakaderera zvakanyanya kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo.
EDS* (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) inzira yekuongororwa kwechinhu chakasimba, icho chinobva pakuongororwa kwesimba rekubuda kwe X-ray spectrum.
Mufananidzo #2
Mupumburu wetembere unozivikanwa nekusiyana kwawo (2A) maererano nekuumbwa kwemakemikari, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi masayendisiti akafunga kushandisa nzira dzekuongorora dzakaita seµXRF neEDS kumativi ese emupumburu.
Iyo yakazara µXRF spectrum yematunhu anofarira (nzvimbo dzemupumburu pakaitwa ongororo) yakaratidza kuumbwa kwakaomarara kweiyo inorganic layer, ine zvinhu zvakawanda, chikuru chazvo chiri (2С): sodium (Namagnesium ()Mg, aluminium (Al, silicon (Sifosforasi (P, sarufa (Schlorine (Clpotasium, potassium (Kcalcium, calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Feuye bromine (Br).
Iyo µXRF element yekugovera mepu yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvikuru Na, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl uye Si zvakagoverwa mukati mechidimbu. Zvinogonawo kufungidzirwa kuti aruminiyamu inogovaniswa zvakaenzana mukati mechidimbu, asi masayendisiti haana kugadzirira kutaura izvi ne100% nemazvo nekuda kwekufanana kwakasimba pakati peK-line yealuminium neL-line yebromine. Asi vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura kuvapo kwe potassium (K) uye iron (Fe) nekusvibiswa kwemupumburu, uye kwete nekusumwa kwemaune kwezvinhu izvi muchimiro chayo panguva yekusika. Kune zvakare kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweMn, Fe uye Br munzvimbo dzakakora dzechidimbu uko iyo organic layer haina kupatsanurwa.
Na uye Cl anoratidza kugoverwa kumwe chete munzvimbo yese yefundo, kureva kuti, kuungana kwezvinhu izvi kwakakwira zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine organic layer iripo. Nekudaro, pane misiyano pakati peNa naCl. Na inonyanya kugovaniswa, nepo Cl isingateveri maitiro ekutsemuka uye madiki delaminations mune inorganic layer. Nekudaro, mamepu ekubatanidza eNa-Cl kugovera anogona kuratidza kuvepo kwesodium chloride (NaCl, i.e. munyu) chete mukati meiyo organic layer yeganda, inova mhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kweganda panguva yekugadzirwa kwematehwe.
Tevere, vaongorori vakaita scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) yenzvimbo dzinofarira pamupumburu, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vaverenge kemikari pamusoro pemupumburu. EDS inopa yakakwira lateral spatial resolution nekuda kwekudzika kwakadzika kwe electron penetration. A low-vacuum scanning electron microscope yakashandiswa kuita izvi nekuti inoderedza kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nevacuum uye inobvumira elemental mepu yeasina kuita masampuli.
Kuongororwa kweEDS element mepu (2D) inoratidza kuvepo kwezvikamu munharaunda yekufarira kweiyo inorganic layer, iyo inonyanya kuve ine sodium, sulfur uye calcium. Silicon yakawanikwa zvakare mune inorganic layer, asi kwete muNa-S-Ca zvidimbu zvinowanikwa pamusoro peiyo inorganic layer. Kukwirira kwakanyanya kwealuminium neklorini kwakawanikwa pakati pezvimedu uye mune organic zvinhu.
Mepu yezvinhu sodium, sulfur uye calcium (inoiswa pa 2B) kuratidza kuwirirana kwakajeka pakati pezvinhu zvitatu izvi, uye miseve inoratidza zvidimbu umo sodium nesarufa zvakaonekwa, asi zvishoma calcium.
Mufananidzo #3
µXRF uye EDS ongororo yakajekesa kuti inorganic layer ine zvimedu zvakapfuma mu sodium, calcium nesarufa, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu muzvikamu zvidiki. Nekudaro, idzi nzira dzekutsvagisa hadzitenderi ongororo yakadzama yemakemikari zvisungo uye hunhu hwechikamu, saka Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy) yakashandiswa pachinangwa ichi.
Kuti uderedze iyo yekumashure fluorescence inowanzo onekwa muRaman spectra, yakaderera-energy excitation wavelengths yakashandiswa. Muchiitiko ichi, Raman spectroscopy paavelength ye1064 nm inokubvumira kuti utore data kubva kune yakakura kwazvo (400 μm mudhayamita) zvimedu (3A) Zvose zvakarongwa zvinoratidza zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: peak sulfate peak pa987 uye 1003 cm-1, nitrate peak pa 1044 cm-1, uye mapuroteni akafanana necollagen kana gelatin.
Kuitira kuparadzanisa zvakajeka organic uye inorganic zvikamu zvechimedu chakadzidzwa chemupumburu, pedyo-infrared radiation pa785 nm yakashandiswa. Mumufananidzo 3B Iyo spectra ye collagen fibers (spectrum I) uye inorganic particles (spectra II uye III) zvinonyatsooneka.
Iyo spectral peak ye collagen fibers inosanganisira maitiro e nitrate pa 1043 cm-1, iyo inogona kubatanidzwa nekudengenyeka kweNO3-ion muNH4NO3.
Spectra yezvimedu zvine Na, S uye Ca zvinoratidza kuti inorganic layer ine zvimedu kubva mumisanganiswa yemaminerari ane sulfate muzvikamu zvakasiyana.
Kuenzanisa, iyo spectral peaks yemhepo-yakaomeswa synthetic musanganiswa weNa2SO4 uye CaSO4 inowira pa450 uye 630 cm-1, i.e. zvakasiyana kubva kune spectra yemuenzaniso uri kudzidza (3B) Nekudaro, kana musanganiswa mumwechete wakaomeswa nekukurumidza evaporation pa250 ° C, iyo Raman spectra inopindirana neiyo spectra yeTemberi Mupumburu muzvimedu zve sulfate.
Spectrum III inosanganisirwa netwudiki diki mu inorganic layer ine dhayamita ingangoita 5-15 µm (3С) Zvimedu izvi zvakaratidza zvakanyanyisa Raman kupararira kune excitation wavelength ye785 nm. Hunhu hutatu hunoratidza siginecha pa 1200, 1265 uye 1335 cm-1 inoratidza kudengenyeka kwemayuniti emhando ye "Na2-X". Iyi triplet inofananidzwa neNa-containing sulfates uye inowanzowanikwa mumaminerari akadai se thenardite (Na2SO4) uye glauberite (Na2SO4 CaSO4).
Mufananidzo #4
Masayendisiti akabva ashandisa EDS kugadzira mepu yekutanga yenzvimbo dzakakura dzeTemberi Mupumburu pamativi ese ezvinyorwa uye kumashure. Zvakare, backscatter scanning yedivi rakajeka remavara (4B) uye rima reverse side (4C) yakaburitsa chimiro chakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, padivi pepakakoromoka hombe padivi nemavara (4B) misiyano yakasiyana muhuwandu hwemagetsi inogona kuonekwa pakati pe inorganic layer uye iri pasi pe collagen zvinhu.
Tevere, zvinhu zvese zviripo muchikamu chemupumburu (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C uye O) zvakaverengerwa muchimiro cheatomu reshiyo.
Iwo matatu madhayagiramu ari pamusoro anoratidza reshiyo yezvinhu zvitatu (Na, Ca uye S) munzvimbo ye512x512 pixels yekufarira. Machati e 4A и 4D ratidza hushamwari hwemapoinzi pamadhiyagiramu, iwo mavara gradation ayo anoratidzwa kurudyi rwe4D.
Mushure mekuongorora madhayagiramu ese ari maviri, zvakagumiswa kuti zviyero zvecalcium kune sodium nesarufa mune imwe neimwe yemapikisi enzvimbo yekudzidza (kubva pane zvinyorwa uye kumashure kwemupumburu) zvinoenderana neglauberite uye thenardite.
Mushure meizvozvo, ese EDS yekuongorora data yakaunganidzwa zvichienderana nereshiyo yezvinhu zvakakosha kuburikidza neiyo fuzzy C-inoreva kubatanidza algorithm. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuona kuparadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvose zviri zviviri kurutivi rwechinyorwa uye necheseri kwechidimbu chemupumburu. Iyi data yakabva yashandiswa kuona kupatsanurwa kwakanyanya kwe5122 data points kubva kune yega yega data yakaiswa munhamba yakafanotemerwa yemasumbu. Iyo data yedivi rezvinyorwa yakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu, uye data redivi rekumashure rakakamurwa kuita mana. Mhedzisiro yemubatanidzwa inounzwa semasumbu anopindirana mumadhayagiramu matatu (4E и 4H) uye semepu dzekugovera (4F и 4G).
Mhedzisiro yekubatanidza inoratidza kugoverwa kweyakasviba organic zvinhu kuseri kwemupumburu (ruvara rwebhuruu pa 4K) uye panotsemuka mu inorganic layer padivi pezvinyorwa zvinoburitsa collagen layer pazasi (yero mukati 4J).
Zvinhu zvikuru zvakadzidzwa zvakapihwa mavara anotevera: sarufa - girini, karusiyamu - tsvuku uye sodium - yebhuruu (triangular diagrams. 4I и 4L, pamwe chete nemamepu ekugovera 4J и 4K) Somugumisiro we "coloring", tinoona zvakajeka kusiyana kwehuwandu hwezvinhu: sodium - yakakwirira, sulfur - moderate uye potassium - yakaderera. Maitiro aya anocherechedzwa pamativi ese echimedu chemupumburu (zvinyorwa uye kumashure).
Mufananidzo #5
Iyo nzira imwechete yakashandiswa kumepu Na-Ca-S kutariswa mune imwe nzvimbo yemupumburu chidimbu chiri pasi pekudzidza, pamwe mune zvimwe zvidimbu zvitatu kubva muBako Nha. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 uye R-4Q11) .
Masayendisiti anocherechedza kuti chidimbu cheR-4Q1 chete kubva mubako Nha. Kunyanya, mhedzisiro inoratidza hukama hweR-4Q4 iyo inowirirana neye theoretical Na-Ca-S ratio ye glauberite.
Raman zviyero zveR-4Q1 fragment yakaunganidzwa pa785 nm excitation wavelength inoratidza kuvapo kwe sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, uye calcite. Kuongororwa kweR-4Q1 collagen fibers haina kuratidza kuvapo kwenitrate.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, Mupumburu weTemberi neR-4Q1 zvakafanana zvakanyanya mukuumbwa kwekutanga, izvo zvinoratidza kushandiswa kweiyo nzira yekusika kwavo, sezviri pachena yakabatana ne evaporite munyu. Mimwe mipumburu miviri yakawanikwa kubva mubako rimwechete paQumran (R-4Q2 uye R-4Q11) inoratidza zviyero zve calcium kune sodium nesarufa iyo inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pamhedzisiro yeTemberi Mupumburu uye chidimbu R-4Q1, zvichiratidza imwe nzira yekugadzira.
Kutaura muchidimbu, mupumburu wacho waiva nemamineral akati wandei, akawanda acho aiva munyu wesulfate. Mukuwedzera kune gypsum uye analogues ayo, thenardite (Na2SO4) uye glauberite (Na2SO4 · CaSO4) yakaonekwawo. Nenzira yomuzvarirwo, tinogona kufungidzira kuti mamwe eaya maminerari angava chibereko chokuora kwechikamu chikuru chomupumburu wamanyoro, asi tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti iwo zvamazvirokwazvo akanga asipo mumapako amene umo mipumburu yakawanikwa. Iyi mhedziso inosimbiswa zviri nyore nenyaya yekuti sulfate-ine maturu pamusoro pezvimedu zvakadzidzwa zvakawanikwa mumapako akasiyana eQumran hazvienderane nemamineral deposits anowanikwa pamadziro emapako aya. Mhedziso ndeyekuti zvicherwa zveevaporite zvakabatanidzwa muzvimiro zvemipumburu panguva yavo yekugadzira.
Masayendisiti anocherekedzawo chokwadi chekuti kuwanda kwe sulfates mumvura yeGungwa Rakafa kwakadzikira, uye glauberite uye thenardite hazviwanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo yeGungwa Rakafa. Mubvunzo unonzwisisika unomuka: vagadziri vemipumburu iyi yekare vakawana kupi glauberite uye thenardite?
Pasinei nekwakabva kunobva zvinhu zvekusika kweTemberi Mupumburu, nzira yekusikwa kwayo yakasiyana zvikuru neyakashandiswa kune mamwe manyoro (somuenzaniso, yeR-4Q1 uye R-4Q2 kubva muBako Nha. 4). Nekuda kwemusiyano uyu, vesainzi vanoti mupumburu wacho pachawo wakagadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira yaiwanzogamuchirwa panguva iyoyo, asi wakabva wagadziridzwa nerunyoro rwakaita kuti urarame kwemakore anopfuura 2000 XNUMX.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa и kwaari.
Epilogue
Vanhu vasingazivi zvakaitika kare havana ramangwana. Uyu mutsara unoreva kwete chete kune zviitiko zvakakosha zvekare uye hunhu, asiwo kune matekinoroji akashandiswa mazana emakore apfuura. Mumwe munhu angafunga kuti panguva ino isu hatichada kuziva kuti mipumburu iyi yakasikwa sei makore 2000 apfuura, sezvo isu tine tekinoroji yedu inotibvumira kuchengetedza zvinyorwa muchimiro chazvo chepakutanga kwemakore mazhinji. Zvisinei, kutanga kwezvose, hazvinakidzi here? Chechipiri, matekinoroji mazhinji anhasi, kunyangwe anganzwika seadiki sei, aishandiswa mune imwe nzira kana imwe munguva yekare. Uye, sezvatinotoziva iwe neni, kunyange panguva iyoyo vanhu vakanga vakazara nepfungwa dzakangwara, dzine pfungwa dzinogona kusunda masayendisiti emazuva ano kune zvitsva zvitsva kana kuvandudza zviripo. Kudzidza kubva mumuenzaniso wekare hakugoni kunzi kunonyadzisa, kunyanya kusina maturo, nokuti echo yekare nguva dzose inopindira mune ramangwana.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Documentary film (Chikamu I) ichitaura nyaya yeDead Sea Scrolls, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuchera matongo zvinowanikwa munhoroondo yevanhu. ().
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