Ani nani asingateereri simbi haana njere kubva kuna Mwari!
- Folk art
Mhoro %username%.
back in touch. Nhasi ndichataura muchidimbu, nokuti mumaawa matanhatu ndinofanira kusimuka ndiende.
Uye nhasi ndinoda kutaura nezvesimbi. Asi kwete nezvemimhanzi - tinogona kutaura nezvazvo pane imwe nguva pamusoro pegirazi redoro, uye kwete paHabré. Uye kwete kunyange nezvesimbi - asi nezvesimbi! Uye ndinoda kutaura nezve simbi idzo muhupenyu hwangu neimwe nzira yakandishamisa nehunhu hwadzo.
Sezvo vese vatori vechikamu muhit parade vachisiyaniswa neimwe mhando yesimba guru, hapazove nenzvimbo kana vakundi. Pachava nesimbi gumi! Saka serial nhamba haireve chero chinhu.
Enda.
1. Mercury
Mercury ndiyo yakanyanya kunyungudika simbi: painonyungudika i -39 °C. Kuti ine chepfu - uye kunyange ine muchetura zvakanyanya - , uye naizvozvo handisi kuzozvidzokorora.
Kubva panguva dzekare, vanhu havana kunamatira mercury - hongu, "sirivha yemvura"! Alchemists vaitenda kuti yaive mumercury kuti dombo remuzivi ane mukurumbira rakavigwa kumwe kunhu, semuenzaniso, Jabir ibn Hayyan aidavira kuti sezvo mercury iri simbi yemvura, ndeye "mhedziso": haina kusvibiswa chero kupi zvako musimbi yakasimba. Sulfur ndeimwe nyaya yekuyemura kwaHaiyan - chinhu chemoto, inokwanisa kuburitsa murazvo wakachena we "absolute", uye nekudaro mamwe masimbi ese (uye sezvo yaive yezana ramakore, kwaingova mashoma acho: manomwe) ari yakagadzirwa kubva kumekiyuri nesarufa.
Zvingave muzana remakore rechisere kana ikozvino, kana iwe ukasanganisa mercury nesarufa, iwe uchawana black mercury sulfide (uye izvi, nenzira, ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekubvisa mercury yakadururwa) - asi zvirokwazvo kwete simbi. Haiyan akatsanangura kutadza kusiririsa uku nekuti vanhu vese mapenzi havana imwe "inoibva mumiririri" iyo ichaita kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kwesimbi kubva kune nhema dzisina maturo. Uye zvechokwadi munhu wese akamhanya kunotsvaga "ripener" kuti awane goridhe. Nhoroondo yekutsvaga dombo remuzivi yakaziviswa zviri pamutemo.
%username%, wave kuseka vealchemists - asi vakazozadzisa chinangwa chavo! Muna 1947, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzeAmerica dzakawana isotopu chete yakagadzikana yegoridhe, Au-197, kubva pakuora kwebeta yeisotope Hg-197. Kubva pa100 mg yemekiyuri, inosvika makumi matatu neshanu mamicrograms egoridhe akatorwa - uye iye zvino anoratidzwa muChicago Museum yeScience uye Indasitiri. Saka ma alchemists vaive chokwadi - zvinogoneka! Zvinodhura chete...
Nenzira, iye ega alchemist aisatenda mukana wekuwana goridhe kubva kune mamwe masimbi aive Abu Aliyi Hussein ibn Abdullaah ibn al-Haasan ibn Aliyi ibn Sina - uye kune vasingatendi vakasviba - kungoti Avicenna.
Nenzira, imwe simbi, gallium, inokwikwidza zvikuru ne mercury mukuonekwa kwayo. Kunyungudika kwayo i29 °C, kuchikoro vakandiratidza hunyengeri hunoshamisa: chidimbu chesimbi chinoiswa paruoko rwako ...
..uye izvi ndizvo zvinoitika
Nenzira, gallium ikozvino inogona kutengwa kuArika kuita hunyengeri hwakadaro. Handizivi, zvisinei, kana achapfuura netsika.
2. Titanium
Iyo yakaoma titan haisi yako mercury snot! Iyi ndiyo simbi yakaoma! Zvakanaka, muhuduku hwangu uye kuyaruka vakanyora titanium pamahwindo ose aya mukutakura kwevanhu. Nokuti akaikwenya nokuipenda neguruva resimbi.
Munhu wose anoziva kuti titanium, nokuda kwekuoma kwayo uye kureruka, inoshandiswa mukubhururuka. Ndichakuudza nezvemamwe maapplication anonakidza.
Kana yapisa, titanium inotanga kutora magasi akasiyana-siyana - oksijeni, chlorine uye kunyange nitrogen. Izvi zvinoshandiswa pakuisa kucheneswa kwemagasi anert (argon, semuenzaniso) - inopeperetswa nemachubhu akazadzwa netitanium sponge uye inopisa kusvika 500-600 ° C. Nenzira, panguva ino tembiricha titanium chipanje chinopindirana nemvura - okisijeni inobatwa, hydrogen inosunungurwa, asi kazhinji hydrogen mumagasi anert haatambudzi chero munhu, kusiyana nemvura.
White titanium dioxide TiO2 inoshandiswa mupendi (senge titanium chena) uye mukugadzira mapepa nemapurasitiki. Chikafu chekuwedzera E171. Nenzira, pakugadzira titanium dioxide, kuumbwa kwayo kwekutanga kunofanirwa kudzorwa - asi kwete zvachose kuti kuderedze kusvibiswa, asi kuwedzera "kuchena": zvakakosha kuti mavara emavara - iron, chromium, mhangura, nezvimwe. - yakanga iri duku.
Titanium carbide, titanium diboride, titanium carbonitride vanokwikwidza tungsten carbide maererano nekuoma. Izvo zvisingabatsiri ndezvekuti ivo vakareruka.
Titanium nitride inoshandiswa kupfekedza zviridzwa, dzimba dzechechi uye mukugadzira zvishongo zvekupfeka, sezvo ine ruvara rwakafanana negoridhe. Ese aya "aroyi ekurapa" anoita segoridhe akaputirwa netitanium nitride.
Nenzira, masayendisiti anoramba achangobva kuita alloy yakaoma kupfuura titanium! Kuti ndiite izvi, ndaifanira kusanganisa palladium, silicon, phosphorus, germanium uye sirivheri. Chinhu chacho chakava chinodhura, uye saka titanium yakakunda zvakare.
3. Tungsten
Tungsten zvakare inopesana nemercury: simbi yakanyanya kunyungudika ine nzvimbo yekunyungudika ye3422 °C. Yakave ichizivikanwa kubva muzana remakore rechi200, zvisinei, haisi iyo simbi pachayo inozivikanwa, asi mineral wolframite, iyo ine tungsten. Nenzira, zita rokuti Wolf Rahm mumutauro wevaGermany vane utsinye rinoreva "wolf cream": maGermany ainyungudusa tini haana kufarira musanganiswa wewolframite, iyo yakavhiringidza kunyunguduka, kushandura tini kuita furo re slag ( “yakamedza tini semhumhi inoparadza gwai”). Iyo simbi pachayo yakaparadzaniswa gare gare, anenge makore XNUMX gare gare.
Izvo zviri mumufananidzo hazvisi tungsten, asi tungsten carbide, saka kana uine mhete yakadaro paruoko rwako, %username%, saka usanetseka zvakanyanya. Tungsten carbide inorema uye yakaoma zvakanyanya - uye nekudaro inoshandiswa mumhando dzese dzezvikamu zvinoshandiswa kurova; nenzira, "mukundi" ndeye 90% tungsten carbide. Vanhu vakanaka vanowedzerawo tungsten carbide setipi yemabhomba ekubaya-zvombo nemabara. Asi kwete izvozvo chete, ndichakuudza nezveimwe simbi gare gare.
Nenzira, kunyangwe tungsten inorema, kunyangwe yakakura density ichienzaniswa neyechinyakare uye yakachipa lead, tungsten dziviriro inoshanduka kuve isinganyanye kurema neakaenzana ekudzivirira zvivakwa kana zvakanyanya kushanda nehuremu hwakaenzana. Nekuda kwekuramba uye kuoma kwe tungsten, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kugadzirisa, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro mamwe ductile tungsten alloys pamwe nekuwedzera kweimwe simbi kana kuturika kwehupfu tungsten (kana makomisheni ayo) mu polymer base inoshandiswa. Zvinobuda zviri nyore, zvinobudirira - asi zvinodhura chete. Saka kana ukadonha, %username%, zviwanire tungsten nhumbi dzokurwa!
Nenzira, ndakakwanisa kuisa ruvara pa "mhete yangu yekusingaperi" neimwe mhando yemakemikari - uye ini handitomboziva nei. Saka "zvisingaperi" kune vanhuwo zvavo)))
4. Uranus
Iyo chete simbi yakasikwa iyo inoshandiswa sehuni. Zvakanaka - mafuta enyukireya.
Pandakanga ndichiri mukomana wechikoro, asi ndakabvumirwa kuyunivhesiti (handidi kuti sei!), Ndaigara ndichifadzwa nekuita kwevadzidzi vokune dzimwe nyika apo makristasi e sodium uranyl acetate akaratidzwa kwavari pasi pe microscope. Zvakanaka, kune maitiro akadaro emhando. Pavakataura shoko rokuti “uranil” kuvatorwa, vakafuridzirwa pasi. Vanhu vese vakaseka.
Zvinosetsa uye zvinosuruvarisa kwandiri kuti ikozvino vazhinji vevanhu vedu vanotendawo kuti uranium inotyisa, ine ngozi uye inotyisa. Kuderera kwedzidzo kuri pachena.
Muchokwadi, kunyangwe munguva dzekare, yakasikwa uranium oxide yaishandiswa kugadzira yero ndiro. Saka, pedyo neNaples, chimedu chegirazi cheyero chakawanikwa chine 1% uranium oxide uye chakatanga muna 79 AD. e. Haivheneki murima uye haibudisi chiedza. Ndakanga ndiri muZhovti Vody muUkraine, uko kunocherwa uranium yakawanda. Hapana anopenya kana kuita ruzha ipapo. Uye mhinduro iri nyore: uranium yakasikwa haina radioactive - kwete kupfuura granite uye basalts, pamwe chete nemarara mirwi uye subways. Uranium iyo inonzi URANIUM ndiyo isotope U-235, iyo inongova 0,7204% muzvisikwa. Pane zvishoma zvayo zvokuti masayendisiti enyukireya anofanira kuparadzanisa uye kuisa pfungwa iyi isotope ("kupfumisa" iyo) - reactor haigoni kushanda nyore nyore.
Nenzira, kwaimbova neU-235 yakawanda muzvisikwa - yakangoora nekufamba kwenguva. Uye sezvo paiva nezvakawanda zvacho, nyukireya yaigona kugadzirwa pamabvi chaipo. Chaizvoizvo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika muGabon paOklo deposit makore anenge bhiriyoni maviri apfuura: mvura yaifamba nematombo, mvura inongori mutarisiri wemanyuturoni anoburitswa panguva yekuora kweuranium-2 - pamwe chete, pakanga paine simba remanyutroni rakakwana. kutorwa neuranium-235 nucleus - uye ketani yekuita yakatanga. Uye uranium yakatsva kwemazana akawanda emakore kusvika yatsva...
Izvi zvakazoonekwa gare gare, muna 1972, pachirimwa chekusimudzira uranium muPierrelat (France), panguva yekuongorora uranium kubva kuOklo, kutsauka kubva kune yakajairwa mu isotopic kuumbwa kweuranium kwakawanikwa. Zviri mukati meU-235 isotope yaive 0,717% pachinzvimbo chenguva dzose 0,720%. Uranium haisi soseji, pano underweight inorangwa zvakasimba: zvese zvivakwa zvenyukireya zviri pasi pekutonga kwakasimba kuitira kudzivirira kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwefissile zvinhu zvehondo. Uye saka masayendisiti akatanga kutsvagisa, akawana zvimwe zvinhu zviviri, senge neodymium uye ruthenium, uye akaziva kuti U-235 yakabiwa pamberi pedu, yakangopisa, senge mune reactor. Kureva kuti, zvakasikwa zvakagadzira nuclear reactor kare pamberi pedu. Zvisinei, kufanana nezvose.
Uranium yakapera (iyi ndiyo apo 235 yakatorwa ndokupiwa kune masayendisiti enyukireya, uye U-238 yakasara) inorema uye yakaoma, inoyeuchidza tungsten muzvinhu, uye naizvozvo inoshandiswa nenzira imwechete iyo inoda kurohwa. Pane nyaya pamusoro peizvi kubva kune yaimbova Yugoslavia: vaishandisa mabhomba ezvombo ane pini yekupfurisa ine uranium. Huwandu hwevanhu hwaive nematambudziko, asi kwete nekuda kwemwaranzi: guruva rakanaka reuranium rakapinda mumapapu, rakanyura - uye rakabereka michero: uranium ine chepfu kuitsvo. Ndizvozvo - uye hapana chekutya uranyl acetate! Ichokwadi, ichi hachisi chirevo maererano nemitemo yeRussian Federation - uye naizvozvo kune matambudziko asingagumi nekuuya kwemakemikari reagents ane uranium - nokuti kune mukuru kune uranium imwe chete.
Uye zvakare kune girazi reuranium: kuwedzera kudiki kweuranium kunopa yakanaka yero-girini fluorescence.
Uye yakanaka kwazvo!
Nenzira, zvinobatsira zvikuru kupa vaenzi maapuro kana saladhi, uye wobva wabatidza zvishoma ultraviolet chiedza uye kuratidza kuti yakanaka sei. Kana munhu wese apedza kuiyemura, kanda kunze: "Zvakanaka, hongu, hongu, iri iranium girazi ..." Uye ruma chidimbu cheapuro kubva muvhasi ...
5. Osmium
Zvakanaka, sezvo takatotaura nezve inorema uranium-tungsten, yave nguva yekutumidza iyo inorema simbi kazhinji - osmium. Kuwanda kwayo i22,62 g/cm3!
Zvisinei, osmium, iyo inorema zvikuru, haidziviriri chero chinhu chipi zvacho kuti chirege kuvawo chinotyisa: mumhepo zvishoma nezvishoma oxidizes kuOsO4, iyo inoputika uye, nenzira, ine chepfu. Ehe, chinhu cheplatinamu cheboka, asi chine oxidized. Iri zita rekuti "osmium" rinobva muchiGiriki chekare ὀσμή - "kunhuwa" - chaizvo nekuda kweizvi: maitiro emakemikari ekunyungudutsa alkaline alloy osmiridium (isinganyunguke yakasara yeplatinamu mu aqua regia) mumvura kana asidhi inoperekedzwa nekuburitswa kwe kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi, kunoramba kuripo OsO4, kushungurudza huro, yakafanana nekunhuhwirira kweklorini kana radish yakaora. Kunhuwa uku kwakanzwikwa naSmithson Tennant (zvimwe paari gare gare), uyo akashanda neosmiridium - uye akatumidza simbi nenzira iyoyo. Uye ini ndinoziva kuti osmium inofanira kunge iri muupfu uye inofanira kupiswa kuti hurongwa huenderere mberi zvakanyanya - asi chero zvakadaro, ini handiedze kuva pedyo nesimbi iyi kwenguva yakareba.
Nenzira, kunewo isotopu yakadaro Os-187. Pane zvishoma zvayo mumasikirwo, uye naizvozvo inoparadzaniswa kubva ku osmium mu centrifuges nekuparadzaniswa kwevanhu vakawanda - sezvakangoita uranium. Vanomirira mwedzi 9 kuti vaparadzane - hongu, hongu, zvinokwanisika kubereka. Naizvozvo, Os-187 imwe yesimbi inodhura kwazvo; zviri mukati maro zvinotaridza mutengo wemusika we osmium yemusikirwo. Asi haisi iyo inodhura zvakanyanya, ini ndichakuudza nezvazvo pazasi.
6. Iridium
Sezvo tiri kutaura nezve platinum boka, zvakakodzerawo kuyeuka iridium. Osmium yakabvisa zita resimbi inorema kwazvo kubva iridium - asi mutsauko waive mumapeni: density yeiridium i22,53 g/cm3. Osmium neiridium zvakatowanikwa pamwe chete muna 1803 nemugadziri wemakemikari wechiRungu S. Tennant - ese aivepo setsvina muplatinamu yechisikigo yakaunzwa kubva kuSouth America. Tennant ndiye aive wekutanga pakati pevasayendisiti vakati wandei vakabudirira kuwana huwandu hwakakwana hwezvasara zvisinganyunguriki mushure mekuratidzwa kweplatinamu kune aqua regia uye nekuona simbi yaimbozivikanwa mairi.
Asi kusiyana neosmium, iridium ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzikana simbi: muchimiro cheingot hainyungudika mune chero maasidhi kana musanganiswa wavo! Zvachose! Kunyangwe iyo fluorine inotyisa inoitora chete pa400-450 °C. Kuti urambe uchinyungudutsa iridium, unofanirwa kuisanganisa nealkalis - uye zvakanyanya murukova rweokisijeni.
Iyo mechanic uye kemikari simba reiridium rinoshandiswa muChamber of Weights and Measures - chiyero chekirogiramu chinogadzirwa kubva kune platinamu-iridium alloy.
Parizvino, iridium haisi simbi yebhangi, asi pane zvatochinja mune izvi: muna 2013, iridium yakashandiswa kekutanga munyika mukugadzirwa kwemari yepamutemo neNational Bank yeRwanda, iyo yakabudisa mari yakagadzirwa. yesimbi yakachena ye999 kuchena. Mari yesimbi yeiridium yakabudiswa mumubatanidzwa wemafranc gumi eRwanda. Uye damn - ndinoda mari yakadaro!
Nenzira, muhuduku hwangu hwakadzama ndakamboverenga imwe nyaya inonakidza mu "Young Technician", apo mukomana akanga ari munzira yekubudirira uye akakwanisa kuchinjanisa jecha re iridium pachiyero che1: 1 nevamwe vatorwa muimba yepasi. . Zvakanaka, munoona, vaida silicon! Handitomboyeuki musoro nemunyori wenyaya. Ndatenda - V. Shibaev. Tambo inobva ipapo.
7. NdaramaUyai, vanhu vose vakamuona
Muhupenyu zvinowanzoitika kuti kune mhare chaiyo uye yakarongeka. Kana iridium iri shasha chaiyo mukuramba makemikari, saka goridhe ndiyo yakarongeka: ndiyo yakanyanya electronegative simbi, 2,54 pachikero chePauling. Asi izvi hazvidziviriri goridhe kubva pakunyunguduka mumisanganiswa yeasidhi, saka, senguva dzose, marashi akaenda kune avo vakapfuma.
Uye zvechokwadi, panguva ino, nekuda kwekuti China neRussian Federation vari kubva kure negwaro rekuunganidza goridhe uye mari yekunze mumadhora ekuUS kuenda kumutemo wekuunganidza goridhe pachayo, goridhe ndiyo inodhura zvakanyanya kubhengi simbi: mu mutengo wakareba kupfuura platinum - uye zvechokwadi boka rose replatinamu. Saka chengetedza mari yako mubhangi rekuchengetedza goridhe, %username%!
Sezvo nzira yealchemical yekubvisa goridhe yakaratidza kudhura, simbi iyi inowanikwa kunzvimbo dzekunatsa. Uye mari dzesimbi dzakatogadzirwa pamints. Saka, semunhu anga aripo neapo, ndinogona kuti: kana vashandi vemabhizinesi akadaro vakashanyira nzvimbo ine simbi yakakosha, vanochinja zvipfeko - uye hapana pini imwe kana chidimbu chepepa pahembe dzavo dzebasa. - mafuremu ari panzvimbo yekutarisa haana kutombofanana nepanhandare dzendege, zvese zviri kuwedzera kuoma ipapo. Kana kuti pane inonzi "yakashama maitiro" - hongu, iwe wakanzwisisa nenzira kwayo: cheki chevakomana uye cheki chevasikana - iwe uchapfeka mukati. Kana iwe uine simbi inodyarwa, kune akawanda zvitupa, akawanda emvumo, nguva yega yega ivo vachitarisa ivo vega kuti kuisirwa kuri panzvimbo painofanira kunge iri.
Nenzira, iwe unofunga kuti macheki payadhi yebhengi akarongwa sei? Mapepa haana kurira!
Mhinduro iri pano, asi funga zvishoma iwe pachakoMushure mebasa, hapana anobvumidzwa kunze, kusanganisira manejimendi, kusvikira zvigadzirwa zvese zvaverengwa. Hongu - zvinhu zvose zvakasimba. Asi hapana anorangarira apo, munguva dzakaoma, mihoro yaibhadharwa muzvigadzirwa.
8. Lithium
Kusiyana neheavy osmium-iridium, lithium ndiyo simbi yakareruka, density yayo ingori 0,534 g/cm3. Iyo isimbi yealkali, asi yakanyanya kusashanda yeboka rose: haiputike mumvura, asi inobata zvakadzikama, mumhepo zvakare haina oxidize yakawanda, uye hazvisi nyore kuiisa pamoto: mushure me100 ° C. yakanyatsofukidzwa neokisijeni zvekuti haizowedzere oxidize. Naizvozvo, lithiamu ndiyo chete alkali simbi isina kuchengetwa muparafini - nei, kana yakanyatso inert? Uye izvi zvine rombo rakanaka - nekuda kwekuderera kwayo, lithium yaizoyangarara muparafini.
Natural lithium ine maviri isotopes: Li-6 uye Li-7. Sezvo atomu pachayo iri diki, iyo yakawedzera neutron inokanganisa zvakanyanya orbital radius uye excitation simba erekitironi, uye saka yakajairika atomic spectrum yeaya maviri isotopes akasiyana - saka, zvinokwanisika kuaziva kunyangwe pasina misa spectrometer. - uye iyi ndiyo chete inosarudzika mune zvakasikwa! Ese ari maviri isotopes akakosha kwazvo musimba renyukireya; nenzira, Li-6 deuteride inoshandiswa sepfuti yepfuti mune thermonuclear zvombo - uye ini handisi kuzotaura rimwe izwi pamusoro penyaya iyi!
Lithium inoshandiswawo nevarapi vepfungwa senormometic yekurapa nekudzivirira mania. Pandakanga ndichishanda nguva isina kuzara mudhipatimendi somudzidzi, tete vakauya kwatiri vaine plasma yeropa umo maifanira kuona lithium. Pane imwe nguva, ndakaenda ndikatarisa mumabhuku (pakanga pasina Internet ikozvino) kuti ndinzwisise kuti nei lithium ichifanira kusimbiswa ipapo zvachose? Uye ndakazoona... Kubva pakushanya kwaitevera, ndakangobvunza tete vangu, kuti raiva ropa raani zvakadaro? Paakapindura kuti ndeyake, ndakaedza zvakanyanya kuti ndisaonane naye.
Zvakanaka, saka - lithium uye lithium, dzimwe nguva inowanikwa kunyange mumvura. Nenzira, kune yakawanda kwazvo mumvura muLviv.
9. Francium
France ine seti yese yemazita. Zvakanaka, kutanga kwezvose, francium ndiyo isingawanzo simbi. Izvo zvese zvirimo zvakazara radiogenic: iripo sechigadzirwa chepakati chekuora kweuranium-235 uye thorium-232. Zvose zviri mukati me francium pasi pevhu zvinofungidzirwa pa 340 gramu. Saka nzvimbo iri pamufananidzo uri pamusoro hausi mufananidzo wepamberi wegomba dema, asi maatomu anosvika mazana maviri ezviuru efrancium mumusungo wemagnetic-optical. Yese isotopes yefrancium ine radioactive; iyo yakareba-yakararama isotopu, Fr-200, ine hafu yehupenyu hwemaminitsi makumi maviri nemaviri. Ndosaka France iri diki.
Zvisineyi, francium ine yakaderera electronegativity chero chinhu chiri kuzivikanwa parizvino, pa 0,7 pachikero chePauling. Saizvozvo, francium ndiyo zvakare inonyanya kuita makemikari alkali simbi uye inoumba iyo yakasimba alkali - francium hydroxide FrOH. Uye usabvunze, %username%, kuti vakasarudza sei zvese izvi nechinhu chisina zvakawanda, uye iyo yega yega 22,3 maminetsi inova kaviri sediki, uye muongorori pachake anopenya zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kupenya. Saka, izvi zvose zvinonakidza uye zvinonakidza, asi francium haisati yashandiswa chero kupi zvako.
10. California/>
California haisi munyika ino zvachose, asi inobudiswa munzvimbo mbiri: Dimitrovgrad muRussia Federation uye Oak Ridge National Laboratory muU.SA. Kugadzira giramu rimwe chete re californium, plutonium kana curium inoiswa pasi penguva refu neutron irradiation mune nyukireya reactor - kubva pamwedzi misere kusvika pamakore 8. Mutsara wose wekuora unotaridzika seizvi: Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. California-1,5 ndiyo mhedzisiro yeketani - chinhu ichi hachigone kushandurwa kuita isotopu inorema, sezvo nucleus yayo, senge, ichiti "maita basa, ndaguta" uye isina simba inopindura kuratidzwa kune neutron.
Panzira yekushandura plutonium kuita californium, 100% ye99,7% yekuora nuclei. Chete 0,3% ye nuclei inochengetwa kubva pakuora uye kuita iyo kuburikidza nedanho rose. Uye chigadzirwa chinoda kujekeswa! Iyo isotopu inoparadzaniswa nekubvisa, kuburitsa chromatography, kana nekuda kweiyo ion exchange. Kuti upe chimiro chesimbi, maitiro ekuderedza anoitwa.
Zvinotora makirogiramu gumi eplutonium-252 kugadzira gramu imwe yeCalifornia-10.
Huwandu hwepagore hweCalifornia-252 yakacherwa ndeye 40-80 micrograms, uye sekureva kwenyanzvi, iyo nyika yekuchengetedza yeCalifornia haina kupfuura 8 magiramu. Nokudaro, California, kana kuti kunyanya California-252, ndiyo inodhura zvikuru mumaindasitiri simbi munyika, mutengo wegiramu rimwe mumakore akasiyana-siyana kubva pa6,5 kusvika ku27 mamiriyoni emadhora.
Mubvunzo une musoro ndewokuti: ndiani anoida zvakadaro? Iwe haugoni kuita ketani kubva pairi pamutsipa wako, haugone kuipa kune waunoda nenzira yemhete. Chokwadi ndechekuti CF-252 ine yakakwira neutron kuwanda chinhu (pamusoro pe3). Giramu reCf-252 rinoburitsa anenge 3⋅1012 manyutroni pasekondi. Hongu, zvinogoneka kugadzira bhomba reatomu, asi uranium uye plutonium yakafanana zvakachipa, saka californium pachayo inoshandiswa sesosi yemanyutroni muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana, kusanganisira mumaindasitiri in-line neutron activation analyzers pabhandi rekutakura. Sezvineiwo, %username%, ini pachangu ndakaona iyi California muchimiro chediki ampoule, iyo yakadhonzwa kubva muhombe dhiramu yekudzivirira nemwaranzi uye nekukurumidza kusundirwa munzvimbo chaiyo pane analyzer.
Zviripachena kuti parudzi irworwo rwemari, californium inongofanira kunge iri chepfu, kunyangwe isina kutonhorera, , asi manyuturoni haasi chinhu. Asi zvinosvika zvishoma zvinodhura, hongu.
Zvakanaka, zvese zvinoita kunge zvaitwa - anenge maawa mana ekurara asara rwendo rwusati rwaitwa. Ndinovimba kuti zvakazonakidza, uye handina kunyora zvese izvi pasina.
Ndinoshuva iwe, %username%, kuti uve wakaoma setitanium, nyore kukwira se lithiamu, usingaregi seiridium uye yakakosha seCalifornian! Zvakanaka, goridhe rakawanda muhomwe yako, hongu.
(unogona kuratidza toast iyi pazororo rinotevera - usanditenda)
Source: www.habr.com