🥇Chepfu inonakidza

Mhoro %username%!

Manheru zvakare, handina zvekuita zvakare, uye ndakafunga kupedza nguva ndichinyora chikamu chetatu chenyaya yangu nezve chepfu. Ndinovimba wakaiverenga yekutanga и Chepiri chikamu, uye iwe wakachifarira.

Muchikamu chechitatu tichazorora zvishoma. Pachave pasina nyaya nezve chepfu iyo yaunosangana nayo pane yega nhanho - zvakanyanya kunyangwe zvakapesana. Hapazovi nehondo tsvene pamusoro pekukuvadza kwedoro nechikakananda.

Muchikamu chechitatu ndichaunganidza huturu iyo nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero yakaita sechinhu chinonakidza kwandiri (kana shoko rakadaro rinogona kushandiswa kune chepfu zvachose - asi, sezvandatotaura kare: Ndiri muenzi, iyi ndiyo nzira yandinoona nayo).

Saka, heino inoenda yangu yepamusoro gumi inouraya zvakare! Handeyi.

Nzvimbo yegumi

Homidium bromide

Vanhu vagara vachida kuziva. Uye mukuda kuziva kwayo, dzimwe nguva inogadzira zvisingaite.

Homidium bromide yakagadzirwa sechinhu chinopindirana chemolecular biology kuona uye kuratidza nucleic acids, kunyanya panyaya yeDNA kana RNA electrophoresis muagarose gel.

Izwi rekuti "intercalating" ndiro rakakosha pano. Netsanangudzo, kupindirana ndiko kuiswa kunodzoreredzwa kwemorekuru kana boka pakati pemamwe mamorekuru kana mapoka. Homidium bromide inodyidzana ne nucleic acids nekuisa pakati pezvigadziko.

Kune avo vanofarira, zvinotaridzika seizvi

Mukuita, homidium bromide, kunyangwe mudiki dosi, inhibits DNA neRNA synthesis uye inodzosera kumashure supercoiling yedenderedzwa reDNA. Ichi chinhu chinenge chine simba kupfuura mamwe anozivikanwa mutagens.

Iko hakuna ruzivo mumabhuku nezvekuti ingani homidium bromide inofanira kutorwa nemunhu kuti ave nechokwadi cherufu. Hapana ruzivo rwekuti rufu urwu ruchaita sei. Masayendisiti achiri kukakavara kuti chinhu ichi chine carcinogenic properties.

%username%, homidium bromide inzira yakanaka yekudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva nezvemuviri wako mumweya weSTALKER. Enda zvako!

nzvimbo yepfumbamwe

NNG

Kana iwe usingagutsikane nenzvimbo yegumi, sangana: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Kana zviri nyore uye zvine mwero: BFG NNG.

Rangarira zvandakataura nezve "inenge ine simba kwazvo mutagen"? Zvakanaka, NNG ndiyo ine simba zvakanyanya. Kusiyana nepuny homidium bromide, NNG inogara ichikonzera zvinopfuura imwe shanduko pasero. Nyanzvi dze genetic engineering dzakashandisa NNG pavakaita ongororo yavo neE. coli.

Uye nenzira, NNG ndeye 100% carcinogen. Muchiitiko ichi, mapundu anomuka akawanda, anogara achidzoka.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, NNG:

Kusagadzikana. Chinhu chacho pachacho ihupfu, asi inogara ichiora uye inoputika kana yakachengetwa mumudziyo wakavharwa.
Inoita zvechisimba nemvura.
Inogona kuputika pakukanganisa.
Inonzwa kupisa, chiedza, unyoro - inoputika pasina yambiro.
Inopisa moto.
Hazvienderani neaqueous solutions, acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, kuderedza vamiririri - kuita zvechisimba nekuputika.
Alkaline hydrolysis panguva yekudzima inoburitsa muchetura uye magasi anoputika.

Kunyangwe, maererano nehupfu, NNG yakanaka: makonzo anofa pamadhora anosvika 90 mg/kg. Tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvakakosha zveNNG, munhu anogona kutaura kuti vane rombo rakanaka.

Nzvimbo yechisere

Heptyl

Kubva kare kare, munhu akarota kubhururuka. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, hope dzakazadzikiswa mundege dzemuchadenga. Gore rega rega, vanhu vaifarira pfungwa dzekuongorora Mwedzi, Mars, uye kubhururuka kuenda kunyeredzi.

Rakabva raoma. Makwikwi akanyangarika, kufarira kwakarasika, munhu wese akatanga kuverenga mari uye akaerekana aona kuti zvainyanya kunakidza kuwana mari pane smartphones uye processors pane kubhururuka kune imwe nzvimbo.

Asi handizvo zvandiri kutaura nezvazvo. Heptyl, kana kuti unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine), inhengo ye-high-boiling (ine nzvimbo yekuvira pamusoro pe0 ° C) rocket fuel. Sezvo oxidizer, dinitrogen tetroxide (AT) inowanzoshandiswa muhuviri ne heptyl, yakachena kana yakasanganiswa nitric acid; nyaya dzekushandisa pure acid uye liquid oxygen inozivikanwa. Kuti ivandudze zvinhu zvayo, heptyl yakashandiswa mumusanganiswa ne hydrazine, inozivikanwa se aerosine.

Iyi mafuta (uye iyi ndiyo chaiyo rocket fuel!) yakanga iri uye inoshandiswa, kunyanya, muSoviet kutanga motokari Proton, Kosmos, Cyclone; American - mhuri Titan; French - mhuri Ariane; muzvirongwa zvekufambiswa kwezvitundumuseremusere zvine vanhu, masatellite, orbital uye interplanetary zviteshi.

Heptyl imvura isina ruvara kana kuti yero zvishoma yakajeka ine inopinza isingafadzi inonhuwa hunhu hweamines (kunhuhwirira kwehove dzakaora, kwakafanana nekunhuhwirira kweammonia, kwakafanana nekunhuhwirira kwezviputi). Inosanganiswa zvakanaka nemvura, ethanol, yakawanda petroleum zvigadzirwa uye akawanda organic solvents. Iyo inongobatidza moto paunosangana neoxidizers yakavakirwa panitric acid uye dinitrogen tetroxide, iyo inorerutsa dhizaini uye inoita kuti kuve nyore kutanga uye mukana wekuti wandei activation yemaroketi injini. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvakanakira, icho chinowedzerwawo kushanda kwakanyanya pachikamu chechikamu chemafuta musanganiswa (inopfuura iyo oxygen + parafini pair uye iyo oxygen + hydrogen pair mu density - 1170 kg / m³ kurwisa 1070 kg / m³ uye 285 kg / m³, zvichiteerana) uye mukana wekugara kwenguva refu kwemafuta ekuchengetedza maroketi.

Zvino nezve chikamu chisingafadzi.

Heptyl ine chepfu yakapetwa kana kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Migumisiro pamuviri womunhu: kushatirwa kwe mucous membranes yemaziso, kufema turakiti nemapapu, kuputika kwakasimba kwepakati penheyo system, gastrointestinal kushungurudza (kusvotwa, kurutsa), kurasikirwa kwekuziva, rufu.
Flash point -15 °C; autoignition tembiricha 249 °C; kupararira kwemoto kunogumira 2-95% vol. Izvi zvinoreva kuti heptyl inobatidza zviri nyore uye inopisa nerufaro (ndiani angadai asina chokwadi nazvo).
Heptyl vapors inoputika zvakanyanya, yechipiri chete kune hydrogen-oxygen mhute.
Mutagen. Carcinogen. Yakasimba kwazvo, kutaura zvazviri, zvekuti inoshandiswa kuvimbika kupinza colorectal carcinoma mumakonzo mukutsvagisa bundu.

Unoda sei izvozvo, Elon Musk? Muchidimbu, %username%, handikuitiri godo kana uchigara padhuze nechiteshi chemuchadenga.

Nzvimbo yechinomwe

Cantharidin

Kunze kwekubhururuka, vanhu vagara vaine zvimwe zvinonakidza zvekuita. Semuyenzaniso, nguva dzese varume vakave nemacomplex nezve kugona kwavo - uye hongu, ndiri kutaura nezve izvo kugona!

Iye zvino, mukutsvaga mishonga yeangina, mumwe mukomana akawana rombo rakanaka - uye sildenafil yakaonekwa - kana, mumutauro wakafanana, Viagra. Asi kare, zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru!

Imwe yesarudzo dzakakurumbira yaive yekugamuchira mhuka dzakadai:

Kwete, %username%, iyi haisi mapete egirini zvachose, asi nhunzi yeSpanish. Uye nhoroondo yaro ndeyekare uye ine mavara akawanda:

Munguva yeRoma, Livia, mudzimai anonyengera waOctavian Augustus, akatsveta spanka muchikafu achitarisira kuti zvaizokurudzira vaenzi vaLivia kuti vaite unzenza, izvo zvaizomubatsira kuvakanganisa mune ramangwana.
Muna 1572, Ambroise Paré akanyora mushumo wemurume anotambura ne "satyriasis yakaipisisa." (tinoridaidza nerimwe izwi izvozvi, asi google iwe pachako) mushure mekutora potion ine nettle uye Spanish fly.
Muma1670, svikiro uye n'anga La Voisin akapa "mushonga werudo" wakagadzirwa kubva kuSpanish nhunzi, yakaoma mole ropa uye bat ropa (ugh).
MuMarquis de Sade's "Marseilles affair", akapomerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kushandisa "Spanish flies".

Uye izvi zvose zvinokonzerwa necantharidin, iyo inosvika ku5% mune chakavanzika chepete ichi! Nenzira, kwete chete: cantharidin inowanikwa muhemolymph ye blister beetles, t-shirts uye dzimwe nyuchi refu. Uye hongu, mumadiki madiki ndizvo chaizvo izvo munhu mukuru chevalier anoda, akakomberedzwa nevadiki courtesans!

Dambudziko nderokuti kunze kwechiito ichi, cantharidin inewo ganda-blistering properties. Asi sezvo yakanga isina kukwizwa mukati, asi yakadhakwa, zvino: mushure mekupinda mudumbu rekudya mumadhora anenge 0,5 mg / kg, kukurumidza kukura kudhakwa kwakatanga - kurwadziwa mudumbu, kurutsa, weti neropa, kuputika kwakanyanya kweitsvo, kukura kwekutadza kwetsvo. Kuwedzeredza pachiyero che 40-80 mg / kg zvakavimbika uye nekusingaperi kwakagadzirisa nyaya yekukurukurirana kwete nevakadzi chete, asiwo nezvinhu zvese zvipenyu: panguva yakatevera autopsy, inopinza hyperemia ye mucous membranes, kuumbwa kwemaronda uye hemorrhagic foci zvakaonekwa, maronda akapararira akawanikwa muchiropa neitsvo.

Zvakakodzera ngozi here? Nhoroondo yakaratidza kuti ndizvo.

Naizvozvo, kubudirira kweViagra hakushamisi zvachose.

Nzvimbo yechitanhatu

Paraquat

Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvevanhu nevanhu, munoziva, % username%, pandakanga ndichigadzira rondedzero yenhengo dzeiyi hit parade, nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero ndakatanga kunzwisisa algae, uye howa, uye zvese izvo zvakaipa-zvinomera zvine chepfu nemhuka zvakatikomberedza. Nekuti handina kuwana humwe huipi uye - chii chinowanzoitika! - mhuka ine chepfu isina kurongeka kupfuura munhu. Uye izwi rekuti "zvisina kurongeka" ndiro izwi rakakosha, nekuti munhu anokanganisa maruva nemhuka, uye iye pachake.

Paraquat is organic compound, zita rekutengeserana reN, N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Muchimiro che quaternary ammonium munyu, paraquat inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semushonga wakasimba wekuita zvisiri izvo. Nenzira, %username%, une webhusaiti yako? Asi paraquat inodaro!

Paraquat inoshandiswa kuuraya sora neuswa, asi hainyanyi kushanda pakurwisa masora akadzika midzi. Mushonga wesora uyu haurwise makwati emuti, saka unoshandiswa zvakanyanya kurwisa sora muminda yemichero. Mumakore ekuma1960, paraquat yaishandiswawo neUS kudzora mbanje neminda yekoka muSouth America (nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, ndakarangarira nyaya yeYellow Rain uye Agent Orange - ndiyeuchidze gare gare kana uchida kunzwawo nyaya iyoyo).

Paraquat ine chepfu zvakanyanya kumhuka nevanhu. Mushonga unouraya unogona kuva chipunu chimwe chete chechinhu. Kana ikabatwa, paraquat inopinda mumatishu ese emuviri neropa, uye inounganidza zvakanyanya kusarudzwa mumapapu. Izvi zvinokonzera edema uye kumwe kukuvadza kumapapu, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira ku fibrosis. Mukuwedzera kumapapu, chiropa neitsvo zvinogonawo kukuvadzwa (renal failure).

Parizvino, paraquat inoshandiswa semishonga munyika 120 (haisi kushandiswa muRussia - ndakatoshamisika pano!).

Zvakanaka, chii chandingati? Kudya kwakanaka.

Nzvimbo yechishanu

Endrin

Endrin yakagadzirwa muna 1949 naKurt Alder. Kugadzirwa kwekutengesa kweendrin kwakatanga muUnited States muna 1951, kwaishandiswa pamwe chete nealdrin semushonga wezvipembenene. Yakawanikwa inopfuura kaviri inoshanda sealdrin uye 2-10 nguva inoshanda kupfuura DDT. Yakaratidza kushanda mukurwisa:

makonye nemaaphid pafodya, chibage, sugar beet, nzimbe, donje nezvimwe zvirimwa zvekurima;
blackcurrant bud mite, iyo iyo mimwe mishonga yose isingabatsiri;
mbeva nemamwe makonzo;
vanhu (chii???).

Hongu, shamwari yangu inodiwa, huturu hwe endrin aerosol kuvanhu hwakafanana neiyo yehydrocyanic acid. Inonyanya kukanganisa hurongwa hwemitsipa. Inotorwa kuburikidza neganda. Iine hafu yakareba yehupenyu mumuviri. Hazvinakidzi here?

Acute chepfu ine endrin inoratidzirwa nekunakidzwa kwemota, kuwedzera kufema, kugwinha kwemhasuru, kudedera, uye tonic convulsions. Rufu runoitika mushure mekurwiswa kwakawanda kwekugwinha nekuda kwekuoma mitezo kwenzvimbo yekufema. Mhosva dzehupfu hwehupfu dzakatsanangurwa semhedzisiro yekudya chingwa chakabikwa kubva muupfu hwakasvibiswa ine 150-5500 mg/kg ye endrin. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekudhakwa zvaiwanzoonekwa mushure memaawa 2-3 (general malaise, kusvotwa, kurutsa, kushaya simba, uye kudikitira kukuru). Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakanyanya, kugwinha, kusanzwa kwenguva pfupi, kuremara mitezo, kusashanda zvakanaka kwekufamba, uye paresthesia zvakatsanangurwa. Kupora kwakaitika nekukurumidza, asi dzimwe nguva kuvhiringidzika kwenguva pfupi, hutsinye, uye kukanganiswa kwenjere zvakaonekwa semhedzisiro yechepfu.

Muna 1969 (makore gumi nemasere gare gare !!!) Endrin yakabviswa kubva pakurongwa kwezvinhu zvekudzivirira kwemiti nekuda kwemaitiro ayo ekuita bioaccumulate (nenzira, ndakataura here kuti haigadziriswi mumvura?). Zvisinei, mushonga uyu wakashandiswa mune dzimwe nyika kusvika pakutanga kwema18s. Maererano nechisarudzo cheStockholm Convention yaMay 90, 23, pane kurambidzwa kwepasi rose kugadzirwa, kutengesa uye kushandiswa kweendrin, seimwe yemishonga ine muchetura uye isingaenderane nepesvedzero yezvakatipoteredza.

Huwandu hwese hwe endrin hwakagadzirwa kubva 1951 i ~ 5000 matani, ayo anopfuura 2500 matani akagadzirwa muUS. Hapana anoziva zviri kuitika kwairi iko zvino kana kuti yakaraswa chinyararire kumwe kunhu - uye zvinosuwisa.

Nzvimbo yechina

Ricin

Unoziva here chinonzi makukha, %username%? Ikeke yesunflower, chii chinosara apo mafuta anotorwa kubva kumbeu. Sekuru vaiuya kumba nemadisk makuru emukukha avaibata hove nawo.

Wakamboona castor mafuta, %username%? Ini handisi kubvunza kana iwe wakainwa, kunyangwe zvakadaro, ndiyo yakanakisa uye yakanyanya kunaka nharaunda mushonga wekugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko akatetepa.

Wakamboona castor mafuta keke, %username%? Aihwa? Vimba neni, iwe hauzombodaro.

Mafuta eCastor anogadzirwa nembeu yemafuta emafuta - munyika dzinodziya igwenzi rinosvika 10 m kureba, asi munyika yedu, nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wekugara mumamiriro ekunze ane mwero, chirimwa chegore kusvika 2-5 m kumusoro.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaita huswa uhu
Uye saka - 'castor nuts'

Saka, %username%, haufe wakaona castor cake, nekuti ichepfu yehungwaru uye iri pasi pekuverengera kwakasimba uye kuraswa. Iyo glycoprotein ricin, iyo iri mumhodzi dzekasitori, ndiyo ine chepfu yechirimwa ine simba kwazvo munyika, kunze kwekunge iwe uchifunga kuti algae zvirimwa. Ricin ine 6 zviuru zvakapetwa muchetura kupfuura potassium cyanide. Iyo nzira yericin's chepfu chiito zvakare yakanaka: inhibition yeprotein synthesis ne ribosomes. Kureva, izvi zvidiki kwazvo intracellular zvinhu zvinogadzira zvese uye kuita maseru anobatsira - kamwe kamwe mira kushanda. Kwese kwese. Yakadaro intracellular strike.

Kutaura zvazviri, kurohwa kunozviratidza sezvinotevera: kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa uye kupisa mugurokuro uye mudumbu, manyoka, musoro, hope, anuria, leukocytosis, agglutination erythrocytes (iyi apo vanonamatira pamwe uye precipitate zvakarurama mumidziyo uye mwoyo) - uye ipapo kuparara uye rufu. Zviri nyore.

Sezvo chinwiwa chiduku chericin, ukuru hwepini, chakakwana kuti chiuraye munhu mukuru, zvinonzwisisika kuti vanhu vakachifarira zvikuru, uye nzira dzokushandisa ricin sechombo chokuparadza vanhu vakawanda dzakadzidzwa nemadhipatimendi emauto enyika dzakasiyana-siyana kutanga kubva muHondo Yenyika I. Zvisinei, nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvinoverengeka, chinhu ichi hachina kumbogamuchirwa kuti chishandiswe muchiuto.

Zvakadaro, ricin yakawana kushandiswa pakati peakavanzika masevhisi. Chimwe chezviitiko zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinosanganisira ricin kwaive kupondwa kwemupikisi wekuBulgaria, Georgi Markov, uyo akaiswa muchetura muna 1978 nebayo kubva paamburera yakanyatsogadzirwa. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, chombo chemhondi chakanga chiri pfuti yemhepo yaipfura microcapsule yaiva ne ricin uye yakave yakavharwa seamburera. Chiyero chakapiwa Markov chakanga chisingapfuuri 450 micrograms (kana 0,45 milligrams).

Kureruka kwekuwana chepfu iyi kwaita kuti iwanikwe nemapoka emagandanga. Muna 2001, pepanhau rakashuma kuwanikwa kwemirairo yekugadzira ricin panzvimbo yakaparadzwa yeAl-Qaeda muKabul. Muna 2003, imwe ricin yakawanikwa mune zvemagandanga muLondon, uye zvinyorwa zvericin zvakawanikwa muchitokisi chekuchengetedza paGare de Lyon muParis.

Muna 2013, vanhu vakati wandei vekuMississippi vakasungwa nekuyedza kutumira matsamba aive nericin kumutungamiri weAmerica, VaBarack Obama, nevamwe vakuru vakuru veUS. Muna May wegore rimwe chetero, meya weNew York City akatumirwa tsamba inotyisidzira ine ricin, inonzi inopindura mabasa esangano rehurumende "Mayors Against Illegal Guns."

Gare gare, mutambi Shannon Richardson akapomerwa mhosva muTexas nekutumira tsamba dzinouraya dzine chepfu kune vezvematongerwo enyika vekuAmerica. Oddly zvakakwana, kubatana kweRussia hakuna kucherechedzwa, uye saka munhu wese akafinhwa ndokukanganwa nezvenyaya.

Nzvimbo yechitatu

Sezvo tichitaura nezvehuswa, ngatirangarireiwo nezvesora regungwa. Uye ini handisi kutaura nezvemhando iyo inonamatira kumakumbo ako kana iwe uchishambira - kunyange izvo zvinonyangadza zvokuti zvakaipisisa kupfuura chero chepfu (mumaonero angu). Aiwa, ndiri kutaura pamusoro pedikidiki diki diki iro vanhu vanotaura nezvazvo: "gungwa riri kutumbuka!" Mhando ichiri kupenya husiku, seizvi:

Zvakanaka, zvakanaka, ndinoreurura, ndakaseka, kunyange zvishoma gare gare zvichava pachena kuti Cherenkov radiation haina kuipa.
Algae inopenya seizvi

Zvinhu izvi zvidiki, asi pane zvakawanda. Ndiwo pazasi pechikafu chenyika yemvura. Ndiani anotozviona?

Uye pasina.

Kunyanya kucherechedzwa ndeye algae inonzi dinoflagellates uye yebhuruu-girini algae. Zvakananga:

Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
Blue-green algae Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Shamwari dzose idzi dzinobudisa ndandanda yose yechepfu, inozivikanwa sezvimwe zvezvinhu zvine chepfu zvikuru pasi pano. Ndichadoma nekutsanangura akanakisa.

Maitotoxin

Yakagadzirwa nevagari nhamba 1 pane rondedzero iri pamusoro. Ndiyo yakanyanya muchetura weboka rebrevetoxin: inenge 0,2 mcg/kg inokwana kuita kuti mhuri yako iwane inishuwarenzi. Iyo nzira yekuita inokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwezvinogona-kutsamira Ca-channels, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweCa2 + mukati memasero etsinga, kusunungurwa kweacetylcholine muropa, uye inopfuurira postsynaptic depolarization. Muchidimbu, kuoma mitezo kune simba uye kusingadzoreki.

Iyo maytotoxin molecule pachayo igadziriro ye 32 condensed carbon rings. Ndiyo imwe yemamorekuru makuru uye akaoma kunzwisisa asiri mapuroteni anogadzirwa nechinhu chipenyu. Ndinovimba izvo zvichakupa imwe nyaradzo kana iwe ukainwa.

Ah hongu, ndapotsa ndakanganwa, tsanangudzo yepiquant: kuva mumiriri webrevetoxins, maytotoxin, isati yakonzera kupera simba kwetsandanyama uye kusungwa kwekufema, zvechokwadi kuchaita kuti ute, uve nemhino yakakomba uye kusununguka kwepamuviri. Muchidimbu, hauzokwanisi kugamuchira rufu neruremekedzo.

Saxitoxin

Yakagadzirwa neboka revagari nhamba 2 uye 3 mune rondedzero iri pamusoro. Kwete inotonhorera uye yakanaka se maytotoxin, asi kwete zvishoma misanthropic: kudya 2 mcg / kg kuchaita kuti vanhu vese vakusuwe. Iyo mashandiro ekuita kwesaxitoxin ndiko kuvharika kweanogona-anotsamira sodium chiteshi chetsinga fibers. Izvi zvinovharira kufamba kwetsinga uye zvinokonzeresa kuoma mitezo.

Chii chinonakidza nezve saxitoxin ndechekuti zita rayo rinosanganiswa nezita reanodyiwa mollusks eiyo genus Saxidomus, ayo anonziwo "Washington clams" uye "butter clams" (kana zvisiri mumutauro wedu). Zvakanaka, kubva pazita zviri pachena kwavanoda kuadya. Saka, izvi zvisikwa zvinoyevedza zvinoda kudya algae, uye kana paine zvakawanda panguva yekukurumidza kubereka ("mafungu matsvuku") - ivo vanozvipira kuunganidza chepfu mukati mavo. Handizive chikonzero nei: iwe unogona kufunga nezvekushanduka-shanduka, nezve kuwedzera kuramba - asi chepfu yealgae inoshanda zvakanyanya pamhuka dzine ropa rinodziya - uye kwete zvakanyanya kune dzinotonhora-dzine ropa. Kunyanya pa mollusks.

Muchidimbu: wadya chikafu chemugungwa panguva yekutsvuka kwemvura, unogona kuzviita chikafu chako chekupedzisira.

Zviripachena kuti Iyo Yakanyanya Democracy Nyika Munyika yaisakwanisa kupfuura nekuwanikwa kwakadaro, uye saka saxitoxin inoonekwa sechinhu chinoshandiswa sechombo chemakemikari uye yakanzi TZ muUS mauto.

Microcystin-LR

Kemikari, microcystin-LR ndeye cyclic heptapeptide. Ndiko kuti, maamino acid manomwe akabata mumwe nemumwe uye akaruka iyi yekutamba diki inoyevedza. Nenzira, imwe yadzo yakasarudzika β-amino acid; kazhinji, ese amino acids ari peptides ari alpha. Hazvina kunaka here? Aihwa? Ah zvakanaka!

Microcystin-LR ndiyo yakashata pane ese mamicrocystins anogadzirwa neblue-green algae. Uye ane zvakawanda, nditende! Microcystin inhibits basa reprotein phosphatase type 1 uye mhando 2A (PP1 uye PP2A) mu cytoplasm yemasero echiropa. Izvi zvinotungamira kukuwedzera phosphorylation yemapuroteni mumasero echiropa, ayo anokotama akavimbika nhengo iyi yakakosha. Asi - chii chinokosha! - inokotama kwenguva refu.

Hapana munhu akambocherechedza huturu hwenguva pfupi kubva ku microcystins. Zvisinei, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinetso zvechiropa-kusanganisira kenza yechiropa-inofungidzirwa kuti yakabatana neimwe nzira kune isingagumi blue-green algae poisoning. WHO, kunyanya, iri kunetseka zvikuru.

Imhaka yechikonzero ichi kuti vahwina vatatu vepamusoro mugwara redu rekurova vakawanikwa nehupfu kubva kune madiki asi anodada algae, ayo agara akadyiswa nevanhu vese ava.

Nzvimbo yechipiri

VX

Hunhu hwakambogara pasi paberere ndokufunga: kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana, zvinonakidza zvinhu zvakatenderedza izvo zvinogona kutikuvadza munzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana. Uye nei isu takaipisisa?

Uye zvakauya mupfungwa.

Kubva kutanga kwema1950, nhamba yeO, S-esters yephosphoric acid ine dialkylaminoethylthio boka yakadzidzwa muGreat Britain. Chinangwa chaive chakanaka: mishonga mitsva yezvipembenene yakanga ichigadzirwa. Asi zvakazoitika kuti macommunitions akakonzeresa, anonzi phosphorylthiocholines, aive akanyanya chepfu kumhuka dzine ropa rinodziya. Zviri pachena kuti nyaya yezvipembenene yakabva yave isingafadzi kumunhu wese - uye nyanzvi dzechokwadi dzakatora nyaya yacho.

Nyanzvi dzakadzidzira zvishoma pamakati uye dzakaona kuti yakanga isiri phosphates, asi alkylphosphonic analogues yephosphorothiocholines yakagadzira gehena rakawanda chaizvo. USA, Great Britain, Netherlands neCanada dzakabatikana uye dzakagadzira kirasi itsva yemakomponi inonzi V-gases. VX ndiye mumiriri wavo ane muchetura.

VX ndicho chinhu chine muchetura chati chambogadzirwa kuti chishandiswe muzvombo zvemakemikari. Kufanana neyese yakafanana organophosphorus chepfu, VX inonzi acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: inosarudza inhibitor iyi enzyme, iyo inokonzera hydrolysis yeacetylcholine, murevereri wekunakidza kwetsinga. Hydrolysis yeacetylcholine mumuviri ine hutano inoitika nguva dzose uye inofanirwa kumisa kutapurirana kwetsinga, iyo inobvumira tsandanyama kudzokera kune imwe nzvimbo yekuzorora. Iyo phosphorylated cholinesterase yakaumbwa panguva yeVX chepfu, kusiyana neacetylated cholinesterase, inhengo yakasimba uye haiiti inongoerekana yaita hydrolysis. Nokudaro, kuparadzwa kweacetylcholine molecules kunodziviswa uye inoramba iine simba rinoramba riripo pane cholinergic receptors. Izvi zvinotungamira kune generalized overstimulation yecholinergic receptors, zvichikonzera pakutanga kunakidzwa kwakasimba, uyezve kuremara kwekushanda kwenhengo nematishu. Panyaya iyi, zviratidzo zvikuru zveVX poisoning zvinogona kududzirwa sechiratidziro chekuwedzera, kusina kukodzera kwekuita kwemuviri wehuwandu hwezvivako uye nhengo, iyo inopiwa neacetylcholine mediation. Chokutanga pane zvose, aya masero etsinga, mhasuru dzakatsetseka uye dzakatsetseka, pamwe chete nematumbu akasiyana-siyana.

Zviratidzo zvekukuvadza: 1-2 maminitsi - constriction yevadzidzi; 2-4 maminitsi - kutuka, salivation; 5-10 maminitsi - kudengenyeka, kuora mitezo, spasms; 10-15 maminitsi - rufu.

Kuvanhu, LD50 yakacheka = 100 μg/kg, nemuromo = 70 μg/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, uye nguva yakanonoka yekuita iri 5-10 maminetsi. Miosis inoitika pamusangano we 0,0001 mg / l mushure meminiti 1.

Hongu, ndizvozvo - muverengi anoteerera akanyatsoona izwi rekuti "cutaneously": VX ine yakanyanya ganda-resorptive toxicity kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe phosphorus-ine chepfu. Ganda rechiso nemutsipa rinonyanya kunetseka nemigumisiro yeVX. Zviratidzo zvekutonga kweganda zvinokura mumaawa 1-24, asi kana VX ikasvika pamiromo kana ganda rakakuvadzwa, mhedzisiro inozviratidza nekukurumidza. Chiratidzo chekutanga chekugadzirisa kuburikidza neganda chinogona kunge chisiri miosis, asi kudikitira kwemhasuru panzvimbo yekubata neVX, ipapo kugwinha, kushaya simba kwemhasuru uye kuoma mitezo.

Iyo muchetura mhedzisiro yeVX kuburikidza neganda inogona kukwidziridzwa nezvinhu zvisina muchetura mazviri, asi zvinokwanisa kutakura chepfu kupinda mumuviri. Inonyanya kushanda pane idzi dimethyl sulfoxide uye N, N-dimethylamide yepalmitic acid. Unofungei, %username%, pave paine chero basa kana musanganiswa ungashandisa ichi chinoshamisa chivakwa? Ndizvozvo!

VX inobata miviri yemvura yakavhurika kwenguva yakareba - kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu. Zvakanaka, zvivakwa uye zvese zvakapoteredza, zvakasvibiswa nemadonhwe eVX, zvinoisa njodzi muzhizha kwemazuva 6-1, munguva yechando - 3-30 mazuva. Kazhinji, kugadzikana kweVX munzvimbo (ganda-resorptive action): muzhizha - kubva pamazuva manomwe kusvika ku60, munguva yechando - kwenguva yose kusvika pakutanga kwekudziya kwemamiriro okunze.

Uye uri kutaura nezve nyukireya yechando ...

Nyika inoziva nezve akati wandei ekushandiswa kweVX.

Muna December 1994 naJanuary 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, nhengo yekapoka kechitendero cheJapan Aum Shinrikyo, akagadzira pakati pe100 ne200 magiramu eVX nemirayiro yomutungamiriri wesekete Shoko Asahara, iyo yakashandiswa kuuraya vanhu vatatu. Vaviri vakaiswa muchetura asi havana kufa. Mumwe wevakaurayiwa, murume ane makore makumi maviri nemasere, akafa, achiva munhu wekutanga kubatwa neVX kunyorwa pasi. Murume wacho, uyo Asahara aifungidzira kuva mutengesi, akarwiswa na28:7 a.m. pana December 00, 12, mumugwagwa muOsaka. Mhondi dzakamwaya VX muhuro. Akakuvadzwa akavatevera kweanenge mamita 1994 asati adonha; akazofa mazuva gumi gare gare, achiri pakoma. Vanachiremba pakutanga vaifungidzira kuti akange aiswa muchetura neimwe mhando yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus, asi chikonzero chechokwadi chekufa chakangowanikwa mushure mekunge nhengo dzechitendero dzakasungwa nekuda kwebhomba repasi peTokyo ndokureurura kuponda. Mwedzi minomwe mushure mekuuraya, VX metabolites yakadai se ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid, uye diisopropyl-100-(methylthio) ethylamine yakawanikwa mumasampuli eropa remunhu akabatwa. Kusiyana nesarin, VX haina kushandiswa nechitendero chekuuraya vanhu vakawanda (sechiitiko cheMatsumoto uye kubhomba kwepasi peTokyo).
Musi waKukadzi 13, 2017, VX yakashandiswa kuuraya Kim Jong-nam, mukoma waKim Jong-un, mutongi weDPRK. Humhondi hwakaitika munzvimbo yekusimuka yenhandare yendege yepasi rose muKuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vakadzi vaviri vaibatanidzwa mukuponda. Mumwe akadzongonyedza Kim Jong-nam, ukuwo mumwe akakanda hengechepfu yakanyudzwa muchetura kumeso kwake nekumashure. Nam akarwara ndokuendeswa kuchipatara asi akafira munzira.

Zvakanaka, senguva dzose, apo vanhu vakapengenuka zvishoma uye vakaziva zvayakanga yagadzira, kupesana kwakatevera. V-magasi akarambidzwa neChemical Weapons Convention ye1993, zvinoreva kuti haigone kugadzirwa, uye masheya aripo anofanira kuparadzwa. Asi pane nuances.

Russia neUnited States chete ndivo vanobvuma kuti vane kana kuve nematura eV-gasi, asi dzimwe nyika dzinotendwawo kuti dzine imwe chepfu.
Musi waGunyana 27, 2017, vezvenhau vekuRussia vakashuma kuparadzwa zvachose kwematura ezvombo zvemakemikari zveRussia, kusanganisira VX. Hapana akazvitenda.
Cindy Westergaard, nyanzvi yezvombo zvemakemikari uye mukuru paStimson Center, anoti Iraq "yakanyatso gadzira VX" muma1980, asi hapana humbowo hwakashandiswa. Munhu wose akazvitenda. Sezvineiwo, VX ichiri muUS arsenal nhasi (zita remauto zvindori zvitatu zvakasvibira zvine mazwi VX-GAS). Asi hapana ane hanya nazvo.
North Korea, pamwe neEgypt neSouth Sudan, haisati yambosaina kana kubvumidza Chemical Weapons Convention.

Uye pakarepo, mazwi mashomanana pamusoro pe "Novichok".

Boka remakomponi 'Novice'

Izvi zvinotevera zvinowanzobatanidzwa neNovichok:

A-230: N-(methylphosphonyl fluoride)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (inoratidzwa kuruboshwe), inoomesa nechando mukutonhora;
A-232: N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (inoratidzwa kurudyi), yakagadzirwa uye yakaedzwa kuti ishandiswe semushonga wehondo yemakemikari;
A-234: N-(O-Ethylphosphonyl fluoride) -N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine, yakafanana nemafuta anozora uye haaparadziri nemhepo, inobata muviri kana ikasangana neganda, inogadzikana uye inopesana nemamiriro ekunze.

Aya ndiwo makomisheni akaunzwa naViktor Kholstov, nhengo yenhume yeRussia pa57th and 59th Sessions ye Executive Committee yeSangano Rokurambidza Zvezvombo zveMakemikari; zvisinei, mhuri pachayo ine zvinopfuura makumi matanhatu makomboni akafanana.

Pane pfungwa yokuti Novichok ine muchetura kupfuura VX, zvisinei, hapana nhamba pamusoro pemishonga ine chepfu inopiwa. Mumashoko, Novichok iri 5-10 nguva yakawanda chepfu.

Pane zvakanyanyisa zvinhu zvine mumvuri munyaya iyi zvekuti inokodzera chinyorwa chayo. Ndizivise mumashoko, %username%.

Zvichakadaro…

Tine anokunda! Nzvimbo yekutanga!

Pfungwa dzekubvunza dzeHomo sapiens dzakanga dzisati dzafaranuka mushure mekuwanikwa kweVX. Mushure mezvose, muchokwadi, chinhu chakawanikwa chinogona kukanganisa zvese zvakatenderedza kupfuura kuputika kweatomu - asi ko kana zvese izvi zvakayambuka pamwe chete?

Zvakanaka, mazwi mashoma nezve radiation.

Kune marudzi akati wandei emwaranzi inozivikanwa nevanhu. Mumutauro wakapfava uye unosvikika, ndezvi:

Photon-induced radiation - UV, X-ray, gamma
Radiation inokonzerwa nemaerekitironi - beta
Radiation inokonzerwa nekutanga particles - neutrons, protons
Radiation inokonzerwa nezvikamu zvakakura - alpha

Kana iwe, mudikani %username%, waizokanda pea, bhora retenisi, basketball, uye pood huremu mumusoro mako, zvinonyanya kukugumbura? Zvakafanana nemwaranzi - iyo inorema, yakanyanya kurwadza. Uye zvechokwadi, zvose zvinoenderana nekumhanya.

Muchokwadi, kukuvadza kubva kune alpha particles kwakanyanya - ndosaka mhando yemhando yealpha particles iri makumi maviri, izvo zvinoreva kuti nehuwandu hwakaenzana hwemwaranzi simba rinotorwa pachikamu chechikamu chenhengo kana tishu, iyo biological mhedzisiro yealpha particles ichave yakasimba zvakapetwa kamakumi maviri pane iyo gamma radiation.

Sezvineiwo, ma alpha particles anorema uye anodhumhana uye anodyidzana nezvose zvine simba zvekuti haakwanise kupinda mukati meganda re keratinized. Asi…
Polonium-210

Iko hakuna polonium-210 yakachena munyika, kunyange zvazvo inowanikwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu muuranium yose uye thorium ores. Mune chimiro chakachena, inowanikwa yakagadzirwa. Kunyanya, yakawanikwa. Sezvinoratidzwa neruzivo, zvivakwa zvepolonium-210 hazvina basa nevanhu, kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete:

Polonium-210 mune alloys ane beryllium uye boron yakashandiswa kugadzira compact uye yakasimba kwazvo manyuturoni masosi ayo asingaite γ-radiation. Nekudaro, iyi niche parizvino yakagarwa zvakasimba necalifornium.
Kushandiswa kwakakosha kwepolonium-210 ndiko kushandiswa kwayo muchimiro chealloys ane lead, yttrium kana pachezvayo kuburitsa zvine simba uye zvakanyanya compact kupisa masosi ekuisa kuzvimiririra, senge nzvimbo. Imwe cubic centimita yepolonium-210 inoburitsa inenge 1320 W yekupisa. Iri simba rakakwirira kwazvo, rinonyungudutsa polonium nyore, saka inosanganiswa, semuenzaniso, nemutobvu. Kunyangwe ma alloys aya aine simba rakaderera zvakanyanya (150 W/cm³), achiri nyore kushandisa uye akachengeteka, sezvo polonium-210 inoburitsa inenge maalpha particles chete, uye kugona kwavo kupinda uye kureba kwenzira muzvinhu zvakakora zvishoma. Semuenzaniso, Soviet self-propelled motokari yeLunokhod space program yakashandisa polonium heater kupisa chikamu chechiridzwa. Asi iyo USSR haichipo, chirongwa chemwedzi hachisisipo, uye kupisa kwemba kwakachipa zvishoma pane polonium.
Polonium-210 yaiwanzoshandiswa kuita ionize magasi (kunyanya, mweya). Semuenzaniso, yakawedzerwa kune electrode alloys yemotokari spark plugs kuderedza spark voltage. Izvi hazviitike iye zvino, kunyange, semuenzaniso, mabhurashi ekubvisa guruva anogadzirwa kuti anyatsoona optics, iyo isingakoshi yakawanda yepolonium inowedzerwa. Ichokwadi, kwete muRussia - polonium inorambidzwa zvachose pano, asi muU.SA mabhurashi akadaro anogona kutengwa uye obva akandwa mumarara.
Polonium-210 inogona kushanda mualloy ine mwenje isotope yelithium (6Li) sechinhu chinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kwehuremu hwechaji yenyukireya uye kushanda serudzi rwechiputi chenyukireya. Uye zvakare, polonium yakakodzera kugadzira compact "mabhomba akasviba" uye yakanakira kutakura yakavanzika, nekuti inoburitsa isingaite gamma radiation. Iyo isotopu inoburitsa gamma quanta ine simba re803 keV ine inobuda chete 0,001% yekuora - zvinoenderana nedosimeter, isotopu yakachengeteka. Uye kuyera alpha radiation, mudziyo wakakomba unodiwa. BINGO!

Polonium-210 ine muchetura zvakanyanya, radiotoxic uye carcinogenic, ine hafu yehupenyu hwemazuva 138 nemaawa mapfumbamwe. Mazuva ese nemaawa aya, ma alpha particles anobhururuka kubva mairi: chiitiko chayo chaicho (9 TBq / g) chakakwira zvekuti hachigone kubatwa nemaoko, sezvo mhedzisiro ichave kukuvadzwa kwemwaranzi paganda uye, pamwe, muviri wese: polonium inopinda nemuganda zviri nyore. Kazhinji, ma alpha particles ane simba rakadaro anobhururuka mumhepo asingasviki 166 cm, asi iyi haisi sarudzo yehasha polonium: inosanganisa inozvipisa uye inopinda mune aerosol state.

Uye chii chinoitika kumuviri wako apo polonium-210 inopa hupenyu inopinda mairi - zvakakosha here kutaurira? Chaizvoizvo, atomu yega yega, ichipinda mukati mako yakapfava yepingi tishu, inoparadzanisa uye inobhowa zvese zviri padyo nealpha particles. Masero. Mvura. DNA uye RNA mamorekuru. Zvese izvi zvinowira pasi muna Mwari anoziva chii - uye unobata zvese zvinofadza zvechirwere cheradiation mupfungwa yakaipisisa.

Polonium-210 ine 4 trillion yakapetwa ine chepfu kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Maererano nenyanzvi, chirwere chinouraya chepolonium-210 kumunhu mukuru chinofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe 0,6-2 mcg apo isotopu inopinda mumuviri kuburikidza nemapapu, uye 6-18 mcg painopinda mumuviri kuburikidza negumbo rekudya.

Nhoroondo inoziva nezvezviitiko zviviri zvehupfu nepolonium-210. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinonzwisisika.

Kufa kwaAlexander Litvinenko muna 2006, uyo akafa semugumisiro wepolonium-210 chepfu. Sezvineiwo, pakutanga zvakatendwa kuti akange aine chepfu nethallium. Musi waNovember 24, masayendisiti kubva kuBritish Health Protection Agency (HPA) akazivisa kuti Litvinenko akanga afa nemwaranzi chepfu. Sekureva kwaRoger Cox, mukuru weHPA's Center for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, mitsetse yemwaranzi inokonzerwa ne sezvaitarisirwa, polonium-210. Akataurawo kuti mune zviduku zvishoma, Po-210 inowedzera mukana wekuita neoplasms yakaipa, uye muhuwandu hunovhiringidza kushanda kwemapfupa emapfupa, digestive system uye dzimwe nhengo dzinokosha.
Polonium yakawanikwa mumidziyo yaYasser Arafat, akafa muna 2004. Mutumbi wakaburitswa. Pakutanga, rutivi rweSwitzerland rwekomisheni yepasi rose yakasimbisa chokwadi chechepfu nepolonium. Zvisinei, gare gare yakabvumirana nemhedziso dzemativi eRussia neFrance pamusoro pokusavapo kwouchapupu hwechepfu.

Nenzira, pane lite vhezheni yepolonium-210 - protactinium-231. Neiyo nzira imwechete (kuora kwealpha), hafu yehupenyu hweprotactinium inosvika makore 32480, uye saka haina kutyisa: haina kupisa, haina radioactive, uye nekudaro ingori 250 miriyoni tuchepfu kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Haisi-inoputika, haina kunyura kuburikidza neganda - pakatarisana nemashure epolonium inoratidzika kunge inonzwisa tsitsi, uye saka iyo yakanyanya kuchengetedzwa (pano ndakanyemwerera yakaipa kwazvo grin) huwandu hweprotactinium painopinda mumuviri wemunhu 0,5 μg. Ichokwadi, mumuviri womunhu, protactinium-231 inowanzounganidza muitsvo nemapfupa - uye kugara ipapo kwenguva yakareba, ichipisa muviri kubva mukati. Saka unotofanira kufa zvakadaro.

VOSE!

Saka tapedza chikamu chetatu chekuziva kwedu, %username%.

Ndinovimba wakaiverenga kusvika kumagumo uye uchine simba rekudzvanya bhatani rekuvhota kuti tione kuti kuzivana kwedu kuchaenderera mberi here.

Dzave kuma 6 kuseni kwandiri, nguva dzekurara.

Ndichiri kukushuvira iwe hutano uye hushoma muchetura muhupenyu!

Ndini Rufu, muparadzi mukuru wenyika.

- Mitsetse kubva kuBhagavad Gita yakadzokororwa naRobert Oppenheimer panguva yekutanga kuputika kwenyukireya pedyo neAlamogordo munaChikunguru 16, 1945.

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.