Iyo inonyanya kunakidza chepfu

Mhoro %username%!

Manheru zvakare, zvakare handina chekuita, uye ndakasarudza kutora nguva shoma yekunyora chikamu chechitatu chenhevedzano yangu pachepfu. Ndinovimba wakaverenga yekutanga и Chepiri chikamu uye iwe wakachifarira.

Muchikamu chechitatu tichazorora zvishoma. Pachave pasina nyaya pano nezve chepfu iyo yaunosangana nayo pamatanho ese - zvakanyanya, kunyangwe zvakapesana. Pachave pasina holivar nezve njodzi dzedoro nechikakananda.

Muchikamu chechitatu ndichaunganidza huturu iyo nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero yakaita sechinhu chinofadza kwandiri (kana shoko rakadaro rinogona kushandiswa kune chepfu zvachose - asi, sezvandatotaura kare: Ndiri muenzi, ndinozviona saizvozvo).

Saka, zvakare gumi rangu rinouraya! Enda.

Nzvimbo yegumi

Homidium bromide

Vanhu vagara vachida kuziva. Uye mukuda kuziva kwayo dzimwe nguva inogadzira zvisingaite.

Homidium bromide yakagadzirwa sechinhu chinopindirana chemolecular biology kuona uye kudzidza nucleic acids, kunyanya panyaya yeagarose gel electrophoresis yeDNA kana RNA.

Izwi rekuti "intercalating" ndiro rakakosha pano. Netsanangudzo, kupindirana ndiko kudzokororwa kusanganisa kwemorekuru kana boka pakati pemamwe mamorekuru kana mapoka. Homidium bromide inopindirana ne nucleic acids, kusanganisira pakati pezvigadziko.

Kune avo vanofarira, zvinotaridzika seizvi

Mukuita, homidium bromide, kunyangwe mudiki dosi, inhibits DNA neRNA synthesis uye inodzosera kumashure supercoiling yedenderedzwa reDNA. Chinhu ichi chinenge chine simba rinozivikanwa mutagen.

Iko hakuna ruzivo mumabhuku nezvekuti ingani homidium bromide inofanira kutorwa kuti ivimbiswe kufa. Hapana ruzivo rwekuti rufu urwu ruchaitika sei. Masayendisiti achiri kukakavara kuti chinhu ichi chine carcinogenic properties.

%username%, homidium bromide inzira yakanaka yekudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva nezvemuviri wako mumweya weSTALKER Enda nazvo!

nzvimbo yepfumbamwe

NNG

Kana iwe usingagutsikane nenzvimbo yegumi, sangana: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Kana zviri nyore uye zvine mwero: BFG NNG.

Rangarira zvandakataura nezve "inenge ine simba kwazvo mutagen"? Saka, NNG ndiyo ine simba zvakanyanya. Kusiyana neiyo isina kusimba chomidium bromide, NNG inogara ichikonzera zvinopfuura imwe shanduko pasero. Nyanzvi dze genetic engineering dzakashandisa NNG pavakaita ongororo yavo neE. coli.

Uye nenzira, NNG ndeye 100% carcinogenic. Muchiitiko ichi, mapundu anomuka akawanda uye anogara achidzoka.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, NNG:

• Kusagadzikana. Ichi chinhu pachacho ipfu, asi inogara ichiora, uye kana yakachengetwa mumudziyo wakavharwa, inoputika.
• Inoita zvechisimba nemvura.
• Inogona kuputika pakukanganisa.
• Inonzwa kupisa, chiedza, unyoro - inoputika pasina yambiro.
• Inopisa moto.
• Hazvienderani neaqueous solutions, acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, kuderedza vamiririri - kuita zvechisimba nekuputika.
• Alkaline hydrolysis, kana ikavharwa, inoburitsa magasi ane muchetura uye anoputika.

Kunyangwe kubva pakuona kwehupfu, NNG yakanaka chaizvo: makonzo anofa pamadhora anosvika 90 mg/kg. Tichifunga nezvekutanga zvivakwa zveNNG, tinogona kutaura kuti vaive nerombo rakanaka.

Nzvimbo yechisere

Heptyl

Kubva kare, munhu akarota kubhururuka. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, hope dzakazadzikiswa mundege dzemuchadenga. Gore rega rega, vanhu vaifarira mifungo pamusoro pekuongororwa kweMwedzi, Mars, uye ndege kuenda kunyeredzi.

Rakabva raoma. Makwikwi akanyangarika, kushingairira kwakarasika, munhu wese akatanga kuverenga mari uye akaerekana aona kuti zvainyanya kunakidza kuita mari pane smartphones uye processors pane kubhururuka kune imwe nzvimbo.

Asi handizvo zvandiri kutaura nezvazvo. Heptyl - kana kuti unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - chikamu chepamusoro-chinofashaira (ine nzvimbo yekuvira pamusoro pe0 ° C) rocket fuel. Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), yakachena kana yakasanganiswa ne nitric acid, inowanzo shandiswa se oxidizing agent yakapetwa ne heptyl; nyaya dzekushandisa pure acid uye liquid oxygen dzinozivikanwa. Kuti ivandudze zvinhu zvayo, heptyl yakashandiswa mumusanganiswa ne hydrazine, inozivikanwa se aerozine.

Iyi mafuta (uye iyi iroketi mafuta!) Yaiva uye inoshandiswa, kunyanya, muSoviet kutanga motokari "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; American - Titan mhuri; French - mhuri "Arian"; mumasisitimu ekufambisa ezvitundumuseremusere zvine vanhu, masatellite, orbital uye interplanetary zviteshi.

Heptyl imvura isina ruvara kana yakatsvuka zvishoma ine kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi, hunhu hweamines (kunhuhwirira kwehove dzakaora, kwakafanana nekunhuhwirira kweammonia, kwakafanana nekunhuhwirira kwesprat). Inosanganiswa zvakanaka nemvura, ethanol, yakawanda petroleum zvigadzirwa uye akawanda organic solvents. Inobatidza yega kana yasangana neoxidizing agents yakavakirwa pa nitric acid uye dinitrogen tetroxide, iyo inorerutsa dhizaini uye inoita kuti kuve nyore kutanga uye mukana wekudzokorora activation yemaroketi injini. Iyi ndiyo imwe yemabhenefiti; kwavari inowedzerwawo hukuru hukuru pachiyero chechikamu chemafuta musanganiswa (inodarika okisijeni + parafini mupfu uye okisijeni + hydrogen chiutsi mu density - 1170 kg/m³ maringe ne1070 kg/m³ uye 285 kg/m³, zvakateerana) uye mukana wekuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba makomba anofuridzirwa pakudziya kwakajairika.

Zvino - pamusoro pezvisingafadzi.

• Heptyl ine chepfu yakapetwa kana kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Mhedzisiro pamuviri wemunhu: kushatirwa kwe mucous membranes yemaziso, kufema turakiti nemapapu, kukurudzira kwakanyanya kwepakati tsinga system, gastrointestinal kugumbuka (kusvotwa, kurutsa), kurasikirwa nekuziva, kufa.
• Flash point −15 °C; auto-ignition tembiricha 249 °C; miganho yevasungwa yekupararira kwemoto 2-95% vol. Izvi zvinoreva kuti heptyl inobatidza zviri nyore uye inopisa nemufaro (ndiani angakahadzika nazvo).
• Heptyl vapors inoputika zvakanyanya, inorasikirwa chete nehydrogen-oxygen pairs.
• Mutagen. Carcinogen. Iyo yakasimba zvekuti inoshandiswa kuvimbika kukurudzira colorectal carcinoma mumakonzo mukutsvagisa bundu.

Unoda sei izvozvo, Elon Musk? Muchidimbu, %username%, handikuitiri godo kana uchigara padhuze nespaceport.

Nzvimbo yechinomwe

Cantharidin

Kunze kwekubhururuka, vanhu vagara vaine zvimwe zvinonakidza zvekuita. Somuenzaniso, nguva dzose, varume vakanga vakaoma zvikuru pamusoro pezvavanokwanisa - uye hongu, hongu!, Ndiri kutaura nezvemikana iyoyo chaiyo!

Iye zvino, mukutsvaga mushonga weangina, mumwe mukomana akaita rombo rakanaka - uye sildenafil yakaonekwa - kana, mumutauro wakafanana, Viagra. Asi zvinhu zvose zvisati zvanyanya kuoma!

Imwe yesarudzo dzakakurumbira yaive yekugamuchira mhuka dzinotevera:


Kwete, %username%, iyi haisi mapete egirini zvachose, asi nhunzi yeSpanish. Uye nhoroondo yaro yakareba uye ine ruvara rwakanyanya:

• Munguva dzevaRoma, Livia, mudzimai anonyengera waOctavian Augustus, akatsveta spandex muchikafu chake aine tarisiro yekuti zvaizokurudzira kusazvibata muvaenzi vaLivia, izvo zvaizomubatsira kuvanyengetedza mune ramangwana.
• Muna 1572, Ambroise Paré akanyora nhoroondo yemurume anorwara ne "satyriasis yakaipisisa" (tinoridaidza izwi rakasiyana izvozvi, asi Google iwe pachako) mushure mekutora potion ine nettle uye Spanish fly.
• Mumakore ekuma1670, svikiro uye n’anga La Voisin akapa “mushonga worudo” wakagadzirwa nenhunzi yeSpain, ropa rakaomeswa remole, uye ropa rechiremwaremwa (ew).
• Mu "Marseille Affair" yeMarquis de Sade, akapomerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, achishandisa "Spanish flies".

Uye izvi zvose nekuda kwe cantharidin, iyo iyo cockroach ine kusvika ku5%! Nenzira, kwete chete: cantharidin inowanikwa muhemolymph ye blister beetles, T-shirts uye dzimwe nyuchi dzakareba. Uye hongu, mumadiki madiki ndizvo chaizvo izvo chevalier yakura, yakakomberedzwa nevadiki courtesans, inoda!

Dambudziko nderekuti kunze kwechiito ichi, cantharidin inewo blister properties. Asi sezvo yakanga isina kukwizwa mukati, asi yakadhakwa, zvino: mushure mekupinda mudumbu rekudya mumiyero yeanenge 0,5 mg/kg, kukurumidza kukura kudhakwa kwakatanga - kurwadziwa mudumbu, kurutsa, weti yeropa, kuzvimba kwakanyanya kweitsvo, kukura kwerenal. kukundikana. Kuwedzeredza kwe 40-80 mg / kg zvakavimbika uye nekusingaperi kwakagadzirisa nyaya yekukurukurirana kwete nevakadzi chete, asi nezvinhu zvese zvipenyu zvakajairika: pane yakatevera autopsy, inopinza hyperemia ye mucous membranes, kuumbwa kwemaronda uye foci yekubuda ropa. zvakaonekwa, maronda akapararira akawanikwa muchiropa neitsvo.

Zvakakodzera ngozi here? Nhoroondo yakati hongu.

Naizvozvo, kubudirira kweViagra hakushamisi zvachose.

Nzvimbo yechitanhatu

Paraquat

Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvevanhu nevanhu, munoziva, %username%, pandakanga ndichigadzira rondedzero yenhengo dzeiyi hit parade, nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero ndakatanga kunzwisisa algae, uye howa, uye zvese izvo zvakaipa-zvinomera zvine chepfu nemhuka. zvakatipoteredza . Nekuti huipi huzhinji uye - izvo zvinowanzoitika! - mhuka isina chepfu, semunhu - handina kuwana. Uyezve, "kusarongeka" ndiro izwi rinokosha, nokuti munhu anokuvadza zvose maruva nemhuka, kusanganisira iye pachake.

Paraquat is an organic compound, zita rekutengeserana N,N'-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridylium dichloride. Muchimiro che quaternary ammonium munyu, paraquat inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semushonga wesora wakasimba uye usiri chaiwo chiito. Nenzira, %username%, une webhusaiti yako? Asi paraquat ine!

Paraquat inoshandiswa kudzora sora neuswa, asi hainyanyi kushanda pakudzora sora rakadzika midzi. Mushonga wesora uyu haurwise makwati emuti, saka unoshandiswa zvakanyanya kurwisa sora muminda yemichero. Mumakore ekuma1960, paraquat yaishandiswawo neUnited States kurwisa mbanje neminda yekoka muSouth America (nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero ndakarangarira nyaya ye “Yellow Rain” uye “Agent Orange” - ndiyeuchidze gare gare kana uchida kuteerera izvi. nyaya zvakare).

Paraquat ine chepfu zvakanyanya kumhuka nevanhu. Mushonga unouraya unogona kuva chipunu chimwe chete chechinhu. Kana yapinzwa, paraquat inofamba nemuropa kuenda kumatishu ese emuviri, uye inounganidza zvakanyanya kusarudzwa mumapapu. Izvi zvinokonzera kuzvimba uye kumwe kukuvadza kumapapu, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira ku fibrosis. Mukuwedzera kumapapu, chiropa neitsvo zvinogonawo kukuvadzwa (renal failure).

Panguva ino, paraquat inoshandiswa semushonga wesora munyika 120 (haisi kushandiswa muRussia - ndakatoshamisika pano!).

Zvakanaka ndingati kudii? Kudya kwakanaka.

Nzvimbo yechishanu

Endrin

Endrin yakagadzirwa muna 1949 naKurt Alder. Kugadzirwa kwekutengesa kweendrin kwakatanga muUnited States muna 1951, kwaishandiswa pamwe chete nealdrin semushonga wezvipembenene. Zvakaonekwa kuti chinhu ichi chinopfuura 2 nguva inoshanda kupfuura aldrin uye 10-12 nguva inoshanda kupfuura DDT. Yakaratidza kushanda mukurwisa:

• makonye nemaaphid pafodya, chibage, sugar beet, nzimbe, donje nezvimwe zvirimwa;
• blackcurrant bud mite, iyo iyo mimwe mishonga yose isingabatsiri;
• mbeva nemamwe makonzo;
• vanhu (chii???).

Hongu, hongu, shamwari yangu inodiwa, huturu hwe endrin aerosol kuvanhu hunofananidzwa neiyo hydrocyanic acid. Inonyanya kukanganisa hurongwa hwemitsipa. Inotorwa kuburikidza neganda. Ane hurefu hwehupenyu kubva mumuviri. Zvakanaka, handizvo here?

Acute endrin chepfu inoratidzwa nekukatyamadza kwemota, kuwedzera kufema, kuzununguka kwemhasuru, kudedera, uye tonic convulsions. Rufu runoitika mushure mekurwiswa kwakati wandei nekuda kwekuoma mitezo kwenzvimbo yekufema. Mhosva dzehupfu hwakanyanya semhedzisiro yekudyiwa kwechingwa chakabikwa kubva muupfu hwakasvibiswa ine endrin yemukati ye150-5500 mg / kg yakatsanangurwa. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekudhakwa zvaiwanzoonekwa mushure memaawa 2-3 (general malaise, kusvotwa, kurutsa, kushaya simba, kudikitira kwakanyanya). Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakanyanya, kugwinha, kusanzwa kwenguva pfupi, kuoma mitezo, kurasikirwa kwekubatana kwekufamba, uye paresthesia inotsanangurwa. Kupora kwakaitika nekukurumidza, asi dzimwe nguva kuvhiringidzika kwenguva pfupi, hutsinye, uye kukanganisa kwenjere zvakaonekwa semhedzisiro yechepfu.

Muna 1969 (makore gumi nemasere gare gare !!!) Endrin yakabviswa kubva pakurongwa kwezvinhu zvekudzivirira kwemiti nekuda kwemaitiro ayo ekuita bioaccumulate (nenzira, ndakataura here kuti haigadziriswi mumvura?). Zvisinei, mushonga uyu wakashandiswa mune dzimwe nyika kusvika pakutanga kwema18s. Maererano nechisarudzo cheStockholm Convention yaMay 90, 23, pane kurambidzwa kwepasi rose kugadzirwa, kutengesa uye kushandiswa kweendrin, seimwe yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene ine muchetura uye inodzivirira nharaunda.

Nhamba yose ye endrin yakagadzirwa kubvira 1951 ndeye ~ 5000 matani, ayo anopfuura 2500 matani akabudiswa muUnited States. Hapana anoziva zvakaitika kwairi iko zvino uye kana yakaraswa kumwe chinyararire - uye izvi zvinosuwisa.

Nzvimbo yechina

Ricin

Unoziva here chinonzi makukha, %username%? Iri ndiro keke resunflower, rinosara kana mafuta achibviswa kubva kumbeu. Sekuru vangu vakauya kumba nema disks ane hutano ekukukha - vakabva vabata hove nawo.

Wakamboona castor mafuta, %username%? Ini handisi kubvunza kana iwe wakainwa, kunyangwe nenzira iyo ndiyo yakanakisa uye ine hushamwari nharaunda mushonga wekugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko akatetepa.

Wakamboona mhodzi yekastor, %username%? Aihwa? Nditende: iwe hauzozvioni.

Mafuta eCastor anogadzirwa kubva kumbeu yebhinzi - munyika dzinodziya iyi igwenzi rinosvika 10 m kureba, munyika yedu, nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wekugara mumamiriro ekunze anodziya, chirimwa chegore kusvika 2-5 m kumusoro. .

Izvi ndizvo zvakaita sora iri
Uye saka - 'castor nuts'

Saka, %username%, haufe wakaona castor cake, nekuti ichepfu yehungwaru uye iri pasi pekuverengera kwakasimba uye kuraswa. Glycoprotein ricin, inowanikwa mumhodzi dzebhinzi, ndiyo muchetura wechirimwa une simba kupfuura mamwe pasi rose, kunze kwekunge uchiverenga algae sezvirimwa. Ricin ine 6 zviuru zvakapetwa kane chepfu kupfuura potassium cyanide. Iyo nzira yehupfu mhedzisiro yericin yakanaka zvakare: inhibition yeprotein synthesis ne ribosomes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, izvi zvidiki zvinhu zvemukati zvinogadzira zvese uye kuita maseru anobatsira anongoerekana amira kushanda. Kwese kwese. Uku kuramwa kwemagetsi.

Muchokwadi, kurova kunozviratidza seizvi: kusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa uye kupisa mugurokuro uye mudumbu, manyoka, kutemwa nemusoro, hope, anuria, leukocytosis, agglutination yemasero matsvuku eropa (ino ndipo painonamatira pamwe chete uye inonaya zvakananga muropa. tsinga dzeropa nemoyo) - uyezve kudonha nekufa. Zviri nyore.

Sezvo chidimbu chidiki chericin chakaenzana nemusoro wepini chichikwana kuuraya munhu mukuru, zvinonzwisisika kuti vanhu vakafarira zvikuru uye kushandiswa kwericin sechombo chekuparadza kukuru kwakaongororwa nemadhipatimendi emauto enyika dzakasiyana-siyana kutanga kubva. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nekudaro, nekuda kwehuwandu hwekukanganisa, chinhu ichi hachina kumbogamuchirwa sevhisi.

Zvisinei, ricin yakawana kushandiswa pakati pemasangano ehungwaru. Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakurumbira zvikuru chinosanganisira kushandiswa kwericin kwaiva kupondwa kwemupikisi wokuBulgaria, Georgiy Markov, uyo akaiswa muchetura muna 1978 nejekiseni rine amburera yakanyatsogadzirwa. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, chombo chemhondi chakanga chiri pfuti yemhepo yaipfura microcapsule yaiva ne ricin uye yakave yakavharwa seamburera. Chiyero chakapiwa Markov chakanga chisingapfuuri 450 mcg (kana 0,45 milligrams).

Kureruka kwekuwana chepfu iyi kwaita kuti iwanikwe kumapoka emagandanga. Nokudaro, muna 2001, pepanhau rakashuma kuwanikwa kwemirairo yekugadzirwa kwericin panzvimbo yakaparadzwa yeAl-Qaeda muKabul. Muna 2003, huwandu hwericin hwakawanikwa mumagandanga muLondon; mitsetse yericin yakawanikwa muchivharo chekuchengetera zvinhu paGare de Lyon muParis].

Muna 2013, vanhu vakati wandei vekuMississippi vakasungwa nemhosva yekuyedza kutumira matsamba aive nericin kumutungamiri weAmerica, VaBarack Obama, nevamwe vanoremekedzwa vekuAmerica. Nokudaro, muna May wegore rimwe chetero, meya weNew York City akatumirwa tsamba inotyisidzira ine ricin, sezvingabvira mumhinduro kumibato yesangano ravose “Mayors Against Illegal Weapons.”

Mutambi Shannon Richardson akazopomerwa mhosva kuTexas achipomerwa mhosva yekutumira matsamba aive nemuchetura unouraya kune vezvematongerwo enyika vekuAmerica. Zvinoshamisa kuti, mutsara weRussia hauna kucherechedzwa pano, uye saka munhu wese akafinhwa uye nyaya yacho yakakanganwika.

Nzvimbo yechitatu

Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvesora, rangarira nezve algae. Uye ini handisi kutaura pamusoro peavo vanonamatira kumakumbo ako paunenge uchishambira - kunyange zvazvo zvinonyangadza zvokuti zvakaipisisa kupfuura chero chepfu (mumaonero angu). Aiwa, ndiri kutaura nezvemarara madiki akadaro, ayo anoti: "gungwa ratumbuka!" Avo vachiri kupenya usiku, semuenzaniso, seizvi:


Zvakanaka, zvakanaka, ndinoreurura, ndakaseka, kunyange zvishoma gare gare zvichava pachena kuti Cherenkov radiation haina kuipa.
Algae inopenya seizvi

Iyi crap idiki, asi pane yakawanda. Iye anenge ari pasi pechikafu chenyika yemvura. Ndiani anotomuona?

Uye pasina.

Algae yemhando yepamusoro inonzi dinoflagellates uye blue-green algae. Uye kunyanya:

1. Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. Blue-green algae Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Idzi shamwari dzese dzinoburitsa runyoro rwechepfu dzinozivikanwa sezvimwe zvezvinhu zvine chepfu zvakanyanya pasi pano. Ndichadoma nekutsanangura dzakanyanya kunaka.

Maitotoxin

Yakagadzirwa nevagari nhamba 1 mune runyorwa rwuri pamusoro. Ndiwo muchetura weboka rebrevetoxins: ingangoita 0,2 mcg/kg inokwana kuti mhuri yako iwane inishuwarenzi zvechokwadi. Iyo nzira yekuita inokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwemagetsi-gated Ca channels, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweCa2 + mukati memasero etsinga, kusunungurwa kweacetylcholine muropa uye inochengetedza postsynaptic depolarization. Muchidimbu - kuoma mitezo ine simba uye isingachinjiki.

Iyo maytotoxin molecule pachayo igadziriro ye32 yakasanganiswa kabhoni mhete. Ndiyo imwe yemamorekuru makuru uye akaoma kunzwisisa asiri mapuroteni anogadzirwa nechinhu chipenyu. Ndinovimba izvi zvinokuunzira imwe nyaradzo kana ikapinda mukati mako.

Ah hongu, ini ndapotsa ndakanganwa, ruzivo rwepiquant: kuve mumiriri webrevetoxins, maytotoxin, isati yakonzera kupera simba kwetsandanyama uye kusungwa kwekufema, zvinokupa kumedzerera mate, mhino yakakomba uye defecation yega. Muchidimbu, hazvibviri kugamuchira rufu neruremekedzo.

Saxitoxin

Yakagadzirwa nenhamba dzeboka revagari nhamba 2 ne3 mune runyorwa rwuri pamusoro. Kwete inotonhorera uye yakanaka se maytotoxin, asi kwete zvishoma misanthropic: kudya 2 mcg / kg kuchaita kuti vanhu vese vakusuwe. Iyo nzira yekuita yesaxitoxin kuvharika kwevoltage-gated sodium chiteshi mutsinga fibers. Izvi zvinovharira kufamba kwetsinga uye zvinokonzeresa kuoma mitezo.

Saxitoxin inonakidza nekuti zita rayo rakabatana nezita remamoluska anodyiwa eiyo genus Saxidomus, ayo anonziwo "Washington clams" uye "butter clams" ("Washington clams" uye "butter clam" kana zvisiri mumaonero edu). Zvakanaka, kubva pazita zviri pachena kuti vanhu vanofarira kuvadya kupi. Saka, izvi zvisikwa zvinoyevedza zvinoda kudya algae, uye kana paine yakawanda panguva yekukurumidza kubereka ("mafungu matsvuku"), inofunga kuunganidza chepfu mukati mavo. Handizive kuti sei: unogona kufunga nezve shanduko, nezve kuwedzera kuramba - asi algae chepfu inoshanda chaizvo pamhuka dzine ropa rinodziya - uye kwete zvakanyanya pane dzinotonhora-dzine ropa. Kunyanya yehove.

Muchidimbu: wadya chikafu chemugungwa panguva yemafungu matsvuku, unogona kuzviita chikafu chako chekupedzisira.

Zviripachena kuti Iyo Yakanyanya Democracy Country Munyika haigone kufuratira kuwanikwa kwakadaro, uye saka saxitoxin inoonekwa sechinhu chekushandisa sechombo chemakemikari uye yakanyorwa seTZ muUS mauto.

Microcystin-LR

Kemikari, microcystin-LR ndeye cyclic heptapeptide. Kureva kuti, aya maamino acids manomwe akabata ruoko ndokuruka kutamba kunonaka kudai. Nenzira, imwe yacho yakasarudzika β-amino acid; kazhinji mumapeptides ese amino acids ari alpha. Yakanaka here? Aihwa? Zvakanaka, zvakanaka!

Microcystin-LR inongova yakashata pane ese mamicrocystins anogadzirwa neblue-green algae. Uye vane zvakawanda zvavo, nditende! Microcystin inhibits basa reprotein phosphatase type 1 uye mhando 2A (PP1 uye PP2A) mu cytoplasm yemasero echiropa. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukuwedzera kweprotein phosphorylation mumasero echiropa, ayo akavimbika anokotamisa iyi nhengo inokosha. Asi - chii chinokosha! - inokotamira mukuona.

Hapana akambotaura huturu hwenguva pfupi kubva ku microcystins. Zvisinei, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinetso zvechiropa-kusanganisira kenza yechiropa-inofungidzirwa kuti yakabatana neimwe nzira kune chisingagumi blue-green algae poisoning. WHO, kunyanya, iri kunetseka zvikuru.

Nechikonzero ichi kuti vahwina vatatu mugwara redu rekurova vakawanikwa nehupfu hwemaalgae madiki asi anodada kwazvo, ayo anga aneta nehupenyu hwese uhu.

Nzvimbo yechipiri

VX

Vanhu vakambogara pasi pamarara uye vakafunga: kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana, zvinhu zvinonakidza zvakatenderedza zvinogona kutikuvadza munzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana. Nei tanyanya kuipa?

Uye yakabuda.

Kubva kutanga kwema1950, nhamba yeO,S-esters yephosphoric acid ine dialkylaminoethylthio boka yakadzidzwa muUK. Chinangwa chaive chakanaka: mishonga mitsva yezvipembenene yakanga ichigadzirwa. Asi kamwe kamwe zvakazoitika kuti zvinokonzeresa makomisheni, anonzi phosphorylthiocholines, ane muchetura zvakanyanya kumhuka dzine ropa rinodziya. Zviri pachena kuti musoro wezvipembenene wakabva wangove usingafadze kumunhu wese - uye nyanzvi chaidzo dzakadzika kubhizinesi.

Nyanzvi dzakadzidzira zvishoma pakitsi uye dzakaona kuti yakanga isiri phosphates, asi alkylphosphone analogues ephosphorothiocholines akagadzira gehena rakanyanyisa. IU.SA, Great Britain, Netherlands neCanada vakauya kuzonunura uye vakagadzira kirasi itsva yemakomponi inonzi V-gases. VX ndiye mumiriri wavo ane muchetura.

VX ndicho chinhu chine muchetura chati chambogadzirwa kuti chishandiswe muzvombo zvemakemikari. Kufanana nezvose zvakafanana organophosphate chepfu zvinhu, VX is acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: inosarudzika inhibita iyi enzyme, iyo inokonzeresa iyo hydrolysis yeacetylcholine, murevereri wekushushikana kwekutya. Hydrolysis yeacetylcholine mumuviri une hutano inoitika nguva dzose uye inofanirwa kumisa kutapurirana kwetsinga, izvo zvinobvumira tsandanyama kudzokera kune imwe nzvimbo yekuzorora. Phosphorylated cholinesterase, iyo inoumbwa panguva yeVX chepfu, kusiyana neacetylated imwe, inhengo yakagadzikana uye haiiti inongoerekana yaita hydrolysis. Nokudaro, kuparadzwa kweacetylcholine molecules kunodziviswa uye inoramba iine simba rinoramba riripo pane cholinergic receptors. Izvi zvinotungamira kune generalized overexcitation yecholinergic receptors, kutanga ichikonzera kunakidzwa kwakasimba uyezve kuremara kwekushanda kwenhengo nematishu. Panyaya iyi, zviratidzo zvikuru zveVX poisoning zvinogona kududzirwa sechiratidziro chekuwedzera, kusina kukodzera kwemuviri, basa rehuwandu hwezvivako uye nhengo, iyo inopiwa neacetylcholine mediation. Chokutanga pane zvose, aya masero etsinga, mhasuru dzakatsetseka uye dzakatsetseka, pamwe chete nematumbu akasiyana-siyana.

Zviratidzo zvekukuvadza: 1-2 maminitsi - constriction yevadzidzi; 2-4 maminitsi - kutuka, salivation; 5-10 maminitsi - kudengenyeka, kuora mitezo, spasms; 10-15 maminitsi - rufu.

Kuvanhu, LD50 dermal = 100 mcg/kg, nemuromo = 70 mcg/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, nepo nguva yekuita kwakadzikama ndeye 5-10 maminetsi. Miosis inoitika pamusangano we 0,0001 mg / l mushure meminiti 1.

Hongu, ndizvozvo - muverengi akanyatsoona akanyatsoona izwi rekuti "dermal": VX ine yakanyanya ganda-resorptive toxicity kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvine muchetura zvine phosphorus. Ganda rechiso nemutsipa rinonyanya kunetseka nemigumisiro yeVX. Zviratidzo zvekushandiswa kwedermal zvinokura mukati meawa 1 kusvika makumi maviri nemana, asi kana VX ikasangana nemiromo kana ganda rakatyoka, kutanga kwechiito kunokurumidza. Chiratidzo chekutanga chekugadzirisa kuburikidza neganda chinogona kunge chisiri miosis, asi zviduku zviduku zvinoputika panzvimbo yekubatana neVX, inoteverwa nemakumbo, kushaya simba kwemhasuru uye kuoma mitezo.

Iyo chepfu mhedzisiro yeVX kuburikidza neganda inogona kukwidziridzwa nezvinhu zvisiri izvo pachazvo asi zvinokwanisa kutakura chepfu kupinda mumuviri. Inonyanya kushanda pakati payo dimethyl sulfoxide uye N, N-dimethylamide yepalmitic acid. Unofungei, %username%, pave nebasa rakaitwa kana musanganiswa ungashandisa ichi chivakwa chinoshamisa? Prralna!

VX inobata miviri yemvura yakavhurika kwenguva yakareba - kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu. Zvakanaka, zvivakwa uye, kazhinji, zvese zvakamira zvakatenderedza, zvakasvibiswa neVX madonhwe, zvinounza njodzi muzhizha kwemazuva 6-1, munguva yechando - 3-30 mazuva. Kazhinji, kusimba kweVX pasi (ganda-resorptive effect): muzhizha - kubva pamazuva manomwe kusvika ku60, munguva yechando - kwenguva yose isati yatanga kupisa.

Uye uri kutaura nezve nyukireya yechando ...

Nyika inoziva nyaya dzinoverengeka dzekushandisa VX.

• Muna December 1994 naJanuary 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, mutezo wesekete rorudzidziso reJapan Aum Shinrikyo, pamirayiro yomutungamiriri wesekete Shoko Asahara, akabatanidza magiramu 100 kusvikira ku200 eVX, iyo yakashandiswa kuuraya vanhu vatatu. Vaviri vakaiswa muchetura asi havana kufa. Mumwe weavo vakapinzwa muchetura, murume ane makore makumi maviri nemasere, akafa, achive wekutanga VX akabatwa akambonyorwa pasi. Murume anonzi Asahara aifungidzirwa kuva mutengesi akarwiswa na28:7 mangwanani musi waDecember 00, 12, mumugwagwa muOsaka. Varwi vakamwaya VX muhuro pahuro. Murume ane chepfu akavadzingirira kwemamita angangoita zana vasati vadonha; akafa mazuva gumi gare gare, asina kubuda pakoma yakadzika. Vanachiremba pakutanga vaifungidzira kuti akanga aiswa chepfu neimwe mhando yemishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organophosphorus, asi chikonzero chechokwadi chekufa chakangowanikwa mushure mekunge nhengo dzechitendero dzakasungwa nekuda kwekubhomba kwepasi peTokyo ndokureurura kuponda. Mwedzi minomwe mushure mekuuraya, VX metabolites yakadai se ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid uye diisopropyl-1994-(methylthio) ethylamine yakaonekwa mumasampuli eropa remunhu akabatwa. Kusiyana nesarin, VX haina kushandiswa nechitendero chekuuraya vanhu vakawanda (sechiitiko cheMatsumoto uye kurwisa kwepasi peTokyo).
• Musi waFebruary 13, 2017, Kim Jong Nam, munun'una waKim Jong-un, mutongi weDPRK, akaurayiwa nerubatsiro rweVX. Humhondi hwakaitika munzvimbo yekusimuka yeairport yepasi rose muKuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Vakadzi vaviri vaibatanidzwa mukuponda. Imwe yakadzongonyedza kutarisisa kwaKim Jong Nam, ukuwo mumwe akakanda hengechepfu yakanyikwa muchetura kumeso kwake nechekumashure. Takarwadziwa, vakamuendesa kuchipatara, asi akafira munzira.

Zvakanaka, semazuva ese, vanhu pavakasvika pakupengenuka uye voziva zvayakanga yagadzira, pakava nekudzokera shure. V-magasi anorambidzwa ne1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, zvichireva kuti haigone kugadzirwa uye masheya aripo anofanira kuparadzwa. Asi pane nuances.

• Russia neUnited States chete ndivo vanobvuma kuve vaine kana kuve nematura eV-gasi, asi dzimwe nyika dzinotendwa kuti dzine imwe chepfu iyi.
• Musi waGunyana 27, 2017, nhepfenyuro yeRussia yakashuma kuparadzwa zvachose kweRussia mirwi yezvombo zvemakemikari, kusanganisira VX. Hapana akazvitenda.
• Cindy Westergaard, nyanzvi yezvombo zvemakemikari uye mukuru paStimson Center, anoti Iraq "yakanyatso gadzira VX" muma1980, asi hapana humbowo hwekushandiswa kwayo. Munhu wose akazvitenda. Nenzira, VX parizvino ichiri kuwanikwa muUS arsenals (chiuto mamaki zvindori zvitatu zvakasvibira zvine zvakanyorwa VX-GAS). Asi hapana ane hanya nazvo.
• North Korea, pamwe neEgypt neSouth Sudan, haisati yambosaina kana kubvumidza Chemical Weapons Convention.

Uye pakarepo - mazwi mashomanana pamusoro peNovichok.

Boka rekubatanidza 'Novichok'

Itsika kushamwaridzana ne "Novichok":

• A-230: N-(methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (pamufananidzo uri kuruboshwe), inoomesa nechando mukutonhora;
• A-232: N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (inoratidzwa kurudyi), yakagadzirwa uye yakaedzwa kuti ishandiswe semushonga wehondo yemakemikari;
• A-234: N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine, yakafanana nemafuta anozora uye isingaparadziri nemhepo, inobata muviri paunosangana neganda, yakagadzikana uye inopesana nemamiriro ekunze. .

Aive makomponi aya akaunzwa naViktor Kholstov, nhengo yenhumwa yeRussia pa57th uye 59th Sessions ye Executive Committee yeSangano Rokurambidzwa kweChemical Weapons; zvisinei, mhuri pachayo ine anopfuura makumi matanhatu makomisheni akafanana.

Pane pfungwa yokuti Novichok ine chepfu kupfuura VX, asi hapana nhamba inopiwa kune chepfu doses. Mumashoko, Novichok iri 5-10 nguva yakawanda chepfu.

Muchokwadi, kune zvakawanda zvakasviba zvemukati munyaya iyi zvekuti inokodzera neyayo chinyorwa. Ndizivise mumashoko, %username%.

Zvichakadaro...

Tine mukundi! Nzvimbo yekutanga

Pfungwa dzekubvunza dzeHomo sapiens hadzina kudzikama mushure mekuwanikwa kweVX. Mushure mezvose, muchokwadi, chinhu chakawanikwa chinogona kusvibisa zvese zvakaipisisa kupfuura kuputika kweatomu - asi ko kana zvese izvi zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete?

Zvakanaka, mazwi mashoma nezve radiation.

Vanhu vanoziva akati wandei marudzi emwaranzi. Mumutauro wakapfava uye unosvikika, izvi zvinoitika:

1. Radiation inokonzerwa nemafotoni - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Radiation inokonzerwa nemaerekitironi - beta
3. Radiation inokonzerwa nekutanga particles - neutrons, protons
4. Radiation inokonzerwa nezvikamu zvakakura - alpha

Kana iwe, mudikani %username%, uchida kuburitsa pea, bhora retenisi, basketball uye pondo yehuremu, chii chingaita kuti uwedzere kugumbuka? Zvakafanana nemwaranzi - iyo inorema, iyo inonyanya kurwadza. Zvakanaka, zvakajeka kuti zvinhu zvose zvinoenderana nekukurumidza.

Muchokwadi, kukuvadza kubva kune alpha particles kwakanyanya - ndosaka kune alpha zvimedu mhando yemhando iri makumi maviri uye izvi zvinoreva kuti nehuwandu hwakaenzana hwemwaranzi simba rinotorwa pachiyero chechikamu chenhengo kana tishu, iyo biological mhedzisiro yealpha particles. richava rakasimba zvakapetwa kamakumi maviri kupfuura simba remwaranzi ye gamma.

Sezvineiwo, ma alpha particles anorema uye anodhumhana uye anodyidzana zvakanyanya nezvese zvekuti haapindi kuburikidza nekeratinized ganda zvidimbu. Asi…
Polonium-210

Iko hakuna polonium-210 yakachena munyika, kunyange zvazvo inowanikwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu muuranium yose uye thorium ores. Mune chimiro chayo chakachena chinowanikwa chakagadzirwa. Kunyanya, vakarigamuchira. Sezvinoratidzwa neruzivo, zvivakwa zvepolonium-210 hazvifadze vanhu, kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete:

• Polonium-210 mune alloys ane beryllium uye boron yakashandiswa kugadzira compact uye ine simba kwazvo manyuturoni masosi anoburitsa chero γ-mwaranzi. Nekudaro, ikozvino niche iyi yakagarwa zvakasimba necalifornium.
• Nzvimbo yakakosha yekunyorera polonium-210 ndiko kushandiswa kwayo muchimiro chealloys ine lead, yttrium, kana yakazvimiririra yekugadzirwa kweane simba uye akanyanya compact ekupisa masosi ekuisa kuzvimiririra, semuenzaniso, munzvimbo. Imwe cubic centimita yepolonium-210 inoburitsa inenge 1320 W yekupisa. Iri simba rakakwirira kwazvo; rinounza nyore polonium munzvimbo yakanyungudutswa, ndosaka yakasanganiswa, semuenzaniso, nemutobvu. Kunyangwe ma alloys aya aine simba rakaderera rinooneka (150 W/cm³), achiri nyore kushandisa uye akachengeteka, sezvo polonium-210 inoburitsa ingangoita maalpha particles, uye kugona kwavo kupinda uye kureba kwekufamba muzvinhu zvakakora zvishoma. Semuenzaniso, Soviet self-propelled motokari yeLunokhod space program yakashandisa polonium heater kupisa chikamu chechiridzwa. Asi iyo USSR haichipo, chirongwa chemwedzi zvakare, uye kupisa imba kwakachipa zvishoma pane polonium.
• Polonium-210 yaiwanzoshandiswa kuita ionize magasi (kunyanya mweya). Semuenzaniso, yakawedzerwa kune electrode alloys yemotokari spark plugs kuderedza spark voltage. Izvi hazviitwe ikozvino, kunyangwe, semuenzaniso, kune chaiyo optics, mabhurashi ekubvisa guruva anogadzirwa mune iyo miniti yakawanda yepolonium inounzwa. Ichokwadi, kwete muRussia - polonium inorambidzwa zvachose pano, asi muU.SA mabhurashi akadaro anogona kutengwa uye obva akandwa mumarara.
• Polonium-210 inogona kushanda mualloy ine mwenje isotope yelithium (6Li) sechinhu chinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kwehuremu hwechaji yenyukireya uye kushanda serudzi rwechiputi chenyukireya. Uye zvakare, polonium yakakodzera kugadzira compact "mabhomba akasviba" uye yakanakira kutakura yakavanzika, sezvo isingabudise gamma radiation. Iyo isotopu inoburitsa gamma rays ine simba re803 keV ine goho rekuora re 0,001% chete - zvinoenderana nedosimeter, isotopu inenge yakachengeteka. Asi kuyera alpha radiation, iwe unoda imwe yakakomba mudziyo. BINGO!

Polonium-210 ine muchetura zvakanyanya, radiotoxic uye carcinogenic, ine hafu yehupenyu hwemazuva 138 nemaawa mapfumbamwe. Mazuva ese aya nemaawa, ma alpha particles akasimba ari kubhururuka kubva pairi: chiitiko chayo chaicho (9 TBq / g) chakakwira zvekuti haugone kuitora nemaoko ako, sezvo mhedzisiro ichave kukuvara kwemwaranzi paganda uye, pamwe, muviri wese: polonium inopinda nyore nyore kuburikidza neganda. Kazhinji, ma alpha particles ane simba rakadaro anobhururuka asingasviki 166 cm mumhepo, asi iyi haisi sarudzo yehasha polonium: inosanganiswa nekuzvipisa uye inoshanduka kuita aerosol state.

Uye chii chinoitika kumuviri wako apo polonium-210 inopa hupenyu inopinda mairi - zvakakosha here kutaurira? Muchokwadi, atomu yega yega inorova yemukati nyoro yepingi tishu inopatsanura uye inobhomba zvese zviri padyo nealpha particles. Masero. Mvura. DNA uye RNA mamorekuru. Zvese izvi zvinodonha Mwari vanoziva chii - uye iwe unotora zvese zvinofadza zvechirwere cheradiation mukunzwisisa kwayo kwakaipisisa.

Polonium-210 ine 4 trillion yakapetwa ine chepfu kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Maererano nenyanzvi, chirwere chinouraya chepolonium-210 kumunhu mukuru chinofungidzirwa kubva pa 0,6-2 mcg apo isotopu inopinda mumuviri kuburikidza nemapapu, kusvika ku6-18 mcg painopinda mumuviri kuburikidza negumbo rekudya.

Nhoroondo inoziva zviitiko zviviri zvepolonium-210 chepfu. Zvose zvinotendwa zvakadaro.

• Kufa kwaAlexander Litvinenko muna 2006, uyo akafa semugumisiro wepolonium-210 chepfu. Nenzira, pakutanga yakatendwa kuti akanga ane chepfu nethallium. Musi waNovember 24, masayendisiti kubva kuBritish Health Agency (BHA) akazivisa kuti Litvinenko akafa nekusvibiswa kweradioactive. Sekureva kwaRoger Cox, mukuru weBAZ Center for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, ongororo dzeweti dzakaburitsa maratidziro anokonzerwa nemwaranzi. sezvaitarisirwa, polonium-210. Akataurawo kuti mune zviduku zvishoma Po-210 inowedzera njodzi yeakaipa neoplasms, uye muhuwandu hunovhiringidza basa remapfupa emapfupa, digestive system uye dzimwe nhengo dzinokosha.
• Polonium yakawanikwa mumidziyo yaYasser Arafat, akafa muna 2004. Mutumbi wakafukunurwa. Pakutanga, rutivi rweSwitzerland rwekomisheni yepasi rose yakasimbisa chokwadi chehupfu hwepolonium. Zvisinei, gare gare akabvumirana nemhedziso dzemativi eRussia neFrance kuti pakanga pasina humbowo hwechepfu.

Nenzira, pane lite vhezheni yepolonium-210 - iyi protactinium-231. Neiyo nzira imwechete (kuora kwealpha), hafu yehupenyu hweprotactinium inosvika makore 32480, uye saka haina njodzi: haina kupisa, haina radioactive, uye saka ingori 250 miriyoni yakawedzera chepfu. kupfuura hydrocyanic acid. Haisi-inoputika, haina kunyura kuburikidza neganda - kana ichienzaniswa nepolonium inoratidzika kunge isina urombo, uye naizvozvo iyo yakanyanya kuchengeteka (pano ndakanyemwerera nehutsinye hwakanyanya) huwandu hweprotactinium pakupinda mumuviri wemunhu 0,5 mcg. Ichokwadi, mumuviri womunhu protactinium-231 inowanzounganidza muitsvo nemapfupa - uye kugara ipapo kwenguva yakareba, ichipisa muviri kubva mukati. Saka unotofanira kufa.

VOSE!

Saka tapedza chikamu chetatu chekuziva kwedu, %username%.

Ndinovimba wakaverenga zvese kusvika kumagumo uye uchine simba rekudzvanya bhatani rekuvhota kuti tione kuti kuzivana kwedu kuchaenderera mberi here.

Uye inenge yechitanhatu mangwanani, nguva yekurara.

Ndichiri kukushuvira iwe hutano uye hushoma chepfu muhupenyu!

Ndini Rufu, muparadzi mukuru wenyika.

- Mitsetse kubva kuBhagavad Gita yakadzokororwa naRobert Oppenheimer panguva yekutanga kuputika kwenyukireya pedyo neAlamogordo munaChikunguru 16, 1945.

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.

Zvakakodzera here kuenderera mberi?

• Rega kuseka pfungwa dzangu kare!

• Ndiani anotoverenga izvi zvisina musoro pawebhusaiti yeIT?

• Inwa chepfu!

• Nyora nezve Yellow Rain uye Agent Orange.

• Nyora nezveNovichok.

6 vashandisi vakavhota. 3 vashandisi vakaramba.

Source: www.habr.com