Muchetura muduku unotyisa

Mhoro zvakare, %username%!

Ndinotenda kune wese akatenda my opus "The most terrible poisons".

Zvainakidza kuverenga zvakataurwa, chero zvazvaive, zvainakidza kupindura.

Ndinofara kuti wakafarira hit parade. Kana ndakanga ndisingazvifariri, zvakanaka, ndakaita zvose zvandaigona.

Ndiwo mashoko nekuita zvakandikurudzira kunyora chikamu chechipiri.

Saka, ndinopa kwamuri mamwe gumi anouraya!

Nzvimbo yegumi

Chena

Hongu, ndinoziva, %username%, kuti ikozvino iwe unobva wadaidzira: "Kurumidza, pakupedzisira chlorine, huru uye inotyisa!" Asi hazvina kudaro.

Chekutanga, bleach haina chlorine, asi sodium hypochlorite. Hongu, inopedzisira yaputsika kuita chlorine, asi haisati iri chlorine.

Chechipiri, zvisinei nekuti chlorine yaive yekutanga makemikari ehondo munhoroondo yehupenyu hwevanhu (yakatanga kushandiswa muna 1915 panguva yeHondo yeYpres - hongu, ndizvozvo, kwete gasi remasitadhi, kunyangwe ndiko kunobva zita) , pakarepo "kwete ngatiende."

Dambudziko nderekuti munhu anonhuwa chlorine nguva refu asati aiswa muchetura. Uye anotiza pave paya.

Zvitongere iwe pachako: kunhuwa kweklorini kuchanzwika nemunhu chero upi zvake asina sinusitis pa 0,1-0,3 ppm (kunyange vachitaura kuti inoputikawo kuburikidza ne sinusitis). Mushonga we1-3 ppm unowanzo kushivirira kweawa imwe chete - isingatsungirike inopisa manzwiro mumaziso inotungamira kune pfungwa dzekuti une zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha zvekuita, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, kure kure nepano. Pa 30 ppm, misodzi ichayerera pakarepo (uye kwete muawa), uye chikosoro chinoputika chichaonekwa. Pa40-60 ppm, matambudziko nemapapu anotanga.

Kugara mumhepo ine chlorine concentration ye400 ppm kwehafu yeawa kunouraya. Zvakanaka, kana maminetsi mashoma - pakusangana kwe1000 ppm.

MuHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, vakatora mukana wekuti chlorine inorema zvishoma kudarika zvakapetwa kaviri semhepo - uye saka vakairega ichibhururuka nepakati pebani, ichiputa muvengi kubva mumakomba. Uye ikoko vakanga vatotora mafirimu mune yakanaka yekare uye yakaedzwa uye yakaedzwa nzira.

Ehe, kana ukashanda munzvimbo yekugadzira chlorine uye vakakusungirira ipapo padyo netangi rechlorine, pane chikonzero chekunetseka. Asi iwe haufanirwe kutarisira kuti iwe uchave uine chepfu neklorini paunenge uchigeza chimbuzi kana nekuda kwe electrolysis yemvura yemunyu.

Ehe, hongu, kana uchiri rombo rakashata, ndapota cherechedza: hapana mushonga weklorini; mushonga wacho mweya mutsva. Zvakanaka, uye kudzorerwa kwenyama yakatsva, hongu.

nzvimbo yepfumbamwe

Vitamin A - kana, mune yakafanana parlance, retinol

Munhu wose anoyeuka mavitamini. Zvakanaka, kubatsirwa kwavo. Vamwe vanhu vanovhiringidza doro uye kusvuta nemavhithamini, asi ndizvo zvazviri.

Sevana, vanambuya vese vakavaudza kuti vadye maapuro nemakarotsi. Akandiudza. Ini ndaingoda iyo yekare yeSoviet karoti puree mune izvo zvirongo zvidiki!

Asi usapesanisa iyo inotyisa retinol neakasikwa carotene (ichi ndicho chinowanikwa mumelon uye karoti): nekunyanyisa kudyiwa kwecarotenes, kutsvuka kwemaoko, pasi petsoka uye mucous membranes zvinogoneka (nenzira, izvi zvakaitika ini semwana!), asi kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma hapana zviratidzo zvekudhakwa zvinoonekwa.

Saka, iyo LD50 ye retinol i2 g/kg mumakonzo akaidya. Tichifunga kuti vhitamini inonyungudika nemafuta, kana iwe ukadya mamwe mafuta, iwe uchawana zvishoma. Makonzo acho akatadza kuziva, akagwinha-gwinha, uye akafa.

Muvanhu, zviitiko zvainyanya kunakidza: chiyero chevhitamini A che25 IU/kg chinokonzera chepfu yakakomba, uye kushandiswa kwemazuva ese kwe000 IU/kg kwemwedzi 4000-6 kunokonzera chepfu chisingaperi (kureva: vanachiremba vakaoma kwazvo. vanhu kuti vanzwisise, uye izvi kwete chete nekuda kwerunyoro - vanoverenga vhitamini A muIU - zvikamu zvekurapa; imwe IU unit yakatorwa ne15 mcg yeretinol).

Chepfu muvanhu inoratidzirwa nezviratidzo zvinotevera: kuzvimba kwekonea, kurasikirwa nechido, kusvotwa, chiropa chinowedzera, kurwadziwa pamwe chete. Chisingaperi vhitamini A chepfu inoitika nekugara uchishandiswa kweyakakwira dosi yevhitamini uye yakawanda yemafuta ehove.

Mhosva dzehupfu hwakanyanya nemhedzisiro inouraya zvinogoneka kana uchidya chiropa che shark, polar bere, mhuka dzegungwa, kana huskies (usatambudzi imbwa!). Vanhu vokuEurope vave vachiona izvi kubvira munenge muna 1597, apo nhengo dzerwendo rwechitatu rwaBarents dzakarwara zvakakomba pashure pokudya chiropa chebheya.

Iyo yakaoma fomu yechepfu inozviratidza muchimiro chekugwinha uye kuoma mitezo. Mune chimiro chisingaperi chekuwedzeredza, intracranial pressure inowedzera, iyo inoperekedzwa nemusoro, kusvotwa, uye kurutsa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuzvimba kwemacula uye kukanganiswa kwekuona kwakabatana kunoitika. Hemorrhages inooneka, pamwe chete nezviratidzo zvehepato- uye nephrotoxic zvinokonzerwa nehombe huru yevhitamini A. Kuputsika kwemapfupa ega kunogona kuitika. Kuwedzerwa kwevhitamini A kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwekuberekwa uye naizvozvo haifaniri kudarika inokurudzirwa kudya kwemazuva ose, uye zviri nani kuti urege kuitora zvachose kune vakadzi vane pamuviri.

Kuti abvise chepfu, mannitol inorayirwa, iyo inoderedza intracranial pressure uye inobvisa zviratidzo zve meningism, glucocorticoids, iyo inokurumidzira metabolism yevhitamini muchiropa uye inodzikamisa membrane ye lysosomes muchiropa neitsvo. Vitamin E zvakare inodzikamisa cell membranes.

Saka, %username%, yeuka: hazvisi zvese zvine hutano zvine hutano muhuwandu hukuru.

Nzvimbo yechisere

Iron

Simbi inopinda muuropi zvechokwadi ine chepfu, zvisinei izvi hazvina kururama.

Asi zvakakomba, mamiriro ane iron ari padyo neiyo ine vhitamini A.

Vamwe vanhu vanorayirwa simbi kuti vabvise iron inoshaya anemia. Ambuya vangu vasingakanganwiki vaigara vachiraira kudya maapuro - ane iron yakawanda (uye munhu wese anoziva iyi jee rendebvu).

Pakutanga, vaidya simbi mupfungwa chaiyo - mumufananidzo uri pamusoro apa pane carbonyl iron - saka vakaidya: dumbu rakazara nehydrochloric acid, saka simbi yakasvibiswa yakanyungudutswa ipapo uye yakanga yakakwana.

Vakabva vatanga kunyora ma iron sulfates nema iron lactates. Chinhu chinosekesa pamusoro pesimbi ndechekuti inofanirwa kuve yakasarudzika: muviri haugone kushivirira ferric iron, kunze kweiyo, inonaya nerufaro pa pH iri pamusoro pe4.

7-35 g yesimbi ichanyatso kukutumira iwe, % username%, kune inotevera nyika. Uye ikozvino handisi kutaura nezvechinhu chesimbi chakaiswa panzvimbo chaiyo mumuviri - ndiri kutaura nezvesimbi yemunyu. Nevana zvakatonyanya kuoma (vana vanogara vakaoma): 3 magiramu esimbi inouraya vana vari pasi pemakore matatu. Nenzira, maererano nenhamba, iyi ndiyo nzira yakajairika yenjodzi yehucheche chepfu.

Kuita kwesimbi yakawandisa kwakada kufanana neheavy metal chepfu (uye, nenzira, inobatwa nenzira dzakafanana. Simbi inogona kuungana mumuviri, sesimbi inorema - asi ine zvimwe zvirwere zvenhaka uye zvisingaperi kana nekuwedzera kudyiwa kubva. kunze.Vanhu vane iron yakawandisa vanotambura nekushaya simba mumuviri, kuonda, kurwara kakawanda.Panguva imwecheteyo, kubvisa iron yakawandisa kazhinji kwakaoma zvakanyanya pane kubvisa kushomeka kwayo.

Muchepfu yesimbi yakaoma, mucosa yemukati inokuvadzwa, kukundikana kwechiropa kunokura, uye kusvotwa uye kurutsa kunoitika. Manyoka uye anonzi "black stools" akajairika - unowana zano. Kana iwe ukairega ichienda - maitiro akaoma ekukuvara kwechiropa, coma, kusangana nehama dzakafa kwenguva refu.

Nzvimbo yechinomwe

Aspirin

Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, iye zvino ndinoyeuka mafirimu ose eAmerica umo vatambi, kana vaine musoro, vanongodya mapepa emapiritsi. Mwari!

Acetylsalicylic acid kana aspirin - sekudanwa kwayakaitwa naFelix Hoffman, akagadzira chigadzirwa chinopa hupenyu ichi mumarabhoritari eBayer AG musi wa10 Nyamavhuvhu 1897, ane LD50 mumakonzo e200 mg/kg. Hongu, izvi zvakawanda, haugone kudya mapiritsi akawanda, asi semushonga chero upi zvawo, aspirin ine mhedzisiro. Uye ivo vari-saizvozvo: matambudziko ane gastrointestinal turakiti uye kuzvimba kwenyama. Nekudaro, kana iwe uchinyatsowana yakakwana yeAspirin, zvino nekunyanyisa kuwandisa (ino ndipo kana imwe nguva - asi mota) mwero wekufa i2%. Kuwedzeredza kusingagumi (iyi ndiyo apo madhasi makuru anoshandiswa kwenguva yakareba) kazhinji anouraya, chiyero chekufa chiri 25%, uye kungofanana nesimbi, kuwedzeredza kusingaperi kunogona kunyanya kuoma muvana.

Kana aspirin ine chepfu, acute gastric kugumbuka, kuvhiringidzika, psychosis, stupor, kurira munzeve, uye kurara.

Bata sechero overdose: marasha akabatidzwa, intravenous dextrose uye yakajairika saline, sodium bicarbonate, uye dialysis.

Reye's syndrome inofanirwa kutariswa - chirwere chisingawanzo asi chakakomba chinoratidzwa neacute encephalopathy uye mafuta anoiswa muchiropa. Chinhu ichi chinogona kuitika kana vana kana vechidiki vakapihwa aspirin yefivha kana zvimwe zvirwere kana utachiona. Kubva muna 1981 kusvika muna 1997, zviitiko 1207 zveReye's syndrome muvanhu vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere zvakashumwa kuUnited States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pakati pavo, 18% vakataura kuti vairwara mumavhiki matatu kusati kwatanga Reye's syndrome, kazhinji nehutachiona hwekufema, huku, kana manyoka.

Zvinoita seizvi:

• Mazuva 5-6 mushure mekutanga kwechirwere chetachiona (nechickenpox - mazuva 4-5 mushure mekuonekwa kwepundu), kusvotwa uye kurutsa kusingadzoreki kunotanga kamwe kamwe, pamwe nekushanduka kwechimiro chepfungwa (kunosiyana kubva pakunyorova kuneta kusvika pakadzika pakoma uye zvikamu zvekuvhiringidzika, psychomotor agitation).
• Muvana vari pasi pemakore matatu, zviratidzo zvikuru zvechirwere zvinogona kuva kutadza kufema, kukotsira uye kuzununguka, uye muvana vegore rokutanga rehupenyu, kushushikana mu fontanel huru kunoonekwa.
• Kana pasina kurapwa kwakakwana, mamiriro emurwere anokurumidza kuipa: kukurumidza kukura kwekoma, kuputika, uye kusungwa kwekufema.
• Kuwedzera kwechiropa kunoonekwa mu40% yezviitiko, asi jaundice haiwanzoitiki.
• Kuwedzera kweAST, ALT, uye ammonia muropa serum yevarwere inowanzoitika.

Nzira yekudzivirira sei izvi? Zviri nyore: haufanirwe kupa mwana wako aspirin kana aine furuu, gwirikwiti kana huku. Shandisa kungwarira paunenge uchiraira acetylsalicylic acid pakupisa kwakanyanya muvana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemaviri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvinokurudzirwa kutsiva acetylsalicylic acid neparacetamol kana ibuprofen. Dana chiremba wako pakarepo kana mwana wako akaratidza chero zviratidzo zve: kurutsa, musoro wakakomba, kupera simba, kutsamwa, delirium, kunetseka kufema, kuoma maoko nemakumbo, coma.

Chengetedza vana, shure kwezvose, inhaka yedu.

Nzvimbo yechitanhatu

Carbon dioxide

Hungu, hungu, tose tinofema uye tinobudisa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi imwe chete iyi. Asi muviri haurase chero chinhu chinobatsira zviri nyore! Nenzira, kune inenge 0,04% carbon dioxide mumhepo - kuenzanisa, pane 20 nguva yakawanda argon mumhepo.

Kunze kwako nedzimwe mhuka, carbon dioxide inoburitswa panguva yekupisa kwakazara uye inowanikwa mune zvese zvinwiwa zvefizzy - zvese zvisiri doro uye zvimwe zvinonakidza (zvimwe pamusoro pazvo pazasi).

Pakusangana kwatova ne 0,1% (iyi nhanho yekabhoni dhaokisaidi dzimwe nguva inocherechedzwa mumhepo ye megacities), vanhu vanotanga kunzwa kupera simba, hope - rangarira kuti wakanzwa sei kusingadzoreki kuda kumuka? Kana yakawedzera kusvika ku7-10%, zviratidzo zvekudzipwa zvinokura, zvichiratidzwa nenzira yemusoro, dzungu, kurasikirwa nekunzwa uye kurasikirwa nekuziva (zviratidzo zvakafanana nezvehurwere hwepamusoro), zviratidzo izvi zvinokura, zvichienderana nekusagadzikana, nekufamba kwenguva. kwemaminetsi akati wandei kusvika awa imwe chete.

Kana mweya une gasi wakanyanya kukwirisa ukafemerwa, rufu runoitika nekukurumidza kubva mukufemesa kunokonzerwa ne hypoxia.

Kufema mweya ine yakawandisa gasi iyi haitungamiri kumatambudziko ehutano kwenguva refu. Mushure mekubvisa munhu akabatwa kubva mumhepo ine huwandu hwekabhoni dioxide, kudzoreredza kwakakwana kwehutano uye kugara zvakanaka kunoitika nekukurumidza.

Carbon dioxide zvakare inorema 1,5 nguva kupfuura mweya - uye izvi zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa maererano nekuunganidzira muniches uye dzimba dzepasi.

Vhura imba yako, %username%!

Nzvimbo yechishanu

Shuga

Munhu wose anoziva kuti shuga yakaita sei. Hatitaure nezve holivar - chii chekunwa neshuga uye chii pasina: kofi kana tii, yakatora hupenyu hwakawandisa.

Muchokwadi, shuga (kunyanya, glucose) ndeimwe yemakomisheni makuru ekudya - uye iyo chete inotorwa netsinga. Pasina shuga, haugone kufunga kana kuverenga chinyorwa ichi, %username%!

Zvisinei, shuga ine muchetura - 50% yemakonzo anofa kana adya 30 g/kg yeshuga (usabvunze kuti akadyiswa sei). Ndichiri kuyeuka motokari yepasi pevhu muNew York muna 2014, apo zvirwere zvose zvakapomerwa shuga: kubva pakushaya simba kusvika pakurwadziwa kwemoyo. Ndakafungawo ipapo: vanhu vakararama sei pasina zvinotapira zvemakemikari?

Imwe nzira kana imwe, shuga ine chepfu muhombe (sezvawaona - VERY madosi makuru). Zviratidzo zvechepfu zvishoma zvishoma:

• kuora mwoyo mamiriro
• Matambudziko emudumbu.

Asi kutaura zvazviri, kune vanhu vashomanana pakati pedu vane shuga muchetura zvechokwadi. Ava vane chirwere cheshuga. Ini ndiri chemist, handisi chiremba, asi ndinoziva. kuti chirwere cheshuga chinouya nemhando dzakasiyana, kuomarara kwakasiyana, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana uye chinorapwa zvakasiyana. Naizvozvo, %username%, kana waona:

• Polyuria yakawedzera weti kubuda kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kweosmotic kumanikidza weti nekuda kweglucose yakanyungudika mairi (kazhinji hapana glucose muweti). Inoratidzwa nekuwanzoita weti yakawanda, kusanganisira manheru.
• Polydipsia (nyota isingaperi) inokonzerwa nekurasikirwa kukuru kwemvura muweti uye kuwedzera kweosmotic pressure yeropa.
• Polyphagia - nzara isingagoneki. Chiratidzo ichi chinokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwemetabolism muchirwere cheshuga, kureva kusakwanisa kwemasero kutora nekugadzirisa glucose pasina insulini (nzara pakati pehuwandu).
• Kurasikirwa kwehuremu (kunyanya kunowanikwa kune chirwere cheshuga XNUMX) chiratidzo chinowanzoitika chechirwere cheshuga, chinokura pasinei nekuwedzera chido chevarwere. Kurasikirwa uremu (uye kunyange kupera simba) kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera catabolism yemapuroteni nemafuta nekuda kwekubviswa kweglucose kubva kune simba metabolism yemasero.
• Zviratidzo zvechipiri: kuputika kweganda uye mucous membranes, muromo wakaoma, kushaya simba kwemhasuru, kutemwa nemusoro, maronda eganda anoputika akaoma kurapa, kusaona.

- enda kuchipatara uye kupa ropa kune shuga!

Chirwere cheshuga chiri kure nemutongo werufu, chinogona kurapwa, asi kana ukasachirapa uye uchidya zvihwitsi, zvino chakakumirira chirwere chemoyo, upofu, kukuvara kweitsvo, kukuvara kwetsinga, iyo inonzi tsoka yeshuga - Google it , uchazvifarira.

Nzvimbo yechina

Munyu

“Munyu neshuga vavengi vedu vachena,” handiti? Zvakanaka, ndosaka munyu uchitevera shuga.

Zvakaoma kufungidzira zvokudya zvedu pasina munyu, uye nenzira, tinoishandisa chete nekuda kwezvido zvevanhu: zvigadzirwa zvakazara ne sodium uye chlorine, imwe sosi haingodiwi.

Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti munyu unoita basa rinokosha rekuchengetedza mvura-munyu mumuviri, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakakodzera kwezvinhu zvinenge zvose - kubva muropa kusvika kuitsvo, 3 g / kg yegonzo kana 12,5 g / kg yemunhu inogona kuuraya. .

Chikonzero chacho ndechekutyorwa kweiyo yakafanana mvura-munyu chiyero, izvo zvinotungamira kutadza kwetsvo, kuwedzera kwakanyanya kweropa uye kufa.

Ini handifunge kuti kune chero munhu anokwanisa kudya munyu wakawanda kudaro (kunze kwekushinga - ok, sarudzo yakanaka yeDarwin Award), asi kunyangwe diki "overdose" yemunyu ine mhedzisiro yakaipa: inozivikanwa kuti kuderedza kudyiwa kwemunyu. 1 teaspoon pazuva pazuva kana zvishoma inoderedza BP kusvika 8 mm Hg. Against the backdrop of fact that hypertension inobata vanhu zvakanyanya kudarika AIDS negomarara, Handifungi kuti kuderedza kudyiwa kwemunyu inzira isingakoshi yekurarama.

Mubayiro wechitatu! Nzvimbo yechitatu

Caffeine

Zvino tichataura nezvezvinwiwa. Kofi, tii, cola, zvinwiwa zvesimba - zvese zvine caffeine. Makapu mangani ekofi awanwa nhasi? Ndichiri kunyora zvese izvi, handina, asi ndinoda chaizvo...

Nenzira, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, guaranine, caffeine, mateine, methyltheobromine, theine - kune chinhu chimwe chete muprofayiri, mazita akasiyana, anowanzo gadzirwa kuti ataure: "Chii, hapana giramu re caffeine mu ichi chinwiwa - ipapo ... "Zvakasiyana zvachose uye zvakanyanya kubatsira!" Nhoroondo, zvakanga zvakaita seizvi: muna 1819, chiremba wemakemikari weGermany Ferdinand Runge, uyo akanga akarara zvikuru, akaparadzanisa alkaloid, yaakadana kuti caffeine (nenzira, akanga ari mukomana mukuru: akazviparadzanisa quinine, akauya nepfungwa ye. kushandisa chlorine semushonga wekuuraya utachiona, uye akatanga nhoroondo yedhayi dzeaniline). Zvino muna 1827, Udri akaparadzanisa alkaloid itsva kubva pamashizha etii ndokuitumidza kuti theine. Uye muna 1838, Jobst naG Ya. Mulder vakagumburwa nemunhu wese uye vakaratidza kuzivikanwa kweine uye caffeine. Mamiriro ecaffeine akajekeswa kusvika kumagumo ezana ramakore rechi 1902 naHermann Emil Fischer, aivewo munhu wekutanga kugadzira caffeine. Akahwina Mubairo weNobel muChemistry muna XNUMX, waakagamuchira muchikamu chebasa iri - hondo nehope yakazohwina!

50% yembwa dzinofa kana dzikatora 140 mg/kg ye caffeine nechikafu. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanosangana nekutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwetsvo, kusvotwa, kurutsa, kubuda ropa mukati, kuvhiringika kwetsindo yemwoyo, uye kugwinha. Rufu rusingafadzi, hongu.

Muvanhu, mudiki dosi, caffeine ine simba rinokurudzira pane tsinga system - zvakanaka, munhu wese akazviedza ivo pachavo. Nekushandiswa kwenguva refu, zvinogona kukonzera kutsamira kwakapfava - theism.

Pasi pesimba re caffeine, basa remwoyo rinowedzera, BP inokwira, uye kweanenge maminitsi makumi mana mafungiro anovandudza zvishoma nekuda kwekusunungurwa kwe dopamine, asi mushure memaawa 40-3 mhedzisiro ye caffeine inopera: kuneta, kupera simba, uye kuderera kwekugona. kushanda kuoneka.

Nzira inofinha yekutsanangura mhedzisiro ye caffeine.Iyo psychostimulating mhedzisiro ye caffeine yakavakirwa pakukwanisa kwayo kudzvanya chiitiko chepakati adenosine receptors (A1 uye A2) mucerebral cortex uye subcortical formations yepakati tsinga system. Izvozvi zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti adenosine inobata basa reurourotransmitter mukati mepakati tsinga system, agonistic influencing adenosine receptors iri pa cytoplasmic membranes ye neurons. Kunakidzwa kwemhando I adenosine receptors (A1) neadenosine kunokonzera kuderera kwekuumbwa kwekampu mumasero europi, izvo zvinozotungamirira mukudziviswa kwebasa ravo rekushanda. Kuvharwa kweA1-adenosine receptors kunobatsira kumisa inhibitory mhedzisiro yeadenosine, iyo inoratidzwa nekiriniki nekuwedzera kwekuita kwepfungwa uye kwemuviri.

Zvisinei, caffeine haina kukwanisa kusarudza kuvhara chete A1-adenosine receptors muuropi, uyewo inovhara A2-adenosine receptors. Izvo zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti activation yeA2-adenosine receptors mune yepakati tsinga system inoperekedzwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwebasa rinoshanda reD2 dopamine receptors. Kuvharwa kweA2-adenosine receptors ne caffeine kunobatsira kudzoreredza kushanda kweD2 dopamine receptors, iyo inobatsirawo kune psychostimulating mhedzisiro yemushonga.

Muchidimbu, caffeine inovhara chimwe chinhu ipapo. Ndizvo zvakaitawo maopiates. Kungofanana neLSD. Naizvozvo, pachava nekupindwa muropa, asi sezvo kuvharika kwacho kusina kusimba, uye zvinogamuchirika hazvina kunyanya kukosha, theism haisi kupindwa muropa (kunyangwe vazhinji vanoda kofi vachipokana).

Zviratidzo zve caffeine overeating - kurwadziwa kwepamuviri, kushungurudzika, kuzvidya mwoyo, kuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa uye motokari, kuvhiringidzika, delirium (dissociative), kupera simba, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, kugara uchiita weti, kutemwa nemusoro, kuwedzera tactile kana kurwadziwa senitivity, kudedera kana tsandanyama twitching; kuda kurutsa uye kurutsa, dzimwe nguva neropa; kurira munzeve, pfari pfari (kana acute overdose - tonic-clonic seizures).

Caffeine mumiyero inodarika 300 mg pazuva (kusanganisira nekumashure kwekushungurudzwa kwekofi - inodarika makapu mana ekofi yechisikigo, 4 ml imwe neimwe) inogona kukonzera kushushikana, kutemwa nemusoro, kudedera, kuvhiringidzika, uye kusagadzikana kwemoyo.

Mune madosi e150-200 mg pakirogiramu yehuremu hwemuviri wemunhu, caffeine inokonzera rufu. Kungofanana nembwa.

Saka, zvakaipa, kofi yangu iripi?

Nzvimbo yechipiri

Chikakananda

Zvakanaka, munhu wose anoziva nezvengozi yekusvuta. Uye nezve chokwadi chekuti nicotine ine chepfu, zvakare. Asi ngatizvione.

Kupisa kwe nicotine kwakabatana nenyaya yechepfu inotyisa muBelgium muna 1850, apo Count Bocarme akapomerwa mhosva yekupa hama yemukadzi wake chepfu. Muongorori wemakemikari weBelgian Jean Servais Stas akashanda semupi wezano uye, kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakaoma, haana kungoziva kuti chepfu yakakonzerwa nechikakananda, asi yakagadzirawo nzira yekuona alkaloids, iyo, nekugadziriswa kudiki, ichiri kushandiswa nhasi mukuongorora kemikari. .

Mushure meizvozvo, nicotine haina kudzidzwa uye yakatemwa chete neusimbe. Parizvino zvinotevera zvinozivikanwa.

Kamwe nicotine inopinda mumuviri, inokurumidza kupararira kuburikidza neropa uye inogona kuyambuka ropa-brain barriers. Kureva kuti inonanga kuuropi. Paavhareji, masekonzi manomwe mushure mekufema utsi hwefodya anokwana kuti chikakananda chisvike kuuropi. Hafu yehupenyu hwe nicotine kubva mumuviri inenge maawa maviri. Iyo nicotine inoputirwa kuburikidza nehutsi hwefodya kana kusvuta chikamu chiduku che nicotine iri mumashizha efodya (zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinopisa, zvinosuruvarisa). Kuwanda kwechikakananda chinotorwa nemuviri pakusvuta chinoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira rudzi rwefodya, kuti utsi hwese hunofemerwa here, uye kana sefa inoshandiswa. Nefodya yekutsenga nefodya, izvo zvinoiswa mumuromo ndokutsenga kana kufemerwa nemumhino, chikakananda chinopinda mumuviri chakakura zvikuru kupfuura nefodya yekusvuta. Nicotine inogadziriswa muchiropa ne cytochrome P7 enzyme (kunyanya CYP450A2, asiwo CYP6B2). Iyo huru metabolite icotinine.

Mhedzisiro yenicotine panheyo system inodzidzwa zvakanaka uye inokakavara. Nicotine inoshanda pane nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: iyo protonated nitrogen atomu yepyrrolidine ring mu nicotine inotevedzera quaternary nitrogen atomu muacetylcholine, uye pyridine nitrogen atomu ine hunhu hweLewis base, seokisijeni yeboka reketo reacetylcholine. Pazvishoma zvishoma, zvinowedzera basa rezvibvumirano izvi, izvo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvinotungamirira kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehomoni inokurudzira adrenaline (epinephrine). Kusunungurwa kweAdrenaline kunokonzera kuwedzera kwemwoyo, kuwedzera kweropa uye kuwedzera kufema, pamwe nepamusoro pemazinga eglucose.

Iyo inonzwira tsitsi tsinga dzetsinga, ichiita kuburikidza ne splanchnic nerve pane adrenal medulla, inokurudzira kusunungurwa kweadrenaline. Acetylcholine inogadzirwa ne preganglionic sympathetic fibers yetsinga idzi inoshanda pane nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, zvichiita kuti cell depolarization uye calcium iwedzere kuburikidza nemagetsi-gated calcium channels. Calcium inokonzera exocytosis yechromaffin granules, nokudaro ichikurudzira kusunungurwa kweadrenaline (uye norepinephrine) muropa.

Ndakatorova uropi hwako zvakanyanya kupfuura nicotine? Ehe? Zvakanaka, ngatitaure pamusoro pezvinhu zvinofadza.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nicotine inowedzera dopamine mazinga munzvimbo dzemubairo wehuropi. Kusvuta fodya kwakaratidzwa kuvharidzira monoamine oxidase, enzyme inokonzera kuputsa monoamine neurotransmitters (zvakadai se dopamine) muuropi. Zvinotendwa kuti nicotine pachayo haidzvanyiriri kugadzirwa kwe monoamine oxidase; zvimwe zvikamu zveutsi hwefodya ndizvo zvinokonzeresa izvi. Iyo yakawedzera yemukati ye dopamine inonakidza nzvimbo dzekunakidzwa dzehuropi; idzo nzvimbo dzehuropi dzinokonzeresa "kurwadziwa kwemuviri"; saka, mubvunzo wekuti munhu anoputa anogamuchira mafaro unoramba wakavhurika.

Pasinei nehuturu hwayo hwakasimba, kana ichidyiwa mudiki (somuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekusvuta), nicotine inoshanda se psychostimulant. Migumisiro yeNicotine pamafungiro inosiyana. Nekukonzera kusunungurwa kweglucose kubva pachiropa uye adrenaline (epinephrine) kubva kuadrenal medulla, inokonzera kufara. Kubva pakuona kwemaonero, izvi zvinoratidzwa nemanzwiro ekuzorora, kudzikama uye kurarama, pamwe neane mwero euphoric state.

Kushandiswa kweNicotine kunotungamirira mukuderedza uremu, kuderedza kudya semugumisiro wekukurudzira kwayo kwePOMC neurons uye kuwedzera kwemazinga eglucose yeropa (glucose, inobata nzvimbo dzekuguta uye nzara mu hypothalamus yeuropi, inoderedza kunzwa kwenzara). Ichokwadi, kudya kunowanikwa, kunonzwisisika uye kwakanaka "usadya zvakanyanya" kunoshanda zvakanyanya.

Sezvatinoona, kushanda kwechikakananda pamuviri kwakaoma. Chii chinofanira kubviswa kubva pane izvi:

• Nicotine chinhu chinodyidzana netsinga dzinogamuchira
• Kufanana nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana, chikakananda chinopindwa muropa uye chinopinda muropa.

Nenzira, varwere vane dambudziko repfungwa vane kuwedzera kusvuta kusvuta (unosvuta here? - funga nezvazvo uye enda kune chiremba wepfungwa: hapana vanhu vane hutano - kune vasina kuongororwa). Nhamba huru yezvidzidzo pasi rose inotaura kuti vanhu vane schizophrenia vanowanzosvuta (nyika makumi maviri dzakasiyana dzakadzidza huwandu hwevarwere ve20 vane schizophrenia, avo 7593% vaiputa). Kubva muna 62, 2006% kana kupfuura yevanhu vane schizophrenia muUnited States vanosvuta, zvichienzaniswa ne80% yehuwandu hwevanhu vasingasvuti (maererano neNCI). Pane huwandu hwekufungidzira pamusoro pezvikonzero zvekupindwa muropa uku, izvo zvinozvitsanangura zvese sechishuwo chekuramba zviratidzo zvechirwere uye sechishuwo chekuramba mhedzisiro yakaipa yeantipsychotics. Maererano neimwe fungidziro, nicotine pachayo inovhiringa pfungwa.

Nicotine ine muchetura zvakanyanya kumhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora. Inoshanda seyeurotoxin, inokonzera kuremara kwenheyo system (kufema kusungwa, kupera kwebasa remwoyo, rufu). Avhareji inouraya dose yevanhu ndeye 0,5-1 mg/kg, kumakonzo - 140 mg/kg kuburikidza neganda, kune mbeva - 0,8 mg/kg intravenously uye 5,9 mg/kg kana ichiitwa intraperitoneally. Nicotine ine chepfu kune zvimwe zvipembenene, semugumisiro weiyo yakamboshandiswa zvakanyanya semushonga wezvipembenene, uye ikozvino nicotine derivatives, yakadai, semuenzaniso, imidacloprid, inoramba ichishandiswa mune imwechete simba.

Kushandiswa kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera zvirwere uye kusagadzikana zvakadai se hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, uye kukundikana kwemoyo.

Muchokwadi, huturu hwechikakananda hachisi chinhu kana zvichienzaniswa nerunako rwayo, zvinoti:

• Kuputa tara kunobatsira mukukura kwegomarara, kusanganisira kenza yemapapu, rurimi, larynx, esophagus, dumbu, nezvimwe.
• Kusvuta kusina utsanana kunobatsira pakukura kwegingivitis uye stomatitis.
• Zvigadzirwa zvekupisa zvisina kukwana (carbon monoxide) - zvakanaka, zviri pachena, verenga yangu yapfuura opus
• Kuiswa kwetara mumapapu - chikosoro chemangwanani chemuputi, bronchitis, emphysema uye kenza yemapapu.

Parizvino, hapana nzira yekuputa inogona kukuchengetedza 100% kubva pamhedzisiro - uye saka ese mafirita ako, hookah, nezvimwewo, haashande.

Vapers havafanire kuzorora zvakare - uye chikonzero chiri nyore:

• Pasinei nokuti zvinhu zvisingakuvadzi zvakadai seglycerin zvinoshandiswa - hazvina ngozi kuindasitiri yezvekudya! Hapana anoziva nezve mhedzisiro yekufumurwa uye, kazhinji, nezve kuumbwa kwemagasi anoburitswa panguva yepyrolysis panguva yekuputira. Basa rekutsvaga riri kuenderera mberi (kamwe muenzaniso и muenzaniso miviri), uye mhedzisiro yacho yatove inonakidza.
  Buda
• Ndakatoti chikakananda chinoshandiswa semushonga wezvipembenene. Kubva 2014, haisati yave kushandiswa muUnited States; muEuropean Union, yakarambidzwa zvachose kubvira 2009. Nekudaro, izvi hazvidzivirise kushandiswa muChina ...
  Parizvino, mishonga yegiredhi nicotine (Pharma Giredhi, USP / PhEur kana USP/EP) inowanikwa pamusika. Asi kune zvakare mushonga unouraya zvipembenene unogadzirwa kuChina. Attention: ndeipi yakachipa? Zvekare, ini handisi vaper, asi zvekunakidzwa chete, ndaizoitsvaga uye kuenzanisa mutengo wezvawakatenga muchirongo ichi nemarii yaunofanirwa kuita. Zvikasadaro, pane imwe nguva unogona kunzwa semapete uye unakirwe zvizere nekusachena mune yakaderera-mhando nicotine.

Muchidimbu, vanhu parizvino havashandise nzira dzakachengetedzeka dzekushandisa nicotine. Zvinofanira here?

Uye mukundi wedu! Meet! Nzvimbo yekutanga

EthanolVaChapaevite vakatora zvakare zviteshi kubva kuvachena.
Pakuongorora mikombe, Vasily Ivanovich naPetka vakawana tangi rine doro.
Kuti vadzivise varwi kuti vasanyanya kudhakwa, vakasaina C2N5-ON, vachitarisira
kuti varwi vane ruzivo rushoma rwemakemikari. Mangwanani akatevera munhu wose akanga ari "mumba."
Chapaev akamutsa mumwe ndokubvunza:
- Wakazviwana sei?
- Hongu, nyore. Takatsvaga nekutsvaga, uye takaerekana taona chinhu chakanyorwa patangi - uyezve mutsetse uye "OH." Takazviedza - ndiye chaiye!

Kazhinji, kune kunyange ethanol toxicology - munda wemishonga unodzidza chepfu ethanol (doro) uye zvose zvakabatana nazvo. Saka usatarisira kuti ndichakwanisa kupinza chikamu chose chemushonga mundima shoma.

Muchokwadi, vanhu vanga vachijairana ne ethanol kwenguva yakareba kwazvo. Midziyo yeStone Age yakawanikwa ine masara ezvinwiwa zvakaviriswa inoratidza kuti kugadzirwa uye kunwiwa kwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka kwaitovapo munguva yeNeolithic. Doro newaini zviri pakati pezvinwiwa zvekare. Waini yakava imwe yechiratidzo chakakosha chetsika kuvanhu vakasiyana-siyana veMedithera, uye ikatora nzvimbo yakakosha mungano netsika dzavo, uye mukunamata kwechiKristu (ona Eucharist). Pakati pevanhu vairima zviyo (bhari, gorosi, rye), doro raiva chinwiwa chikuru chezororo.

Nenzira, kuva-chigadzirwa cheglucose metabolism, ropa remunhu ane hutano rinogona kuva ne 0,01% endogenous ethanol.

Uye kunyangwe zvese izvi, sainzi haisati yanyatso ziva nezve:

• nzira ye ethanol's effect pa central nervous system - kudhakwa
• nzira uye zvinokonzera hangover

Mhedzisiro ye ethanol pamuviri ine zvakawanda zvekuti inokodzera chinyorwa chakasiyana. Asi kubva pandakatanga ...

Zvinotendwa kuti ethanol, ine inonzi organotropy, inounganidza zvakawanda muuropi kupfuura muropa. Kunyange kuderera kwedoro kunokonzera kushanda kweGABA inhibitory systems muuropi, uye iyi ndiyo nzira inotungamira kune sedative effect, inoperekedzwa nekuzorora kwetsandanyama, somnolence uye euphoria (kunzwa kudhakwa). Kusiyana kweGenetic muGABA receptors kunogona kukanganisa kukanganisa kudhakwa.

Kunyanya kutaurwa activation ye dopamine receptors inoonekwa mu nucleus accumbens uye mu ventral tegmental nzvimbo dzehuropi. Ndiko kuita kwenzvimbo idzi kune dopamine yakaburitswa pasi pesimba re ethanol iyo inokonzera kufara, iyo inogona kuve yakabatana nemukana wekupindwa muropa nedoro. Ethanol inotungamirirawo kusunungurwa kweopioid peptides (semuenzaniso, beta-endorphin), iyo inobatanidzwa nekusunungurwa kwe dopamine. Opioid peptides inoitawo basa mukuburitsa mafaro.

Pakupedzisira, doro rinonyandura serotonergic system youropi. Kune genetically yakatarwa misiyano mukunzwa kudoro, zvichienderana nealleles ye serotonin transporter mapuroteni majini.

Parizvino, migumisiro yedoro kune mamwe ma-receptors uye murevereri masisitimu ehuropi ari kushingaira kudzidza, kusanganisira adrenaline, cannabinol, acetylcholine receptors, adenosine uye kushungurudzika-kugadzirisa (eg, corticotropin-releasing hormone) systems.

Muchidimbu, zvinhu zvose zvinovhiringidza zvikuru uye zvinomiririra munda wakanakisisa wekudhakwa kwesayenzi.

Ethyl doro muchetura kwenguva yakareba yakatora nzvimbo inotungamira pakati pechepfu yemumba maererano nehuwandu hwakakwana hwevakafa. Inopfuura 60% yezvese zvinouraya chepfu muRussia inokonzerwa nedoro. Nekudaro, nezve iyo inouraya yekuisa uye dose, zvese hazvisi nyore. Zvinotendwa kuti doro rinouraya muropa ndiro 5-8 g/l, imwe chete inouraya 4-12 g/kg (inenge 300 ml ye96% ethanol), zvisinei, muvanhu vane chidhakwa chisingaperi, kushivirira. kudoro kunogona kuva kwakakwirira zvikuru.

Izvi zvese zvinotsanangurwa neakasiyana biochemistry: chiyero chekudhakwa uye kusimba kwayo kwakasiyana mumarudzi akasiyana uye muvarume nevakadzi (izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti isoenzyme spectrum ye enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH kana ADH I) ine genetically. yakatemerwa - basa rema isoforms akasiyana eADH rakatsanangura zvakajeka misiyano kubva kuvanhu vakasiyana). Mukuwedzera, maitiro ekudhakwa anoenderana nehuremu hwemuviri, kureba, huwandu hwedoro rinopedzwa uye rudzi rwechinwiwa (kuvapo kweshuga kana tannins, carbon dioxide content, simba rechinwiwa, snack).

Mumuviri, ADH inosanganisa ethanol kune acetaldehyde uye, kana zvese zvakanaka, zvichienda kune yakachengeteka uye yakanyanya-calorie acetic acid - hongu, hongu, handisi kutamba: "chimwe chinhu chatanga kutonhora - haisi nguva kuti isu tipe mukati” ine zvikonzero zvakakwana zvebiochemical: ethanol chigadzirwa chepamusoro-calorie. Mukuita, zvese zvinowedzerwa nekushaikwa kweokisijeni yeoxidation (imba inopfungaira, mweya wakare - ndizvo zvese zvinobva pano), kana kuwanda kwe ethanol, kana kusaita basa kweADH - mhedzisiro ye genetic predisposition kana yekutanga kudhakwa. . Pakupedzisira, zvinhu zvose zvinomira paacetaldehyde - iyo inotyisa, mutagenic uye carcinogenic substance. Pane humbowo hwekuti acetaldehyde ine carcinogenic mukuedza kwemhuka, uye acetaldehyde inokuvadza DNA.

Dambudziko rose ne ethanol rinenge rakabatana zvachose neacetaldehyde, asi kazhinji, iyo muchetura mhedzisiro ndeye yakasarudzika uye yakazara. Zvitongere wega:

• Kukanganiswa kwegastrointestinal turakiti. Vanozviratidza sekurwadziwa kwakanyanya mudumbu uye manyoka. Zvinowanzoitika zvakanyanya kune varwere vane doro. Marwadzo munzvimbo yemudumbu anokonzerwa nekukuvadza kune mucous membrane yemudumbu uye mudumbu mudiki, kunyanya mu duodenum uye jejunum. Diarrhea mhedzisiro yekukurumidza kuitika kushaikwa kwelactase uye kuderera kwakabatana mukushivirira kwelactose, pamwe nekusabatwa zvakanaka kwemvura uye electrolytes kubva mudumbu diki. Kunyangwe kunwa kumwe chete kwedoro hombe yedoro kunogona kutungamira mukugadzirwa kwenecrotizing pancreatitis, iyo inowanzouraya. Kunwa doro zvakanyanyisa kunowedzera mukana wekuita gastritis nemaronda emudumbu, uye gomarara remudumbu.
• Kunyangwe chiropa chiri chikamu chegastrointestinal turakiti, zvine musoro kufunga kukanganisa kwedoro kunhengo iyi zvakasiyana, sezvo biotransformation ye ethanol inonyanya kuitika muchiropa - apa ndipo panogara ADH. Ndinotonzwa tsitsi nechiropa mupfungwa iyi. Kunyangwe nedoro rimwe chete redoro, zviitiko zvenguva pfupi necrosis yehepatocytes inogona kuonekwa. Nekushungurudzwa kwenguva refu, doro re steatohepatitis rinogona kukura. Kuwedzera kwe "kushorwa" nedoro (izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwe enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) sekudzivirira kwemuviri) kunoitika padanho redoro chiropa dystrophy - saka usafara, %username%, kana iwe ukangoerekana wava shasha pakunwa! Zvadaro, nekuumbwa kwechidhakwa hepatitis uye chiropa chechiropa, basa rose reADH enzyme rinoderera, asi rinoramba richiramba rakakwirira mukugadzirisazve hepatocytes. Multiple foci ye necrosis inotungamira kune fibrosis uye, pakupedzisira, cirrhosis yechiropa. Cirrhosis inokura mune inokwana gumi muzana yevanhu vane steatohepatitis. Asi vanhu havagone kurarama vasina chiropa...
• Ethanol ine chepfu yehemolytic. Nokudaro, ethanol muhuwandu hwakawanda, kupinda muropa, inogona kuparadza masero matsvuku eropa (kukonzera pathological hemolysis), iyo inogona kutungamirira kune chepfu hemolytic anemia. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kubatana kwakajeka pakati pedoro yedoro uye njodzi yakawedzera yekuwedzera hypertension. Zvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvine muchetura pamhasuru yemoyo, activate sympathoadrenal system, nekudaro zvichikonzera kuburitswa kwecatecholamines, zvichitungamira kune spasm ye coronary midziyo uye kukanganisa kwemoyo rhythm. Kunyanya kunwa doro kunowedzera LDL ("yakaipa" cholesterol) uye kunotungamirira mukugadzirwa kwechidhakwa chemwoyo uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana e-arrhythmias (idzi shanduko dzinoonekwa paavhareji kana uchidya zvinopfuura 30 g ethanol pazuva). Doro rinogona kuwedzera njodzi yesitiroko, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwedoro rinopedzwa uye rudzi rwesitiroko, uye kazhinji chisakiso cherufu rwechimbichimbi muvanhu vane chirwere checoronary artery.
• Kushandiswa kweEthanol kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kweoxidative kune neurons dzeuropi, pamwe nekufa kwavo nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kweropa-brain barriers. Chidhakwa chisingaperi chinogona kutungamira mukuderera kwehuropi huwandu - asi izvi hazvisi zvachose vhoriyamu inobatsira. Nekunwa doro kwenguva refu, shanduko yehupenyu mueuroni inoonekwa pamusoro pecerebral cortex. Shanduko idzi dzinoitika munzvimbo dzekubuda ropa uye necrosis yenzvimbo dzehuropi chinhu. Paunenge uchinwa doro rakawanda, capillaries muuropi inogona kuputika - ndicho chikonzero uropi "huchikura".
• Kana doro richipinda mumuviri, kuwanda kwakanyanya kwe ethanol kunoonekwawo muprostate secretions, testicles uye urume, zvine chepfu mumasero eutachiona. Ethanol inopfuurawo zviri nyore nepakati pe placenta, inopinda mumukaka, uye inowedzera njodzi yekuve nemwana ane kuberekwa kusiri kwemaitiro etsinga uye kunonoka kukura.

Phew. Chinhu chakanaka kuti handina kuwedzera cognac mukofi yangu, handizvo here? Muchidimbu, kunwa zvakanyanya kunokuvadza. Ko kana ukasanwa?

Tsanangudzo ye "kunwa zvine mwero" inofanirwa kudzokororwa sezvo humbowo hutsva hwesainzi hunowedzera. Tsanangudzo yemazuva ano yeUnited States haisi kupfuura 24 g ye ethanol pazuva kune varume vakuru vakawanda uye kwete kupfuura 12 g yevakadzi vazhinji.

Dambudziko nderekuti hazvigoneke kugadzira kuyedza "kwakachena" - hazvibviri kuwana muenzaniso wevanhu munyika vasina kumbobvira vanwa. Uye kunyange kana zvichibvira, hazvibviri kubvisa pesvedzero yezvimwe zvinhu - zvakafanana ecology. Uye kunyange kana zvichibvira, hazvibviri kuwana avo vasingatamburi nehepatitis, vane mwoyo une utano, nezvimwewo.

Uye vanhu vanonyepawo. Izvi zvinotoomesa zvese.

Unofunga kuti unoziva holivars here? Edza Googling zvinyorwa pamusoro pemigumisiro yedoro kubva kuna Fillmore, Harris uye boka remamwe masayendisiti akazvipira pakudzidza dambudziko iri! Pane kukakavara kwakawanda nemabhenefiti ewaini tsvuku chete, semuenzaniso, ichangobva kuitika kuti polyphenols - uye zviri pamwe navo izvo zvinobatsira zvewaini tsvuku zvinosanganiswa - zvinenge zvakafanana muwaini chena.

Uye kana iwe uchibva kure nesayenzi, muzvinyorwa zvakakurumbira kune zvakawanda zvisina maturo pamusoro pezvibatsiro zvedoro sezvazviri pamusoro pekukuvadza (mahomoni echikadzi mudoro chete anokosha chimwe chinhu).

Kusvikira nyaya idzi dzajekeswa, mazano anonzwisisika angave:

• Kune avo vasiri vanwi vemazuva ano, kunwa doro hakufaniri kukurudzirwa chete nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehutano, sezvo doro pacharo harina kuratidzwa sechikonzero chinokonzera kuvandudza hutano.
• Vanhu vanonwa doro uye vasiri panjodzi yedambudziko redoro (vakadzi vane pamuviri kana vanoyamwisa, vatyairi vemotokari kana mimwe michina inogona kuva nengozi, kutora mishonga inopesana nedoro, vanhu vane nhoroondo yemhuri yekudhakwa kana avo vanopora kubva pakudhakwa) havafaniri. Kudya zvinodarika 12-24 g ethanol pazuva sezvakakurudzirwa neUS Dietary Guidelines.
• Vanhu vanonwa doro rakadarika mwero vanofanira kurairwa kuderedza kunwa kwavo.

Nenzira, masayendisiti anobvumirana pane chimwe chinhu - iyo inonzi J-yakafanana nekufa kwekufa. Ukama huri pakati pehuwandu hwedoro rinopedzwa uye kufa pakati pevarume vezera repakati nevechikuru kwakawanikwa kufanana netsamba "J" mu supine state: nepo huwandu hwekufa kwevanosiya uye vanonwa doro hwakanyanya kuwedzera, chiyero chekufa (chizere kubva zvose zvinokonzera) yaiva 15-18% zvishoma pakati pevanonwa chiedza (1-2 mayuniti pazuva) pane pakati pevasinganwi. Zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakapiwa - kubva pakadzika biochemistry uye mushonga, apo dhiyabhorosi pachake aizovhuna gumbo rake - kune hutano huri nani hwemagariro evanhu uye hutano hwevanonwa zvine mwero, asi chokwadi chinoramba chiri chokwadi (paive kunyange zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kudya kwe vanonwa zvine mwero vane mafuta mashoma uye cholesterol zvichienzaniswa nevasinganwi, kuti vanonwa zvine mwero vanotamba mitambo kakawanda uye vane muviri wakagwinya kupfuura zvachose vasinganwi - muchidimbu, munhu wese anonzwisisa kuti kunyange masayendisiti haadi kurega zvachose kunwa doro, izvo zvavanoita. vari kuyedza kupembedza munzira dzese).

Ichokwadi zvachose uye munhu wese anobvumirana kuti kunwa doro muhuwandu hunoita kuti kuwedzera kukuru kwekufa. Semuenzaniso, chidzidzo cheUS chakawana kuti vanhu vakanwa mayuniti mashanu kana anopfuura edoro pamazuva ekunwa vaive ne5% yepamusoro yehuwandu hwekufa pane avo vakadya imwechete unit. Maererano nekumwe kuongorora, vanonwa vanonwa zvinwiwa zvitanhatu kana kupfuura zvedoro (panguva imwe chete) vane 30% yepamusoro yehuwandu hwekufa kupfuura vanonwa zvishoma.

Nenzira, chidzidzo chehukama pakati pekufa uye kushandiswa kwefodya kwakaratidza kuti kupera zvachose kwefodya pamwe chete nekunwa doro zvine mwero kwakaguma nekuderera kukuru kwekufa.

Imwe nzvimbo yekupokana yaive basa rerudzi rwechinwiwa chinodhaka chinodiwa. The French Paradox (iyo yakaderera kufa kwechirwere chemoyo muFrance) yakaratidza kuti waini tsvuku yainyanya kubatsira kune hutano. Iyi chaiyo mhedzisiro inogona kutsanangurwa nekuvapo kwe antioxidants muwaini. Asi zvidzidzo hazvina kukwanisa kuratidza kusiyana kukuru pakati pengozi yechirwere chemoyo uye rudzi rwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvakasarudzwa. Uye sei tsvuku uye kwete chena? Sei usina cognac? Muchidimbu, zvinhu zvose zvakaoma.

Zvausingafaniri kuita kunwa paunenge uchitora mishonga.

Sezvaratidzwa pamusoro apa, kushanda kwedoro pamuviri kwakaoma zvikuru, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo hazvinyatsonzwisiswi. Kana imwe mishonga yemishonga inosanganiswa mumuto uyu, hapana chakajeka zvachose.

• Kutanga, kushanda kwechirwere kunogona kuchinja - mune chero nzira. Hatisisiri kutaura nezvedosage.
• Chechipiri, kusagadzikana kwebiochemical kunokonzerwa ne ethanol hazvizivikanwe kuti ichakanganisa sei mushonga. Inogona kuwedzera maside effects. Inogona kuita kuti zvive zvisina maturo zvachose (kwete kuverenga migumisiro yechirwere, hongu). Kana kuti zvimwe kuuraya. Hapana anoziva.
• Chechitatu, chiropa, icho chatove chakabatikana nekugadzirisa zvisingazivikanwe crap kubva kune vemishonga, hachizofari zvakanyanya nezvekudikanwa kwekugadzira doro. Anogona kutokanda mapfumo pasi zvachose.

Kazhinji mumirayiridzo (ndiani anoiverenga?) Kune zvinodhaka vanonyora pamusoro pekugona kushandiswa nedoro - izvi kana zvakaongororwa. Kana kuti unogona kuzviedza iwe wozoudza munhu wese nezve chiitiko chako. Zvakanaka, ndiko kana iwe uine imwezve muviri mustock.

Kubva pane zvandakatonyora pamusoro apa:

• Kushandiswa panguva imwe chete yeAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) nedoro zvinogona kukonzera maronda egastric mucosa uye kubuda ropa.
• Kunwa doro kunokanganisa migumisiro yevhitamini therapy. Kunyanya, kukanganisa kwegumbo remuviri kunotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti mavhitamini anotorwa nemuromo haana kubatwa zvakanaka uye anofananidzwa, uye anotungamirira kukuputsika kwekutendeuka kwavo kuita fomu inoshanda. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mavhitaminzi B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, uye folic acid.
• Kusvuta kunowedzera chepfu mhedzisiro yedoro - zvese kubva pakuona kwekudzvanyirira oxidative maitiro nekuda kweokisijeni nzara (rangarira nezve acetaldehyde. Hongu), uye kubva pakuona kweiyo majoini ichivharira mhedzisiro pane receptors kubva nicotine uye doro.

Muchidimbu, doro hakusi nyore. Zvingave zvakanaka kana zvakaipa, hapana anoziva zvechokwadi, asi havasi kukurumidza kuzvisiya zvachose.

Zviri kwauri.

Pane ichi chinyorwa chetarisiro, ndichaenda zvangu. Ndinovimba ndakawana zvichinakidza zvakare.

Waini ishamwari yedu, asi unyengeri hurimo.
Inwa zvakanyanya - chepfu, inwa zvishoma - mushonga.
Usazvikuvadza nekunyanyisa
Inwai zvine mwero uye ushe hwenyu huchagara ...

- Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.

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Source: www.habr.com