Imbwa chisikwa chisina kujairika. Haambokunetsa nemibvunzo nezve manzwiro auri; haafarire kuti uri mupfumi here kana murombo, benzi kana akangwara, mutadzi kana mutsvene. Uri shamwari yake. Zvamukwanira.
Aya mazwi ndeomunyori Jerome K. Jerome, uyo vazhinji vedu tinoziva kubva mubasa "Vatatu muBhoti, Kwete Kuverenga Imbwa" uye firimu yakagadziriswa yezita rimwechete naMironov, Shirvindt naDerzhavin.
Imbwa dzagara dziri shamwari dzevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Ndivo shamwari dzedu, vabatsiri uye dzimwe nguva vanotsigira, pasina izvo zvakaoma kurarama (ndeipi imbwa dzinotungamirira, imbwa dzokununura, nezvimwewo zvakakosha). Kugara kwenguva refu kwakadaro kwakakanganisa kwete isu chete uye mafungiro edu kune imbwa, asiwo imbwa, kwete chete mukuzvibata, asiwo mupfungwa yeanatomical. Nhasi tichazoziva nezve physiognomy yembwa, umo masayendisiti akawana uchapupu hwokuti hama dzedu duku dzakashanduka, dzichienderana nesu. Ndedzipi chaizvo shanduko yeatomical yakawanikwa, ndeyei, uye manzwiro embwa anosiyana sei nemanzwiro emhumhi kubva pakuona kwe physiognomy? Mhinduro dzakatimirira mumushumo wemasayendisiti. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura, kwete kunyanya vane huchenjeri zvipo, zvikara zvemusango uye zvisina undomesticated zvakafamba pasi - vanhu. Mhuka nezvinomera zvakasiyana-siyana zvaigara pedyo nevanhu. Vamwe vamiriri vemaruva nemhuka vakazochengetwa nevanhu nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo, semhedzisiro yatinayo zvino zvipfuwo neminda yegorosi. Nekudaro, iyo yekutanga bviro yehurongwa hwekupfuya inoramba isina kujeka, kunyanya maererano nekubatana pakati pemunhu nemhumhi (gare gare imbwa). Vamwe vanotenda kuti vanhu vakatanga kupingudza mhumhi, vamwe vanotenda kuti mapere pachawo akatanga kusvika kuvanhu nekuda kwehukama hwavo hwepedyo.
Mufananidzo wedombo wekuvhima kwakabatana pakati pemurume nembwa (Tassilin-Adjer Plateau, Algeria)
Hatigone kutaura chaizvo kuti hukama pakati pemurume nembwa hwakatanga sei, asi tinoziva zvechokwadi kuti mativi ese maviri akabatsirwa sei nesymbiosis iyi. Vanhu venguva idzodzo, kunyangwe vaisakwanisa kunyora dissertation pahuwandu hwefizikisi, vakanyatsonzwisisa kubva mukuona kwavo kuti mhumhi/imbwa dzine huwandu hwehunhu hwakatanhamara: kunzwa kwakanaka, kunzwa kunhuhwirira, kugona kumhanya nekukurumidza uye kuruma. zvinorwadza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chekutanga, vanhu vaishandisa imbwa dzinopfuyiwa pakuvhima, kuchengetedza misha yavo uye mafuro ezvipfuyo zvakapfuyiwa. Kune zvakare akati wandei anobatsira "hunyanzvi" imbwa dzine - dzinodya uye dzinodziya. Zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike, ndinoziva, asi imbwa mumisha yavanhu yaiita seyakarongeka (sejuru mumasango), dzichidya zvakasara zvezvokudya zvevanhu. Uye pahusiku hunotonhora, imbwa dzaishandira vanhu semaradiyeta mhenyu.
“The Boar Hunt” (1640, rakanyorwa naFrans Snyders)
Mukuwedzera kune zvinobatsira zvembwa, kwaivewo nemagariro-tsika. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kwaiva kuvonga kune imbwa kuti mamwe maitiro evanhu vekare akachinja: ndima yekumaka uye kuvhima kweboka.
Tinogona kufunga madzitateguru edu kwete akachenjera, uye naizvozvo kwete zvisikwa zvakanyanya tsika, asi izvi zvingava chirevo chisina kururama, chinorambwa muhukama hwemunhu nembwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Vanochera matongo pasi rose vari kuwana pakavigwa murume nembwa yake. Zvipfuyo hazvina kuurayiwa mushure mekufa kwevaridzi vazvo, usanetseka. Imbwa yakafa yakavigwa muguva romuridzi wayo.
Kuchera kwekuvigwa kwemurume nembwa yake (zera kubva pa5000 kusvika ku8000 makore).
Iyi ingori tsananguro pfupi yehukama pakati pemadzitateguru edu nembwa, asi zvinotove pachena kuti imbwa yevanhu yakagara iri chimwe chinhu chinopfuura mhuka ine fangs, paws uye muswe. Iyo imbwa yave chinhu chesocial chaunga chevanhu semunhu chero upi zvake.
Ndechipi chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvesocialization? Zvechokwadi, mukana uye kukwanisa kutaurirana, kureva, kutaurirana. Zviri nyore kwatiri isu vanhu - tinoziva matauriro. Imbwa hadzina mukana uyu, saka dzinoshandisa zvese zvadziinazvo mudura radzo kuti tigone kuzvinzwisisa: kukwenya muswe, kudzvova kana kuhukura, nezviso zvechiso, kana kuti miromo yavo. Uye apa ndipo panotangira mafaro. Munhu ane 43 facial muscles (ndigadzirise kana nhamba iyi isiriyo). Nekuda kwehuwandu uhu, tinogona kuratidza huwandu hwakakura kwazvo hwemanzwiro, anofananidzwa neruvara gradient, iyo ine zvese zvakakosha toni uye mimvuri. Hatigone kutaura chinhu, kwete kufamba, tarisa pane imwe pfungwa, uye tsiye yakasimudzwa zvishoma inotova chiratidzo cheimwe manzwiro. Zvakadini nemanzwiro ari mumbwa? Vanazvo, ngationei kutanga. Vanoataura sei? Dzinosvetuka, dzichikwenya muswe, kuhukura, kuhukura, kuhwihwidza uye kusimudza tsiye dzadzo. Pfungwa yekupedzisira ndeyekukodzera kwemunhu, kusvika pamwero wakati. Prehistoric imbwa, semhumhi dzemazuva ano, hadzina mhasuru chaidzo dzinobvumira imbwa dzepamba kuti dziite chiso chinonzi "puppy dog eyes."
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo musimboti wechidzidzo chatiri kufunga nhasi. Zvino ngatitarisei zvakadzama pamashoko ayo.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Chekutanga, masayendisiti anocherekedza kuti vanhu vane zvimwe zvisizvo zvavanofarira kana zvasvika kune zviso (ini neimwe nzira handidi kushandisa izwi rekuti "chiso") chemhuka dzepamusha, kureva paedomorphism - kuvapo kwechiso chemwana mumunhu mukuru. kana mhuka. Muchiitiko chedu, mhuka dzinovaraidza dzinewo maitiro akadaro - huma yakakwirira, maziso makuru, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinokonzerwa, sezvinodavirwa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi, kuti mwana anoita sechisikwa chisingakuvadzi kumunhu, asi mhuka inovaraidza (kunyange iri mhuka inovaraidza) inoramba iri mhuka ine maitiro asingagoni kufanotaurwa nguva dzose.
Iyi dzidziso yakasarudzika, asi inosimbiswa kunyangwe mumabhaisikopo, kunyanya muanimation.
Sezvauri kuona, Toothless ine maziso akakura kwazvo, uye ndicho chikonzero. Nekuda kweizvi, isu tisingazvioni tinozviona neyakajeka manzwiro coloring, kunyangwe hazvo pamberi pedu pane dhiragoni. Uye dhiragoni haina kuhotsira segwai (ingobvunza vagari veMambo Landing).
Chero zvazvingava, vanhu pavakakumbirwa kuti vasarudze kubva pamifananidzo yemhuka dzavainyanya kufarira, ruzhinji rwakasarudza dziya dzinovaraidza dzinenge dziine paedomorphic features.
Masayendisiti anotendawo kuti hunhu hwakadaro hunogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nekushanda kwemamwe tsandanyama, ndiko kuti, "akagadzirwa" akawedzerwa. Saizvozvo, imwe pfungwa inogona kutoonekwa mutsiye dzakasimudzwa dzembwa, ichitsanangura chikonzero nei munhuwo zvake asingagoni kuramba chitarisiko chechiso chakadaro.
Kune mhasuru dzinosimudza mukati metsiye, izvo zvinoita kuti maziso embwa aite seakakura uye akasuwa. Asi mapere ane mhasuru dzakadaro here? Pamwe havazvishandise, nekuti kutaurirana kwavo nevanhu kwakaganhurirwa. Aiwa, makudo haana mamhasuru akadaro, nekuti akashanduka neimwe nzira.
Kuti aratidze izvi, masayendisiti akaita chidzidzo chechimiro chemhasuru dzezviso zvegrey wolves (canis lupus, 4 samples) uye imbwa dzepamba (Canis familiaris, 6 samples). Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti sampuli dzese dzekuparadzanisa dzakapihwa neMuseum yeMishonga, kureva kuti, mhuka dzakafa nezvikonzero zvechisikigo uye hadzina kuurayiwa nekuda kwekutsvaga. Kucherechedzwa kwakaitwawo nezvemaitiro emhumhi (9 vanhu) uye imbwa (27 vanhu) panguva yekutaurirana nevanhu, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona kuita kwemhasuru pachiso chekutanga, sekutaura.
Mufananidzo #1
Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamufananidzo wekuenzanisa wezviso zvembwa (kuruboshwe) uye mhumhi (kurudyi), mushanduro mbiri idzi tsandanyama dzine zvinhu zvakafanana, kunze kwechimwe chinhu - mhasuru dzakatenderedza maziso.
Mumbwa, tsandanyama inonzi levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) yakanga iripo zvizere uye yakagadziridzwa, nepo mapere aingova netambo diki uye dzisina kugadzirwa, dzakafukidzwa zvakanyanya netishu dzinobatanidza. Kazhinji mumhumhi, kuvepo kwetendon kwakacherechedzwa kuti yakasanganiswa nepakati zvikamu zvefiber dze orbicularis oculi muscle panzvimbo iyo LAOM yaivepo mumbwa.
Mufananidzo #2 (kwete wekuneta kwemoyo): kupatsanurwa kwemusoro wembwa (kuruboshwe) nemhumhi (kurudyi), zvichiratidza mutsauko (ruvara rwegirinhi).
Musiyano uyu uri pachena muchimiro chemhasuru unoratidza kuti makudo ane nguva yakaoma kusimudza mukati metsiye dzawo.
Mukuwedzera, kusiyana kwakaonekwa mumhasuru retractor anguli oculi lateralis tsandanyama (RAOL). Iyi mhasuru yaivepo mumbwa zvese nemakudo. Asi mune yekupedzisira yairatidzwa zvisina kusimba uye yaimiririra chete kuunganidzwa kwetsandanyama fiber.
Tafura inoenzanisa chimiro chetsandanyama yechiso chemhumhi (C. lupus) nembwa (C. familiaris). Mazita: P - tsandanyama iripo mumasampuli ese; V - mhasuru iripo, asi kwete mumasampuli ese; A - tsandanyama iripo mumasampuli mazhinji; * - mhasuru yakanga isipo mune imwe yemhumhi samples; † - mhasuru mumhumhi haina kuratidzwa seyakazara, asi sekuunganidzwa kwefibers; ‡ - tsandanyama yakawanikwa mune ese canine samples kunze kweSiberian Husky (yaisagona kuonekwa panguva ye dissection).
Iyo RAOL tsandanyama inokweva kona yakatarisana yemaziso yakananga kunzeve. Imbwa dzakawanda dzepamba dzine tsandanyama iyi, kunze kweSiberian Husky, sezvo rudzi urwu rwakanyanya, zvichireva kuti rwakanyanya kuwirirana nemhumhi kupfuura mamwe marudzi.
Izvi zvakawanikwa kubva mukudzidza kweanatomy yemhumhi nembwa zvakasimbiswa panguva yekuedzwa kwehunhu. 27 imbwa dzakaunzwa kubva kumakennel akasiyana, uye mutorwa akauya kwavari imwe neimwe ndokutora mhinduro yavo kwaari kwemaminetsi maviri. Mapere akaunzwa kubva kumasangano maviri akasiyana kwaaigara nemapack awo. Mumwe muenzi akauyawo kune imwe neimwe yemhumhi (2 vanhu) uye akadhirowa mhinduro yavo kwemaminetsi maviri.
Maziso embwa yembwa, ayo masayendisiti akapa iyo yakanyanya kuomarara kodhi zita rekuti AU101, akaongororwa uye akaiswa maererano nekusimba, kubva pasi (A) kusvika kumusoro (E).
Kuenzanisa kweAU101 frequency pakati pemarudzi kwakaratidza kuti imbwa dzinoshandisa chimiro chechiso ichi zvakanyanya kakawanda kupfuura mhumhi (Mdn = 2, Mann-Whitney: U = 36, z = -3.13, P = 0.001).
Kuenzanisa kweAU101 kusimba pakati pezvipenyu kwakaratidza kuti yakaderera intensity (A) inoitika neyakafanana frequency mumbwa nemhumhi. Kuwedzera kusimba (C) kunoitika kakawanda mumbwa, asi kusimba kwakanyanya (D uye E) kunoitika muimbwa chete.
Kuita kwemhumhi panguva yekutarisa inoratidza kusimba kweAU101 kutaura:
Kusimba A
Kusimba B
Kusimba C
Kuita kwembwa panguva yekutarisa inoratidza kusimba kweAU101 kutaura:
Kusimba A
Kusimba B
Kusimba C
Kusimba D
Kusimba E
Zvakawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi
Migumisiro yeongororo yezvakaita tsandanyama yembwa nemhumhi, zvakasanganiswa nekutarisa maitiro, zvakapa humbowo husingarambiki hwekuti tsandanyama dzechiso dzakaumbwa mumbwa panguva dzekupfuyiwa. Masayendisiti anoona izvi zvichishamisa nekuti izvi zvakatanga kwete kare kare, makore 33 000 apfuura. Dambudziko rekuita zvidzidzo zvakadaro nderokuti zvinyoro zvinyoro (munyaya iyi tsandanyama) hazviwanzo kuwanikwa mufossil form. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzekutsvakurudza. Mubasa iri, mapere emazuva ano akashandiswa, ayo asiri kure zvakanyanya kubviswa anatomically kubva kumadzitateguru avo, kusiyana nembwa dzepamba.
Mhedziso inotevera ndeyokuti kutaridzika kwemhasuru dzechiso kwakabatana zvakananga nekukurukurirana kwepedyo pakati pembwa nevanhu. Nekusimudza chikamu chemukati chetsiye, imbwa inoita kuti maziso ayo awedzere, zvichiita kuti kushamwaridzana kusinganzwisisiki mumunhu ane chimwe chinhu chakachengeteka, chakanaka uye chinoda mhinduro yakanaka yemanzwiro. Izvi hazvishamisi, tichifunga kukosha kwetsiye mukukurukurirana kwevanhu-munhu. Kufamba uye nzvimbo yetsiye inoita basa rinokosha pakuisa kusimbisa panguva yekukurukurirana, sezvimwe zviratidzo zvepfungwa. Vanhu vanonyatsotarisa tsiye dze interlocutor yavo nekutarisisa.
Chinhu chimwe hachisati chanyatsojeka - zviuru zvemakore apfuura, panguva yekusarudzwa, vanhu vaiziva nezvemhasuru dzechiso chembwa uye vakaedza nemaune kubereka mhando nyowani dzaizova nadzo, kana ichi chimiro cheanatomical hachina kudzidzwa nevanhu uye chakapfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa. chizvarwa pasina kubatanidzwa kwesarudzo neimwe nzira. Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu haisati yawanikwa, asi masayendisiti haaregi kutsvaga.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa .
Epilogue
Imbwa ishamwari yemunhu. Zviuru zvakawanda zvemakore zvakapfuura, vanhu nembwa vakatanga kugara pamwe chete, vachitarisirana. Uye kunyangwe iye zvino, munguva yekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kana chero basa rembwa rinogona kuitwa nerobhoti rakasarudzika, isu tichiri kupa sarudzo kune shamwari dzedu dzine makumbo mana.
Imbwa dzinoita mabasa mazhinji akakosha uye akaomarara, kubva pakutsvaga vanhu vakashaika mushure metsaona kusvika pakubatsira varidzi mapofu. Asi kunyange kana imbwa yako isiri mununuri kana kuti imbwa inotungamirira, uchiri kuida uye dzimwe nguva unovimba nayo kupfuura vanhu.
Imbwa, kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzinovaraidza, hadzisi matoyi ekugara mumba, dzinova nhengo dzemhuri uye dzinofanirwa kuremekedzwa kwakakodzera, kutarisirwa uye rudo. Pashure pezvose, sokutaura kwakaita Jerome K. Jerome: “...haafariri kuti uri mupfumi here kana kuti murombo, benzi kana kuti akangwara, mutadzi kana kuti mutsvene. Uri shamwari yake. Zvamukwanira."
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Nzira yekuita sei kuti urege kurangwa kune imwe tsvina yakasviba? Zviri nyore, unofanira kunge unotapira sembwa dzakapfidza idzi. 🙂
Chishanu kubva-pamusoro 2.0 (katsi edition):
Ikoko hakuna hukuru hutera hwemakati kupfuura mabhokisi. Uye hazvina basa kuti haugone kukwana mune zvese. 🙂
Maita basa nekuverenga, rambai muchida kuziva, idai mhuka uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana!
Ndinokutendai nekugara nesu. Unoda zvinyorwa zvedu here? Unoda kuona zvimwe zvinonakidza zvemukati? Titsigire nekuisa odha kana kukurudzira kushamwari, 30% kuderedzwa kwevashandisi veHabr pane yakasarudzika analogue yekupinda-level maseva, iyo yakagadzirwa nesu kuti iwe: (inowanikwa neRAID1 uye RAID10, kusvika ku24 cores uye kusvika ku40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd kaviri zvakachipa? Chete pano muNetherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kubva pamadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe! Verenga nezve
Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. , Munogamuchirwa.
Ndiani shamwari yepamwoyo yemunhu?
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Imbwa
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Cat
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Chero mhuka inovaraidza
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Cockroaches
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House manager
449 vashandisi vakavhota. 76 vashandisi vakaramba.
Source: www.habr.com