Zvechokwadi vazhinji venyu munoziva kana kuti vakatoona kuti zvinhu zvakakura sei zvinodzorwa, semuenzaniso, chigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya kana fekitari ine mitsara yakawanda yekugadzira: chiito chikuru chinowanzoitika muimba huru, ine boka rezvidzitiro, mababu emwenje. uye remote control. Iyi control complex inowanzonzi main control room - main control panel yekutarisa nzvimbo yekugadzira.
Chokwadi wanga uchinetseka kuti zvese zvinoshanda sei maererano nehardware uye software, kuti masisitimu aya akasiyana sei nemakomputa emunhu. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichatarisa kuti akasiyana data anosvika sei kukamuri huru yekudzora, kuti mirairo inotumirwa sei kumidziyo, uye chii chinowanzodiwa kudzora compressor station, propane kugadzira chirimwa, mutsara wemotokari, kana kunyange pombi yetsvina.
Iyo yakaderera level kana fieldbus ndipo panotangira zvese
Iri seti yemashoko, isina kujeka kune vasina uninitiated, inoshandiswa pazvinenge zvakakodzera kutsanangura nzira dzekukurukurirana pakati pe microcontrollers uye zvigadzirwa zvepasi, semuenzaniso, I / O modules kana zviyero zvekuyera. Kazhinji iyi nzira yekutaurirana inonzi "bus remumunda" nekuti ine basa rekufambisa data rinobva ku "munda" kuenda kune controller.
"Field" ishoko rakadzika reunyanzvi rinoreva chokwadi chekuti mimwe midziyo (semuenzaniso, masensa kana actuators) iyo iyo controller inodyidzana nayo inowanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo kure, kure, mumugwagwa, muminda, pasi pechifukidziro cheusiku. . Uye hazvina basa kuti sensor inogona kuwanikwa hafu yemamita kubva kune controller uye kuyera, toti, tembiricha mu automation cabinet, ichiri kutariswa kuti iri "mumunda." Kazhinji, masaini kubva kuma sensors anosvika paI / O modules achiri kufamba madaro kubva kumakumi kusvika kumazana emamita (uye dzimwe nguva zvimwe), kuunganidza ruzivo kubva kunzvimbo dziri kure kana michina. Chaizvoizvo, ndosaka bhazi rekuchinjana, kuburikidza iro mutongi anogamuchira kukosha kubva kune aya ma sensors, anowanzo kunzi bhazi remumunda kana, zvisingawanzo, bhazi repasi kana bhazi reindasitiri.
General scheme ye otomatiki yenzvimbo yeindasitiri
Saka, chiratidzo chemagetsi kubva kune sensor inofamba imwe chinhambwe pamwe nemitsara yetambo (kazhinji pamwe netambo yemhangura yenguva dzose ine imwe nhamba yemacores), uko kune akati wandei sensors akabatana. Chiratidzo chinobva chapinda mukugadzirisa module (input / output module), iyo inoshandurwa kuva mutauro wedhijitari unonzwisiswa kune mutongi. Tevere, chiratidzo ichi kuburikidza nebhazi remumunda chinoenda zvakananga kune controller, uko chinozogadziriswa. Kubva pane zviratidzo zvakadaro, iyo inoshanda logic ye microcontroller pachayo inovakwa.
Yepamusoro nhanho: kubva kune garland kuenda kune yese workstation
Chikamu chepamusoro chinodaidzwa kuti zvese zvinogona kubatwa nemunhuwo zvake anofa anodzora maitiro etekinoroji. Muchiitiko chakareruka, chikamu chepamusoro chigadziko chemwenje uye mabhatani. Magirobhu emwenje anoratidza mushandisi nezve zvimwe zviitiko zviri kuitika muhurongwa, mabhatani anoshandiswa kupa mirairo kumubati. Iyi sisitimu inowanzonzi "garland" kana "muti weKisimusi" nekuti inotaridzika zvakafanana (sezvaunogona kuona kubva pamufananidzo uri pakutanga kwechinyorwa).
Kana mutyairi ane rombo rakanaka, saka seyepamusoro nhanho achawana opareta pani - rudzi rwe flat-panel komputa iyo neimwe nzira kana imwe inogamuchira data yekuratidzira kubva kumutongi uye inoiratidza pachiratidziri. Panera rakadaro rinowanzo kuisirwa pane otomatiki cabinet pachayo, saka iwe kazhinji unofanirwa kupindirana nayo paunenge wakamira, izvo zvinokonzeresa kusagadzikana, pamwe nemhando uye hukuru hwechifananidzo pane madiki-fomati mapaneru anosiya zvakanyanya kudiwa.
Uye pakupedzisira, kukwezva kwerupo rusati rwamboitika - nzvimbo yekushandira (kana kunyange akati wandei makopi), inova yakajairika komputa.
Midziyo yepamusoro-yepamusoro inofanirwa kupindirana neimwe nzira neiyo microcontroller (zvikasadaro nei ichidikanwa?). Pakudyidzana kwakadaro, mapuroteni epamusoro uye imwe nzira yekufambisa inoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, Ethernet kana UART. Panyaya ye "muti weKisimusi", kuomarara kwakadaro, hongu, hakuna kudikanwa; magirobhu emwenje anovhenekerwa neakajairika mitsara yemuviri, hapana akaomesesa interfaces kana mapuroteni ipapo.
Kazhinji, iyi yepamusoro-soro haina kunakidza kupfuura bhazi remumunda, sezvo iyi yepamusoro inogona kunge isipo zvachose (hapana chinhu chekuti mushandisi atarise kubva kune akateedzana; mutongi pachawo anozoona izvo zvinoda kuitwa uye sei. )
"Chekare" kuendesa data mapuroteni: Modbus uye HART
Vanhu vashomanana vanoziva, asi pazuva rechinomwe rekusikwa kwenyika, Mwari haana kuzorora, asi akasika Modbus. Pamwe chete neiyo HART protocol, Modbus ingangove yekare indasitiri yekufambisa data protocol; yakaonekwa kumashure muna 1979.
Iyo serial interface yakatanga kushandiswa senzira yekufambisa, ipapo Modbus yakaitwa pamusoro peTCP/IP. Iyi isynchronous master-slave (tenzi-muranda) protocol inoshandisa iyo yekukumbira-mhinduro musimboti. Iyo protocol yakaoma uye inononoka, iyo yekutsinhana kumhanyisa inoenderana nehunhu hweanogamuchira uye anotumira, asi kazhinji kuverenga kunosvika mazana emamilliseconds, kunyanya kana ichiitwa kuburikidza neserial interface.
Uyezve, iyo Modbus data transfer register ndeye 16-bit, iyo pakarepo inoisa zvirambidzo pakuendesa kwechokwadi uye mbiri mhando. Iwo anotapurirwa zvimwe muzvikamu kana nekurasikirwa kwechokwadi. Kunyange zvazvo Modbus ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kukurumidza kushamwaridzana kwepamusoro kusingadiwi uye kurasikirwa kwe data yakatumirwa haisi yakakosha. Vazhinji vagadziri vezvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana vanofarira kuwedzera Modbus protocol nenzira yavo yakasarudzika uye yepakutanga, vachiwedzera mabasa asiri akajairwa. Naizvozvo, iyi protocol ine akawanda ekuchinja uye kutsauka kubva pane zvakajairwa, asi ichiri kurarama zvinobudirira munyika yanhasi.
Iyo HART protocol yave iripo kubva makumi masere, iindasitiri yekutaurirana protocol pamusoro pemaviri-waya ikozvino loop mutsara inobatanidza zvakananga 4-20 mA sensors uye mamwe maHART-anogonesa zvishandiso.
Kuti uchinje mitsara yeHART, zvigadzirwa zvakakosha, zvinonzi HART modem, zvinoshandiswa. Kune zvakare vashanduri vanopa mushandisi, toti, iyo Modbus protocol pane inobuda.
HART ingangove yakakurumbira kune chokwadi chekuti kunze kweiyo analog masaini e4-20 mA sensors, chiratidzo chedhijitari cheprotocol pachayo chinoparidzirwawo mudunhu, izvi zvinokutendera kuti ubatanidze dhijitari uye analog zvikamu mune imwe tambo tambo. Yemazuva ano HART modem inogona kubatana kune controller's USB port, yakabatana neBluetooth, kana nzira yechinyakare kuburikidza neserial port. Makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, nekuenzanisa neWi-Fi, iyo WirelessHART isina waya standard, inoshanda muISM renji, yakaonekwa.
Chizvarwa chechipiri cheprotocol kana kwete chaizvo mabhazi emaindasitiri ISA, PCI (e) uye VME
Iyo Modbus neHART mapuroteni akatsiviwa nemabhazi asiri emuindasitiri, akadai seISA (MicroPC, PC/104) kana PCI/PCIe (CompactPCI, CompactPCI Serial, StacPC), pamwe neVME.
Nguva yemakomputa yasvika iine bhazi re data repasi rose, uko mabhodhi akasiyana (module) anogona kubatanidzwa kuti agadzirise imwe chiratidzo chakabatana. Sezvo mutemo, mune iyi kesi, iyo processor module (kombuta) inoiswa mune iyo inonzi furemu, iyo inovimbisa kupindirana kuburikidza nebhazi nemamwe madivayiri. Iyo furemu, kana, sechokwadi otomatiki nyanzvi dzinoda kuidaidza kuti, "crate," inowedzerwa neinodiwa yekupinda-yekuburitsa mabhodhi: analog, discrete, interface, nezvimwe, kana zvese izvi zvinoiswa pamwechete muchimiro chesangweji isina. furemu - imwe puranga pamusoro peimwe. Mushure meizvozvo, izvi zvakasiyana-siyana mubhazi (ISA, PCI, nezvimwewo) zvinoshandura data ne processor module, iyo nokudaro inogamuchira ruzivo kubva kune sensors uye inoshandisa mamwe mafungiro.
Controller uye I/O modules mune PXI furemu paPCI bhazi. Kwakabva:
Zvese zvingave zvakanaka neaya mabhazi eISA, PCI (e) uye VME, kunyanya kune idzo nguva: kumhanya kwekuchinjana hakusi kuodza mwoyo, uye zvikamu zvehurongwa zviri mune imwechete furemu, compact uye yakanakira, panogona kunge pasina kupisa-swappable. I/O makadhi, asi ini handisati ndanyatsoda.
Asi muchizoro mune nhunzi, uye inopfuura imwe chete. Zvakanyanya kuoma kuvaka hurongwa hwakagoverwa mukugadzirisa kwakadaro, bhazi rekuchinjana riri munharaunda, unoda kuuya nechimwe chinhu chekuchinjana data nemamwe nhapwa kana peer node, iyo Modbus imwechete pamusoro peTCP / IP kana imwe imwe protocol, mu zvakazara, hapana zvinokwana zvakakwana. Zvakanaka, chinhu chechipiri chisinganyanyi kunakidza: I / O mapuranga anowanzo tarisira imwe mhando yechiratidzo chakabatana sekupinza, uye ivo havana galvanic yekuzviparadzanisa nemidziyo yemumunda, saka unofanirwa kugadzira fenzi kubva kune akasiyana mamodule ekutendeuka uye epakati redunhu, izvo zvinoomesa zvakanyanya element base.
Yepakati chiratidzo chekushandura modules ine galvanic isolation. Kwakabva:
"Ko nezveprotocol yemabhazi eindasitiri?" - iwe unobvunza. Hapana. Hachipo mukuitwa uku. Kuburikidza netambo dzetambo, chiratidzo chinofamba kubva kune sensors kuenda kune masignal converters, vashanduri vanopa voltage kune discrete kana analog I / O board, uye data kubva kubhodhi yakatoverengwa kuburikidza neI / O ports uchishandisa OS. Uye hapana akasarudzika maprotocol.
Mabhazi emazuva ano emaindasitiri nemaprotocol anoshanda
Chii zvino? Kusvika iye zvino, iyo classical ideology yekuvaka otomatiki masisitimu yakachinja zvishoma. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakatora basa, kutanga nenyaya yekuti otomatiki inofanirwawo kuve yakanakira, uye ichipera nemaitiro ekuenda kune akagoverwa otomatiki masisitimu ane node dziri kure kubva kune imwe neimwe.
Pamwe isu tinogona kutaura kuti kune maviri makuru pfungwa dzekuvaka otomatiki masisitimu nhasi: emuno uye akagovera otomatiki masisitimu.
Panyaya yemasisitimu enzvimbo, uko kuunganidzwa kwedata uye kutonga kunoiswa pakati peimwe nzvimbo chaiyo, pfungwa yeimwe seti yekupinza / kubuda modules yakabatana neyakajairwa bhazi rinokurumidza, kusanganisira controller ine yayo yekutsinhana protocol, iri kudiwa. Muchiitiko ichi, sekutonga, I / O modules inosanganisira zvose chiratidzo chekushandura uye galvanic isolation (kunyangwe, hongu, kwete nguva dzose). Izvi zvinoreva kuti, zvakakwana kuti mushandisi wekupedzisira anzwisise kuti ndeapi marudzi emagetsi uye nzira dzichave dziripo mu automated system, kuverenga nhamba inodiwa yekupinda / kubuda modules yemhando dzakasiyana dzezviratidzo uye ozvibatanidza mumutsara mumwe chete nemutungamiriri. . Muchiitiko ichi, sekutonga, mugadziri wega wega anoshandisa yaanoda kuchinjanisa protocol pakati peI / O modules uye mutongi, uye panogona kuva nesarudzo dzakawanda pano.
Panyaya yemasisitimu akagoverwa, zvese zvinotaurwa maererano nemasisitimu emunharaunda ndezvechokwadi, uyezve, zvakakosha kuti zvikamu zvega, semuenzaniso, seti yekupinda-yekubuda modules pamwe nemudziyo wekuunganidza uye kutumira ruzivo - a kwete. yakangwara kwazvo microcontroller inomira pane imwe nzvimbo mudumba mumunda, pedyo nevharuvhu inovhara mafuta - inogona kupindirana nemanodhi akafanana uye nemutongi mukuru ari chinhambwe chikuru nechiyero chekuchinjana chinoshanda.
Vagadziri vanosarudza sei protocol yeprojekiti yavo? Ese maprotocol emazuva ano ekutsinhana anopa kuita kwakaringana, saka kusarudzwa kwemumwe kana mumwe mugadziri kazhinji hakugadzirwe nehuwandu hwekuchinjana pane iri bhazi reindasitiri. Kuitwa kweprotocol pachayo hakuna kunyanya kukosha, nokuti, kubva pakuona kwemugadziri wegadziriro, icharamba iine bhokisi dema rinopa imwe shanduko yemukati yekuchinja uye haina kugadzirirwa kupindira kwekunze. Kazhinji, kutariswa kunobhadharwa kune anoshanda maitiro: kuita kwekombuta, nyore kushandisa pfungwa yemugadziri kune basa riripo, kuwanikwa kwemhando dzinodiwa dzeI / O modules, kugona kupisa-swappable modules pasina kutyora. bhazi, etc.
Vatengesi vemidziyo vane mukurumbira vanopa yavo yekumisikidzwa kwemaindasitiri maprotocol: semuenzaniso, kambani inozivikanwa Siemens iri kugadzira nhevedzano yeProfinet neProfibus protocol, B&R iri kugadzira iyo Powerlink protocol, Rockwell Automation iri kugadzira EtherNet/IP protocol. Mhinduro yemumba mune iyi runyorwa rwemienzaniso: vhezheni yeFBUS protocol kubva kukambani yeRussia Fastwel.
Kunewo mamwe magadzirirwo epasi rose asina kusungirirwa kune chaiwo mugadziri, akadai EtherCAT uye CAN. Isu tichaongorora aya maprotocol zvakadzama mukuenderera mberi kwechinyorwa uye toona kuti ndeupi wavo anokodzera zvirinani kune chaiwo maapplication: maindasitiri emotokari uye aerospace, kugadzira zvemagetsi, masisitimu ekumisa uye marobhoti. Ramba uchibatana!
Source: www.habr.com