kambani yedu anobatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvikuru nezviduku zvokuvaka. Takatonyora paHabrΓ© , uye nhasi tinokukoka iwe kuti ufungisise mapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka enguva dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakagara, nemaitiro emazuva ano, nguva yakareba kwazvo, asi pakupedzisira zvinhu izvi zvakava zviyeuchidzo zvezvivakwa zvenyika.
Mavakirwo avakaita kare
Kana isu tikaderedza nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka kusvika kumatanho matatu mumweya we "Ndakauya, ndakaona, ndakakunda," zvino zvichazoitika: munhu akadzidza kuti simbi inogona kugadzirwa kubva kune ore, yakagadzirwa yakasimbiswa kongiri, uye akavaka bulldozer. Kugadzirwa kwemichina yakawanda yakakurumidzisa kuvaka kwakaitika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Uye izvozvo zvisati zvaitika, basa remaoko rakaramba riri chinhu chikuru panzvimbo yokuvaka. Kubatsira vanhu kwaiva nemarori emapuranga, marevheti uye michina yekusimudza. Kazhinji, midziyo yokuvaka yaigadzirwa panzvimbo yokuvaka yobva yaputswa pashure pokunge kuvaka kwapera.
Sezvo maturusi ese aive akakosha uye asina kukanganisa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa, zvaikwanisika kukurumidza kuvaka kuburikidza nekuwedzera basa, izvo zvaisaita pasina bhajeti rakakura. Mari yakadaro yakagoverwa, kutanga, nokuda kwokuvaka tembere namacathedrals. Kuno kwakanga kuchibvira kukwezva vanhu vakawanda sezvaidiwa pakuvaka munguva pfupi zvikuru inobvira. Semuenzaniso, Hagia Sophia muConstantinople (537) yakavakwa mumakore matanhatu chete, ayo mumazuva iwayo akanga asingatarisiri kutsanya kwetemberi yakareba 6 m. Asi vashandi 55,6 6 vakashanda pairi kwemakore matanhatu ose. Uyu ndiwo mutengo wechivakwa chikuru chave chiratidzo cheIstanbul. Kwemakore anopfuura 10 000, cathedral iyi yakaramba iri hombe munyika yechiKristu.
Kwete basa chete rinodhura zvakanyanya, asiwo zvekuvaka. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanonyora kuti kuvakwa kwezvivako zvechitendero kwaidhura zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, muongorori wekuAmerica Henry Kraus akaenzanisa dhaka negoridhe ndokutora dimikira racho mumusoro webhuku rake rinonzi Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. Iri bhuku rinopa tsvakiridzo yake mune mari yemamwe macathedrals eEurope mukati meMiddle Ages.
Nyika imwe neimwe ine yayo "yegoridhe" chirongwa chekuvaka chisina kupera - muSpain (yakakurumbira Sagrada Familia), uye muCambodia (Angkor Wat), uye muChina, uye, hongu, muRussia. Mapurojekiti akadaro akakodzera kuwedzera kune rondedzero yezvishamiso zvenyika, uye zvisinei kuti kuvakwa kwavo kwakanonoka kwenguva yakareba sei, yakaguma (kune inenge yose).
Saka kuvakwa kwepurojekiti yakakura yakakodzera kuve chiyeuchidzo chezvivakwa zvepasirese kunogona kugara kwenguva yakareba sei?
The Great Wall of China - 2000 makore
Imwe yezvivakwa zvakakurumbira munyika, kuvakwa kwakatora makore anopfuura 2000. Panzira yorusvingo pane magwenga nenzizi, makomo nemapani. Kuvakwa kwerusvingo kwakatanga muzana remakore rechitatu BC. uye yakapedzwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi 300 AD. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vanosvika 000 2 vakashanda pakuvaka rusvingo, uye pamwe chete vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri vakabatanidzwa mubasa racho.
Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakashandiswa zvinoyerwa mumamiriyoni ematani. Paivakwa, vashandi vainyanya kuwana zvinhu panzvimbo. Madziro acho akanga akagadzirwa nejecha, uye nokuda kwokuvimbika, nzvimbo pakati pamadziro maviri yakanga izere netsanga nemikonachando. Mumakomo, rusvingo rwakavakwa nematombo asina kuvezwa uye matombo akasiyana-siyana. Mazana emakore akapfuura, matekinoroji akavandudzwa, zvinhu zvitsva zvakaonekwa. Nzvimbo dzichangoburwa dzemadziro, dzakavakwa neMing Dynasty, dzakavakwa nezvidhinha nedhaka - sezvatinoita nhasi.
Chokwadi chinoda kuziva: Vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti madziro anogona kuonekwa kubva muchadenga, asi iri runyerekupe rwakatorambwa kakawanda.
Sagrada Familia - makore anopfuura 137
Tine chokwadi chekuti ichi ndicho chimiro chekutanga chawakarangarira pawakaverenga musoro wechinyorwa. Basa raAntonio Gaudi richiri kuvakwa. Dombo rekutanga reBasilica rakaiswa muna 1882. Mugore rekufa kwaGaudi - muna 1926 - kathedral yaingova kota yakavakwa, uye yaizova yekufananidzira kana kuvaka kwapera pamakore zana ekufa kwake.
Sagrada ine , uko munhu anogona kuona fungidziro ine tariro yokuti basilica inogona kupedzwa muzana ramakore rechi70. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chimiro ikozvino 90,1% yakakwana uye yasvika kureba kwemamita 172,5 (uye kureba kwakarongwa ndeye XNUMX m).
Nenzira, pane ino saiti iwe unogona kubatana nekamera yepamhepo chero nguva uye wotarisa wega kuti kuvaka kana kudzoreredza kuri kufambira mberi sei.
Iyi dhizaini yekudhirowa kubva 1892 inoratidza akati wandei ma lifts anoshandiswa mukuvaka crypt yeSagrada Familia. Ichi chimiro chemapuranga ipulley system ine tambo - rudzi urwu rwekreni rwakatanga kushandiswa nevaRoma uye raigona kusimudza kusvika matani 2,5.
Chokwadi chinoda kuziva: Vakuru veBarcelona vakati hapana rekodhi yemvumo yekuvaka yakakumbirwa muna 1885 yakambopihwa. Uye zvino, makore zana nemakumi matatu nemanomwe mushure mekutanga kuvakwa, guta rakapa vavaki rezinesi rinoshanda kusvika 137. Zvigunwe zvakayambuka vanogona kuzviita!
Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - makore makumi matatu nemanomwe
Angkor Wat yakavakwa pakati pe1113 ne1150 AD. Vanoti temberi iyi haina kuvakwa kwemakumi mana emakore, asi anopfuura mazana mana emakore, izvo zvisiri izvo. Kusiyana nekufambidzana kwekuvaka kwakamuka nekuti Angkor Wat yaive mukati memoyo weKhmer Empire - guta reAngkor, uye vamwe vanofunga makore ekuvakwa kweguta (anova makore 4 chaiwo) kuve makore ekuvakwa kweguta. temberi.
Chivako ichi piramidhi ine nhanho-nhatu yakananga kumadokero. Kuvakwa kwetemberi kwaiitwa kubva pakati kuenda kunharaunda. Kubva pane chero nzvimbo yepamusoro, nhatu chete dzeshongwe shanu dzinogara dzichionekwa, saka kunyangwe nemazuva ano zviyero, Angkor Wat chishamiso chekuvaka.
Matani mamiriyoni mashanu ematombo ejecha akashandiswa pakuvaka temberi akazvuzvurudzwa makiromita makumi mashanu kubva pakari iri pedyo nevashandi pachavo. Vanhu vanenge 5 50 nenzou 300 000, idzo dzakanyatsoratidzwa mumufananidzo, dzakabatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwechishamiso chekuvaka.
Chivakwa cheKhmer ndechenhanho yekuchinja yekuvandudza tekinoroji yekuvaka: zvidhinha nematombo zvinobereka mafomu uye matekiniki emapuranga ekuvaka. Semuenzaniso, zvakavezwa pamadziro zvinotevedzera mashenjere esikirini.
Chokwadi chinoda kuziva: Chivakwa chetemberi kuAngkor Wat chine mukurumbira zvekuti vanhu vekuCambodia vakatoisa mufananidzo wayo pamureza wavo.
Cologne Cathedral - makore 632
6 mazana emakore muenzaniso wakakodzera wenzira yeGermany: kana iwe ukazviita, zvino chete nehupamhi hwepamusoro, kunyange kana zvichitora nguva yakareba. Apo cathedral, yakatanga muna 1248, yakapedzwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 157, yakazova chivako chirefu zvikurusa munyika (161 m). Gare gare, rekodhi yakaputswa necathedral muUlm (632 m) uye skyscrapers muUSA. Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti kuvakwa kweCologne Cathedral hakuna kuenderera mberi kwemakore 1437: muna 20, kuvaka kwakamiswa nekuda kwekushayikwa kwemari nemichina. Panguva iyoyo, madziro, kwaya, shongwe yokumaodzanyemba, uye hwaro hweNzvimbo zvakanga zvagadzirwa, asi denga rakanga ragadzirwa neimwe nzira uye harina kufukidza mukati metemberi nokuda kwemamiriro okunze. Kuti apedze kuvakwa kwecathedral muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvakanga zvakakodzera kupedza makore anopfuura XNUMX achidzorera chikamu chayo chakanga chatovakwa.
Unoda kubvunza kuti imarii yekuvaka? Mukutaura kwemazuva ano, takashandisa mari inopfuura bhiriyoni imwe euros. Kathedral workshop yakashandisa vanhu vanopfuura mazana mashanu uye yakashandisa matekinoroji echizvino-zvino ekuvaka, senge sisitimu yekusimudza inokambaira kana injini dzemhepo.
Chokwadi chinoda kuziva: Kune mabhero gumi nerimwe mucathedral, imwe yacho () ndiro bhero guru rinoshanda pasi rose. Yakakandwa muna 1923, uye inorema matani makumi maviri nemana.
Milan Cathedral - makore 579
Ndiani aigona kukwikwidzana nemaGermany mukuvaka zvivako zvepamusoro-soro? Chokwadi, vokuItaly. Kathedral hombe muEurope uye yechishanu pakukura pasirese, Milan Duomo yakavambwa mugore rimwe chete iro muvezi mukuru weRenaissance uye muimbi Donatello akazvarwa (1386), uye akapera apo The Beatles yakaburitsa Rubber Soul (1965). Kuvaka kwakatora nguva yakareba kunyangwe nezvimiro zveItaly - makore 579. Uye kutaura kwakagadzikana fabbrica del duomo (kuvaka kathedral) kwakaonekwa mumutauro. Ndizvo zvavanotaura kana zvichitora nguva yakawanda kuita chimwe chinhu.
78 vagadziri vezvivakwa kubva kuEurope vakatora chikamu mukuvaka. Chivako ichi pakutanga chaizovakwa kubva kune zvidhinha zveterracotta, asi ipapo Condol marble kubva kuLake Maggiore yakashandiswa. Naizvozvo, iyo facade yakave yakasiyana-siyana: kune pink, chena uye chiedza grey nzvimbo. Kuendesa marble kunzvimbo yokuvaka, migero yaicherwa zvikurukuru muguta.
Hapana mumwe kunze kwaNapoleon Bonaparte akabatsira kupedza kuvakwa kwecathedral. Mukutanga kwema1800, mushure mekunge akunda guta, aida kupfekedzwa korona muDuomo, izvo zvaireva kuti kuvaka kwaifanira kupedzwa nekukurumidza. Pamberi pekugadzwa, nekuraira kwake, kushongedzwa kwefacade kwakapedzwa nekukurumidza.
Nenzira, panguva iyo maItaly akapedza Duomo di Milano, izvo zvikamu zvechivako zvakatanga kuvakwa zvinoda kudzorerwa.
Chokwadi chinonakidza: kuvaka hakuna kupera kunyangwe mushure mekugadzwa kwaNapoleon. Kusvikira chikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi1965, basa rakaitwa rekushongedza temberi: mahwindo matsva egirazi, zvivezwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza zvakawedzerwa. Uye muna XNUMX chete kuvaka kwakapedzwa.
Notre Dame Cathedral - makore 182
Dombo rekutanga rekuvaka rakaiswa muna 1163. Iyo shongwe dzakapedzwa muna 1245, uye iyo cathedral yese muna 1345. Zvitaera zvakasiyana (Gothic neRomanesque) uye kureba kwakasiyana kweshongwe uye kumadokero kwekathedral kunoratidza kuti vagadziri vakasiyana vakatora chikamu mukuvaka.
Notre-Dame de Paris yakava imwe yezvivakwa zvekutanga pasirese, panguva yekuvakwa kwacho kwakashandiswa arched-shaped-shaped support support - arched buttresses. Vakanga vasiri mugwaro rekutanga. Asi madziro matete akavakwa kusvika paukwiriri hwakati akatanga kutsemuka, saka zvitsigiro zvekunze zvakamiswa zvakapoteredza kadhedhi yese.
Notre Dame Cathedral ndiyo yaive yekutanga Gothic cathedral. Iyi dhizaini yekuvaka inoratidza kusingaperi kutsvaga kwedenga. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, hapana aifungidzira kuti chechi yacho yaigona kuva yakakura kudaro uye shongwe dzemabhero dzakareba kwazvo (69 m). Kuvaka chimiro ichi chikuru, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kwakabhadharwa pakuvandudza nzira dzekusimudza.
Chokwadi chinonakidza: zvinyorwa zvemutero kubva kuParis zve1296 uye 1313 zvinoratidza kuvepo kwevakadzi vaviri masons, tiler uye plasterer. Naizvozvo, zvinogoneka kuti vavaki vechikadzi vakapinda mukuvakwa kwecathedral.
Musi waApril 15, 2019, nyika yese yakatarisa Notre-Dame de Paris ichitsva. Nekuda kwemoto wakanyanya, spire, denga newachi zvakarasika. Sirin'i dzezana ramakore rechi 5 nerechi XNUMX dzakakuvadzwa. Basa rekudzorera riri kuenderera mberi, iro, maererano nenyanzvi, richatora makore mashanu.
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Kusiyana nenguva dzakapfuura, iye zvino zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvenharaunda hazvibatsiri zvakanyanya kukurumidza kwekuvaka: kuvaka kwenguva refu kunogona kuonekwa muVladivostok neMoscow. Zvikonzero ndezvekare senguva - shanduko yekutonga, shanduko mumitengo yekuchinjana, kusavimbika kwekambani manejimendi, zvipingamupinyi zvezvakatipoteredza zvakawanikwa panzvimbo yekuvaka, nezvimwe. Hazvina kuoma kuziva kuti ndiani ane mhosva yekumisa kuvaka mune imwe neimwe nyaya, asi chii chinotevera nechinhu kazhinji hachinyatsojeka. Muchokwadi, hapana zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa: nzvimbo dzekuvaka dzenguva refu dzinogona kusiiwa "sezvazviri" uye kushandurwa kuita masumbu ekugadzira, madhishi ekutarisa, uye zvivakwa zvekusvetuka. Unogona kuedza nepaunogona napo kuti uipedze. Kana kuti unogona kuputsa zvese uye wotanga nzvimbo nyowani yekuvaka munzvimbo ino. Vavaki vemazuva ano vanofanira kugara vachiongorora kukanganisa kwevakavatangira kuitira kuti vadzivise kuitika mubasa ravo. Uye kana kuvaka kuchiri kunonoka, ngativimbei kuti vari kuvaka chimwe chinhu chakatanhamara.
Ndezvipi zvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvaunofunga kuti ibasa remifananidzo? Zvakatora nguva yakareba sei kuvaka?
Source: www.habr.com