Disclaimer. Chinyorwa ishanduro yakawedzerwa, yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa Nathan Hurst. Akashandisawo mamwe ruzivo kubva kuchinyorwa nezve pakugadzira zvinyorwa zvekupedzisira.
Pane dzidziso (kana kuti pamwe ngano yekunyevera) pakati pevazivi venyeredzi inonzi Kessler syndrome, yakatumidzwa zita reNASA astrophysicist akazvikurudzira muna 1978. Muchiitiko ichi, setiraiti inotenderera kana chimwe chinhu chinorova chimwe netsaona chobvaruka kuita zvidimbu. Zvikamu izvi zvinotenderera Panyika nekumhanya kwemakumi ezviuru zvemakiromita paawa, zvichiparadza zvese zviri munzira yavo, kusanganisira mamwe masatellite. Zvinoita kuti pave nenjodzi inopera mugore remamiriyoni ezvimedu zvemuchadenga zvisingashande izvo zvinotenderera pasirese.
Chiitiko chakadaro chinogona kuita kuti pedyo-Earth space ishaye basa, ichiparadza chero satellite itsva inotumirwa mairi uye pamwe ichivharira kupinda muchadenga zvachose.
Saka kana SpaceX (Federal Communications Commission - Federal Communications Commission, USA) kutumira 4425 satellites mune yakaderera-Earth orbit (LEO, pasi-Earth orbit) kuti ipe nyika yepamusoro-soro yeInternet network, FCC yainetseka pamusoro peizvi. Anopfuura gore kambani makomisheni uye zvikumbiro zvevakwikwidzi zvakamhan'arwa kuramba chikumbiro, kusanganisira kuisa "orbital debris reduction plan" kudzikamisa kutya kweKessler apocalypse. Musi waKurume 28, FCC yakatendera chikumbiro cheSpaceX.
Space debris handicho chega chinhu chinonetsa FCC, uye SpaceX haisiriyo yega sangano iri kuedza kuvaka chizvarwa chinotevera chemapoka enyeredzi. Makambani mashoma, matsva neakare, ari kumbundira matekinoroji matsva, kugadzira hurongwa hwebhizinesi hutsva uye kukumbira FCC kuti iwane nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzekutaurirana dzavanoda kufukidza Nyika nekukurumidza, yakavimbika Internet.
Mazita makuru anobatanidzwa - kubva kuna Richard Branson kuenda kuna Elon Musk - pamwe nemari hombe. Branson's OneWeb yakakwidza madhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe kusvika zvino, uye SpaceX Mutungamiriri uye COO Gwynne Shotwell akafungidzira kukosha kwechirongwa ichi pamadhora gumi emadhora.
Zvechokwadi, kune matambudziko makuru, uye nhoroondo inoratidza kuti maitiro avo haana kunaka zvachose. Vakomana vakanaka vari kuyedza kubhuroka kupatsanurwa kwedhijitari munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa, nepo vanhu vakaipa vachiisa masatelliti asiri pamutemo pamaroketi. Uye zvese izvi zvinouya sekudiwa kwekuburitswa kwedata kuri kukwira: muna 2016, traffic yeInternet yepasi rose yakapfuura 1 sextillion bytes, sekureva kweshumo kubva kuCisco, kupera zettabyte nguva.
Kana chinangwa chiri chekupa mukana wakanaka weInternet pakanga pasina kare, saka masatellite inzira yakangwara yekuita izvi. Muchokwadi, makambani ave achiita izvi kwemakumi emakore achishandisa hombe geostationary satellites (GSO), ari munzvimbo dzakakwirira kwazvo apo nguva yekutenderera yakaenzana nekumhanya kwekutenderera kwePasi, zvichiita kuti dzigadziriswe pane imwe nzvimbo. Asi kunze kweashoma akatarisisa mabasa, semuenzaniso, kuongorora pamusoro pePasi uchishandisa 175 yakaderera-orbit satellite uye kutumira 7 petabytes yedata kuPasi nekumhanya kwe200 Mbps, kana basa rekutevera kutakura zvinhu kana kupa network. kuwana pazvigaro zvemauto, rudzi urwu rwekukurukurirana kwesetiraiti rwakanga rusina kukurumidza uye rwakavimbika zvakakwana kukwikwidza nefiber optic yemazuva ano kana cable Internet.
Non-geostationary satellites (Non-GSOs) anosanganisira masetelliti anoshanda muMedium Earth orbit (MEO), pakakwirira pakati pe1900 ne35000 km pamusoro pePasi pePasi, uye pasi pasi orbit (LEO) satellite, ayo anotenderera munzvimbo isingasviki 1900 km. . Nhasi LEOs iri kuve yakakurumbira uye munguva pfupi iri kutevera zvinotarisirwa kuti kana asiri ese ma satellite achange akaita seizvi, saka zvirokwazvo achava.
Zvichakadaro, mirau yeasiri-geostationary satellite yakagara iripo uye yakakamurwa pakati pemasangano mukati nekunze kweUS: NASA, FCC, DOD, FAA uye kunyangwe UN's International Telecommunication Union vese vari mumutambo.
Nekudaro, kubva kune tekinoroji maonero pane zvimwe zvakanaka zvakanakira. Mutengo wekuvaka satellite wadzikira sezvo magyroscopes nemabhatiri zvave nani nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwenharembozha. Ivo zvakare vakachipa kuvhura, nekuda kwechikamu kune diki saizi yemasatellite pachawo. Kugona kwakawedzera, kufambiswa kwemashoko pakati pesetiraiti kwaita kuti masisitimu akurumidze, uye ndiro huru dzakanongedza denga dziri kubuda muchimiro.
Makambani gumi nerimwe akaisa mafaera kuFCC, pamwe neSpaceX, imwe neimwe ichigadzirisa dambudziko nenzira yayo.
Elon Musk akazivisa chirongwa cheSpaceX Starlink muna 2015 uye akavhura bazi rekambani muSeattle. Akaudza vashandi kuti: "Tinoda kushandura kutaurirana kwesetiraiti sezvatakashandura sainzi yeroketi."
Muna 2016, kambani yakaisa chikumbiro neFederal Communications Commission ichitsvaga mvumo yekuburitsa chiuru nemazana matanhatu (yakazoderedzwa kusvika mazana masere) masatelliti pakati pezvino kusvika 1600, uyezve kuvhura akasara kusvika 800. Aya ari pedyo-Earth satellites anozotenderera mune makumi masere nematatu akasiyana orbital ndege. Boka renyeredzi, sekudanwa kunoitwa boka rema satellite, richataurirana kuburikidza ne-on-board optical (laser) yekutaurirana links kuitira kuti data rikwanise kukwidibirwa mudenga pane kudzokera pasi - richipfuura nepamusoro pe "bhiriji" refu kwete. achitumirwa kumusoro nekudzika.
Mumunda, vatengi vanoisa rudzi rutsva rweterminal ine antenna anodzorwa nemagetsi ayo anozobatana otomatiki kune satellite iyo inopa yakanakisa chiratidzo-yakafanana nemabatiro anoita nharembozha. Sezvo LEO setiraiti inofamba ichienda kuPasi, sisitimu inochinja pakati pawo maminetsi gumi ega ega kana zvakadaro. Uye sezvo kuchave nezviuru zvevanhu vachishandisa sisitimu, pachagara paine angangoita makumi maviri anowanikwa ekusarudza kubva, sekureva kwaPatricia Cooper, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri we satellite mashandiro kuSpaceX.
Iyo yepasi terminal inofanirwa kuve yakachipa uye iri nyore kuisa pane yechinyakare satellite antennas, iyo inofanirwa kuve yakatarisana nechikamu chedenga uko inoenderana geostationary satellite iripo. SpaceX inoti iyo terminal haizove yakakura kupfuura bhokisi repizza (kunyangwe isingataure kuti ichave saizi ipi yepizza).
Kukurukurirana kuchapihwa mumabhendi maviri efrequency: Ka uye Ku. Ose ari maviri ndeeredhiyo spectrum, kunyangwe ivo vachishandisa ma frequency akanyanya kupfuura ayo anoshandiswa stereo. Ka-bhendi ndiyo yepamusoro pezviviri, ine mafrequency ari pakati pe26,5 GHz ne40 GHz, nepo Ku-bhendi iri kubva ku12 GHz kusvika 18 GHz mune spectrum. Starlink yakagamuchira mvumo kubva kuFCC yekushandisa mamwe ma frequency, kazhinji iyo inokwira kubva kuterminal kuenda kune satellite ichashanda pamhepo kubva pa14 GHz kusvika 14,5 GHz uye iyo downlink kubva 10,7 GHz kusvika 12,7 GHz, uye yakasara ichashandiswa telemetry, kuronda nekudzora, pamwe nekubatanidza masatelliti kuInternet yepasi.
Kunze kwemafaira eFCC, SpaceX yakaramba yakanyarara uye haisati yaburitsa hurongwa hwayo. Uye zvakaoma kuziva chero ruzivo rwehunyanzvi nekuti SpaceX iri kufambisa sisitimu yese, kubva kuzvinhu zvinoenda pamasetelliti kusvika kumaroketi anozovaendesa mudenga. Asi kuti purojekiti ibudirire, zvinoenderana nekuti sevhisi inonzi inokwanisa kupa kumhanya kunofananidzwa kana nani pane fibre yemutengo wakafanana, pamwe nekuvimbika uye ruzivo rwakanaka rwemushandisi.
Muna Kukadzi, SpaceX yakatanga ma prototypes ayo maviri ekutanga eStarlink satellite, ane cylindrical muchimiro ane mapapiro-sesolar mapaneru. Tintin A uye B angangoita mita kureba, uye Musk akasimbisa kuburikidza ne Twitter kuti vakataurirana zvinobudirira. Kana ma prototypes akaramba achishanda, anozobatanidzwa nemazana evamwe panosvika 2019. Kana iyo system yangoshanda, SpaceX ichatsiva satellite akadzingwa nguva dzose kudzivirira kusikwa kwemarara emuchadenga, sisitimu inovaraira kudzikisa nzira dzavo pane imwe nguva nenguva, mushure mezvo vanozotanga kudonha nekupisa mukati. mhepo. Mumufananidzo uri pazasi unogona kuona kuti iyo Starlink network inotaridzika sei mushure mekutangwa kwe6.
A bit of history
Kare muma80s, HughesNet aive muvambi mune tekinoroji yesatellite. Iwe unoziva iwo grey dish-saizi antennas iyo DirecTV inokwira kunze kwedzimba? Ivo vanobva kuHughesNet, iyo pachayo yakabva kune piyona wendege Howard Hughes. "Isu takagadzira tekinoroji inotibvumira kuti tipe nhaurirano dzekudyidzana kuburikidza nesetiraiti," anodaro EVP Mike Cook.
Mumazuva iwayo, iyo panguva iyoyo-Hughes Network Systems yaive neDirecTV uye yaishandisa masatellite makuru egeostationary aiburitsa ruzivo kumaterevhizheni. Zvino uye ikozvino, kambani yakapawo masevhisi kumabhizinesi, akadai sekugadzirisa kiredhiti kadhi rechikwereti pazviteshi zvepeturu. Mutengi wekutanga wekutengesa aive Walmart, yaida kubatanidza vashandi munyika yese nehofisi yepamba muBentonville.
Pakati pe-90s, kambani yakagadzira hybrid Internet system inodaidzwa kuti DirecPC: komputa yemushandisi yakatumira chikumbiro pamusoro pedial-up yekubatanidza kuWeb server uye yakagamuchira mhinduro kuburikidza nesetiraiti, iyo yakaendesa ruzivo rwakakumbirwa pasi mundiro yemushandisi. nekumhanya kwakanyanya kupfuura kunokwanisa kupa-dial-up. .
Around 2000, Hughes akatanga kupa bidirectional network yekuwana masevhisi. Asi kuchengetedza mutengo wesevhisi, kusanganisira mutengo wemidziyo yevatengi, wakaderera zvekuti vanhu vautenge kwave kunetsa. Kuti iite izvi, kambani yakafunga kuti yaida ma satellites uye muna 2007 yakatanga Spaceway. Sekureva kwaHughes, setiraiti iyi, ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi, yakanyanya kukosha pakuvhurwa nekuti ndiyo yaive yekutanga kutsigira tekinoroji yekuchinjisa pakiti, ichiva yekutanga chinja chepakati kubvisa hop yekuwedzera yechiteshi chekufambiswa kwemashoko. zvimwe. Kugona kwayo kunopfuura gumi Gbit/s, 10 transponders e24 Mbit/s, zvichibvumira vanyoreri vega kuti vave ne 440 Mbit/s yekutumira uye inosvika 2 Mbit/s yekudhaunirodha. Spaceway 5 yakagadzirwa neBoeing pahwaro hweBoeing 1 satellite papuratifomu. Parizvino, Spaceway 702 ndeimwe yeanoremesa zvekutengesa spacecraft (SC) - yakatyora rekodhi yeInmarsat 6080 F1 satellite yakatangwa uchishandisa Atlas 5 yekumisikidza mota (4 kg), mwedzi wapfuura. Kunyange iyo inorema kwazvo yekutengesa GSO, maererano neWikipedia, yakatangwa muna 1, ine huremu hwematani manomwe. Chishandiso chacho chine Ka-band relay payload (RP). Iyo PN inosanganisira inodzorwa 5959-mita yakakamurwa antenna array ine 2018 zvinhu. PN inoumba akawanda-beam kufukidzwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekutepfenyura kweakasiyana siyana chirongwa cheTV mumatunhu akasiyana. Antenna yakadai inobvumira kushandiswa kwakachinjika kwehunyanzvi hwemuchadenga mukuchinja mamiriro emusika.
Zvichakadaro, kambani inonzi Viasat yakapedza makore angangosvika gumi mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira isati yatanga satellite yayo yekutanga muna 2008. Iyi satellite, inodaidzwa kuti ViaSat-1, yakabatanidza mamwe matekinoroji matsva akadai sekushandisazve spectrum. Izvi zvakabvumira kuti setiraiti isarudze pakati pemabhendi akasiyana-siyana kuitira kuendesa data kuNyika pasina kukanganisa, kunyange kana yaitumira data pamwe chete nedanda kubva kune imwe satellite, inogona kushandisa zvakare iyo spectral range mukubatanidza kusina kuwirirana.
Izvi zvakapa kukurumidza kukuru uye kushanda. Payakapinda musevhisi, yaive ne140 Gbps, kupfuura mamwe ese masatellite akasanganiswa akafukidza US, sekureva kweMutungamiriri weViasat Rick Baldridge.
"Musika wesatellite waive wevanhu vaive vasina sarudzo," Baldrige anodaro. βKana watadza kuwana imwe nzira, yaive tekinoroji yekupedzisira. Yakanga iine kuvharika kwese kwese, asi haina kunyatso takura data rakawanda. Naizvozvo, tekinoroji iyi yainyanya kushandiswa pamabasa akadai sekutengesa pazviteshi zvepeturu.
Kwemakore, HughesNet (ikozvino ari muridzi weEchoStar) uye Viasat vanga vachivaka nekukurumidza uye nekukurumidza geostationary satellite. HughesNet yakaburitsa EchoStar XVII (120 Gbps) muna 2012, EchoStar XIX (200 Gbps) muna 2017, uye inoronga kutanga EchoStar XXIV muna 2021, iyo inonzi nekambani ichapa 100 Mbps kune vatengi.
ViaSat-2 yakatangwa muna 2017 uye ikozvino ine huwandu hunosvika 260 Gbit/s, uye matatu akasiyana eViaSat-3 akarongerwa 2020 kana 2021, imwe neimwe ichivhara nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Viasat yakati imwe neimwe yematatu eViaSat-3 masisitimu inofungidzirwa kuve nekubuda kweterabits pasekondi, zvakapetwa kaviri kune mamwe ese satellite anotenderera Pasi akasanganiswa.
"Tine simba rakawanda munzvimbo zvekuti rinoshandura simba rose rekuunza iyi traffic. Hapana zvirambidzo pane zvinogona kupihwa, "anodaro DK Sachdev, satellite uye telecom tekinoroji chipangamazano anoshandira LeoSat, imwe yemakambani ari kutanga LEO boka renyeredzi. "Nhasi, zvikanganiso zvese satellite zviri kubviswa chimwe nechimwe."
Iyi nhangemutange yose yekumhanya yakauya nekuda kwechikonzero, sezvo Indaneti (nzira mbiri dzekukurukurirana) yakatanga kubvisa terevhizheni (nzira imwe chete yekukurukurirana) sevhisi inoshandisa satellites.
"Indasitiri yesatiraiti iri mubishi renguva refu, ichifunga kuti ichafamba sei kubva pakufambisa vhidhiyo isina kurongeka kuenda kune yakazara data kutapurirana," anodaro Ronald van der Breggen, director wezvekutevedza kuLeoSat. "Kune maonero mazhinji nezve maitirwo, zvekuita, musika upi wekushandira."
Dambudziko rimwe rasara
Kunonoka. Kusiyana nekumhanya kwese, latency inguva inotora nguva yekukumbira kufamba kubva pakombuta yako kuenda kwairi kuenda nekudzoka. Ngatiti iwe unodzvanya pane chinongedzo pawebhusaiti, chikumbiro ichi chinofanira kuenda kuseva uye kudzoka kumashure (kuti sevha yakagamuchira chikumbiro uye yave kuda kukupa izvo zvakakumbirwa), mushure meiyo peji rewebhu rinotakura.
Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kurodha saiti zvinoenderana nekumhanya kwako kwekubatanidza. Iyo nguva inotora kupedzisa kurodha chikumbiro ndiyo latency. Inowanzo kuyerwa mumamilliseconds, saka hazvionekwe paunenge uchitsvaga pawebhu, asi zvakakosha paunenge uchitamba mitambo yepamhepo. Nekudaro, pane chokwadi apo vashandisi kubva kuRussian Federation vakakwanisa uye kugona kutamba mimwe mitambo yepamhepo kunyangwe iyo latency (ping) iri pedyo nesekondi imwe.
Kunonoka kwefiber-optic system kunoenderana nechinhambwe, asi kazhinji chinosvika mamicroseconds akati wandei pakiromita; iyo main latency inobva kumidziyo, kunyangwe iine optical links yehurefu hwakareba kunonoka kunonyanya kukosha nekuda kwekuti mune fiber. -optic communication line (FOCL) kumhanya kwechiedza kunongova 60% yekumhanya kwechiedza muvacuum, uye zvakare zvinoenderana zvakanyanya newavelength. Maererano naBaldrige, iyo latency paunotumira chikumbiro kune GSO satellite inenge 700 milliseconds-chiedza chinofamba nekukurumidza munzvimbo yevacuum kupfuura mufiber, asi aya marudzi emasatelliti ari kure, ndosaka zvichitora nguva yakareba. Pamusoro pekutamba, dambudziko iri rakakosha pamusangano wevhidhiyo, kutengeserana kwemari uye musika wemasheya, Internet yezvinhu zvekutarisisa, uye mamwe maapplication anovimba nekumhanya kwekudyidzana.
Asi dambudziko rekunonoka rakakosha sei? Yakawanda yebandwidth inoshandiswa pasi rese yakatsaurirwa kuvhidhiyo. Kana vhidhiyo ichinge ichimhanya uye yakavharwa nemazvo, latency inova shoma pane chinhu uye kumhanya kunova kwakanyanya kukosha. Hazvishamise kuti Viasat neHughesNet vanowanzo dzikisa kukosha kwekunonoka kune akawanda maapplication, kunyangwe vese vari kushanda kuti vadzikise mumasisitimu avo zvakare. HughesNet inoshandisa algorithm kukoshesa traffic zvichibva pane izvo vashandisi vari kutarisisa kune optimize kuendesa data. Viasat yakazivisa kuunzwa kweboka renyeredzi repakati pevhu orbit (MEO) satellite kuti rienderane netiweki yaro iripo, iyo inofanirwa kuderedza latency uye kuwedzera kuvharika, kusanganisira pakakwirira latitude uko equatorial GSOs ine yakakwira latency.
"Isu takanyanya kutarisisa vhoriyamu yakakwira uye, yakaderera kwazvo mari yekushandisa kuendesa iro vhoriyamu," Baldrige anodaro. "Ko latency yakakosha sezvimwe zvinhu zvemusika watinotsigira"?
Zvakadaro, pane mhinduro; LEO satellite achiri pedyo zvakanyanya nevashandisi. Saka makambani akaita seSpaceX neLeoSat vakasarudza nzira iyi, vachironga kuendesa boka renyeredzi remadiki, ari padyo setiraiti, ine inotarisirwa latency yemakumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu milliseconds yevashandisi.
"Iko kutengeserana mune izvo nekuti ivo vari munzira yakaderera, iwe unowana kushoma latency kubva kuLEO system, asi iwe une yakaoma system," Cook anodaro. "Kuti upedze boka renyeredzi, unofanirwa kunge uine mazana emasatelliti nekuti ari muzasi orbit, uye anofamba achitenderera nePasi, achipfuura nepamusoro pedenga nekukurumidza uye achinyangarika ... uye unofanirwa kuve neantenna system inogona. vatevere.β
Asi zvakakodzera kuyeuka nyaya mbiri. Mukutanga kwema90, Bill Gates nevamwe vake vakati wandei vakaisa mari inosvika bhiriyoni remadhora muchirongwa chinonzi Teledesic kupa Broadband kunzvimbo dzaisakwanisa kutenga network kana kuti dzaisazokurumidza kuona tambo dzefiber optic. Zvaive zvakakodzera kuvaka boka renyeredzi re840 (rakazoderedzwa kusvika 288) LEO satellites. Vavambi vayo vakataura nezve kugadzirisa dambudziko rekunonoka uye muna 1994 vakakumbira iyo FCC kushandisa Ka-band spectrum. Zvinonzwika kujairika?
Teledesic yakadya inofungidzirwa $9 bhiriyoni isati yakundikana muna 2003.
"Pfungwa iyi haina kushanda kumashure nekuda kwekudhura kwekugadzirisa uye masevhisi emushandisi wekupedzisira, asi zvinoita sekunge zvinogoneka," anodaro. , purofesa wezvirongwa zvemashoko paCalifornia State University Dominguez Hills uyo anga achitarisa LEO masisitimu kubva Teledesic yakabuda. "Tekinoroji yanga isina kufambira mberi zvakakwana izvozvi."
Mutemo waMoore uye kuvandudzwa kwebhatiri refoni, sensor uye processor tekinoroji zvakapa LEO mapoka enyeredzi mukana wechipiri. Kuwedzera kudiwa kunoita kuti hupfumi hutaridzike hunoyedza. Asi nepo Teledesic saga yakanga ichitamba, imwe indasitiri yakawana ruzivo rwakakosha kuvhura masisitimu ekutaurirana munzvimbo. Mukupera kwema90s, Iridium, Globalstar neOrbcomm vakabatana vakaparura masatelliti anopfuura zana akaderera-orbit kuti ape nharembozha.
"Zvinotora makore kuti ugadzire boka renyeredzi rose nekuti unoda zvakawanda zvekutanga, uye zvinodhura chaizvo," anodaro Zach Manchester, mutevedzeri wepurofesa wezvemuchadenga uye zvemuchadenga paStanford University. "Mukati menguva, toti, makore mashanu kana zvakadaro, zvivakwa zveshongwe zvepasi zvakawedzera kusvika padanho rekuti kufukidzwa kwakanaka uye kunosvika kuvanhu vazhinji."
Makambani ose ari matatu akakurumidza kubhuroka. Uye nepo imwe neimwe yakazvivandudza pachayo nekupa hudiki hudiki hwesevhisi nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakati, senge mabhekoni ekukurumidzira uye kuronda kutakura zvinhu, hapana akabudirira kutsiva tower-based cell phone service. Kwemakore mashoma apfuura, SpaceX yanga ichivhura masatellite eIridium pasi pekondirakiti.
βTakamboona bhaisikopo iri,β anodaro Manchester. "Ini handisi kuona chero chinhu chakasiyana zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo."
Makwikwi
SpaceX nemamwe makambani gumi nerimwe (uye vanoisa mari) vane maonero akasiyana. OneWeb iri kuvhura satellite gore rino uye masevhisi anotarisirwa kutanga kutanga gore rinouya, achiteverwa nemamwe mapoka enyeredzi muna 11 na2021, nechinangwa chekupedzisira che2023 Tbps panosvika 1000. O2025b, ikozvino inotsigirwa neSAS, ine boka renyeredzi re3 MEO satellite anga achishanda kwemakore akati wandei. Telesat inotoshandisa GSO satellites, asi iri kuronga LEO system ye16 iyo ichange iine optical links ine latency ye2021 kusvika 30 ms.
Upstart Astranis zvakare ine satellite mune geosynchronous orbit uye ichave ichiendesa zvimwe mumakore mashoma anotevera. Kunyange ivo vasingagadzirise dambudziko rekunonoka, kambani iri kutarisa kudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo nekushanda nevanopa internet vemunharaunda uye kuvaka madiki, akachipa sesatellite.
LeoSat inorongawo kuburitsa yekutanga nhevedzano yemasatelliti muna 2019, uye kupedzisa boka renyeredzi muna 2022. Vachabhururuka vachitenderedza Pasi pakakwirira 1400 km, vachibatana nemamwe ma satellite mu network vachishandisa optical communications uye kutumira ruzivo kumusoro nekudzika muKa-band. Vawana iyo inodiwa pasi rese, anodaro Richard van der Breggen, mukuru weLeoSat, uye vanotarisira kubvumidzwa neFCC munguva pfupi.
Sekureva kwavan der Breggen, kusundidzira kwekukurumidza setiraiti internet kwaive kwakavakirwa pakuvaka makuru, anokurumidza satellite anokwanisa kufambisa data rakawanda. Anoritumidza kuti "pombi": iyo yakakura pombi, iyo yakawanda iyo Internet inogona kuputika nayo. Asi makambani akafanana neake anowana nzvimbo nyowani dzekuvandudza nekuchinja hurongwa hwese.
"Fungidzira rudzi rudiki rwetiweki - maCisco routers maviri uye waya pakati pawo," anodaro van der Breggen. "Zvinoitwa nemasetellite kupa waya pakati pemabhokisi maviri ... tichaendesa ese matatu matatu mudenga."
LeoSat inoronga kuendesa 78 satellite, imwe neimwe saizi yetafura hombe yekudyira uye inorema anenge 1200 kg. Yakavakwa neIridium, ine XNUMX solar panels uye mana lasers (imwe pakona yega yega) yekubatanidza kune vavakidzani. Uku ndiko kubatana uko van der Breggen anoona zvakanyanya kukosha. Nhoroondo, ma satellite airatidza chiratidzo muchimiro cheV kubva pachiteshi chepasi kuenda kune satellite uyezve kune anogamuchira. Nekuti LEO masethelaiti akadzikira, haakwanise projekiti kusvika kure, asi anogona kufambisa data pakati pavo nekukurumidza.
Kuti unzwisise kuti izvi zvinoshanda sei, zvinobatsira kufunga nezveInternet sechinhu chine chinhu chaicho chemuviri. Haisi chete data, ndiko kunogara iyo data uye kuti inofamba sei. IInternet haina kuchengetwa munzvimbo imwechete, kune maseva pasi rese ane rumwe ruzivo, uye kana iwe uchinge waawana, komputa yako inotora data kubva kune iri pedyo ine zvauri kutsvaga. Kwakakosha kupi? Zvine basa zvakadii? Chiedza (ruzivo) chinofamba muchadenga chinomhanya zvakapetwa kaviri semufiibha. Uye kana iwe uchimhanyisa fiber yekubatanidza kutenderera pasirese, inofanirwa kutevera nzira yekutsauka kubva kunode kuenda kunode, ine mitsetse yakatenderedza makomo nemakondinendi. Satellite Internet haina zvipingamupinyi izvi, uye kana sosi yedata iri kure, kunyangwe nekuwedzera zviuru zvemamaira zvechinhambwe chakatwasuka, iyo latency neLEO ichave shoma pane latency ine fiber optic Internet. Semuenzaniso, ping kubva kuLondon kuenda kuSingapore inogona kunge iri 112 ms pachinzvimbo che186, izvo zvaizovandudza zvakanyanya kubatana.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo van der Breggen anotsanangura nayo basa: indasitiri yose inogona kuonekwa sekugadzirwa kwetiweki yakagoverwa isina kusiyana neInternet yose, munzvimbo chete. Latency uye kumhanya zvese zvine basa.
Nepo tekinoroji yekambani imwe ingave yepamusoro, uyu hausi mutambo we zero uye hapazove nevakundi kana vanokundwa. Mazhinji emakambani aya anotarisa misika yakasiyana uye anotobatsirana kuwana mhedzisiro yavanoda. Kune vamwe zvikepe, ndege kana zvigadziko zvemauto; kune vamwe vatengi vekumaruwa kana nyika dzichiri kusimukira. Asi pakupedzisira, makambani ane chinangwa chakafanana: kugadzira Indaneti pasina, kana kuti pasina kukwana kwayo, uye kuzviita nemutengo wakaderera zvakakwana kuti utsigire bhizinesi ravo.
βTinofunga kuti haisi tekinoroji inokwikwidza. Isu tinotenda kuti neimwe nzira, zvese LEO neGEO tekinoroji zvinodiwa," anodaro Cook weHughesNet. "Kune mamwe marudzi ekushandisa, sekutepfenyura vhidhiyo semuenzaniso, iyo GEO system yakanyanya, inodhura zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, kana iwe uchida kumhanyisa maapplication anoda low latency... LEO ndiyo nzira yekuenda nayo."
Muchokwadi, HughesNet inodyidzana neOneWeb kuti ipe tekinoroji yegedhi inodzora traffic uye inodyidzana nehurongwa paInternet.
Iwe unogona kunge waona kuti LeoSat's yakadero nyeredzi idiki zvakapetwa ka10 pane SpaceX's. Zvakanaka, Van der Breggen anodaro, nekuti LeoSat inotarisira kushandira vatengi vemakambani nevehurumende uye inongovhara nzvimbo shoma shoma. O3b inotengesa Internet kuti ifambise zvikepe, kusanganisira Royal Caribbean, uye vanobatana nevanopa zvekufonera muAmerican Samoa neSolomon Islands, uko kune kushomeka kwewaya dzekumhanya-mhanya.
Yekutanga Toronto diki inonzi Kepler Communications inoshandisa diki CubeSats (inenge saizi yechingwa) kupa network kuwana kune latency-intensive vatengi, 5GB yedata kana kupfuura inogona kuwanikwa munguva yemaminetsi gumi, ayo akakodzera polar. kuongorora, sainzi, indasitiri uye kushanya. Saka, pakuisa antenna diki, kumhanya kunosvika 10 Mbit/s yekurodha uye kusvika ku20 Mbit/s kurodha, asi kana ukashandisa βndiroβ hombe, zvino kumhanya kunenge kwakakwira - 50 Mbit/ s yekurodha uye 120 Mbit/s yekugamuchira. Maererano neBaldrige, kukura kwakasimba kweViasat kunobva pakupa Internet kune makambani ekutengesa ndege; vakasaina zvibvumirano neUnited, JetBlue neAmerica, pamwe neQantas, SAS nevamwe.
Saka, iyi purofiti inofambiswa nekutengeserana modhi ichavhara sei kupatsanurwa kwedhijitari uye kuunza Internet kunyika dzichiri kusimukira uye vanhu vasina kuchengetedzwa vangave vasingakwanise kuibhadhara uye vanoda kubhadhara zvishoma? Izvi zvinogoneka nekuda kweiyo system fomati. Sezvo masatellite ega emuLEO (Low Earth Orbit) ari kuramba achifamba, anofanirwa kugovaniswa zvakaenzana kutenderera Pasi, zvichiita kuti apo neapo avhare matunhu asina munhu anogara kana huwandu hwevanhu vari murombo. Saka, chero margin inogona kugamuchirwa kubva kumatunhu aya ichave purofiti.
"Fungidziro yangu ndeyekuti vachave nemitengo yakasiyana yekubatanidza kunyika dzakasiyana, uye izvi zvichavabvumira kuita kuti Internet iwanikwe kwese kwese, kunyangwe iri dunhu rakashata," Press inodaro. "Kana boka renyeredzi rema satellite riripo, ipapo mutengo waro watogadziriswa, uye kana satellite iri pamusoro peCuba uye pasina anoishandisa, ipapo chero mari yavanogona kuwana kubva kuCuba ishoma uye yemahara (haidi yakawedzera mari)" .
Kupinda mumusika wevatengi vakawanda kunogona kuve kwakaoma. Muchokwadi, yakawanda yebudiriro iyo indasitiri yakawana kubva mukupa inodhura Internet kuhurumende nemabhizinesi. Asi SpaceX neOneWeb kunyanya vari kunanga zvidhinha-uye-dhaka vanyoreri muzvirongwa zvebhizinesi ravo.
Sekureva kwaSachdev, ruzivo rwemushandisi ruchave rwakakosha pamusika uyu. Iwe unofanirwa kuvhara Pasi nehurongwa huri nyore kushandisa, hunoshanda uye husingadhuri. "Asi izvo chete hazvina kukwana," anodaro Sachdev. "Unoda huwandu hwakakwana, uye zvisati zvaitika, unofanirwa kuona mitengo inokwanisika yemidziyo yevatengi."
Ndiani ane basa remitemo?
Idzi nyaya mbiri huru SpaceX yaifanira kugadzirisa neFCC yaivepo (uye yeramangwana) setiraiti yekutaurirana spectrum yaizogovewa sei uye nzira yekudzivirira marara emuchadenga. Mubvunzo wekutanga ibasa reFCC, asi wechipiri unoratidzika kunge wakakodzera kuNASA kana US Department of Defense. Ose ari maviri anotarisisa zvinhu zvinotenderera kudzivirira kudhumhana, asi hapana mutongi.
"Chokwadi hapana gwara rakanaka rakarongeka pane zvatinofanira kuita nezvemarara emuchadenga," anodaro Stanford's Manchester. "Izvozvi, vanhu ava havasi kutaurirana zvakanaka, uye hapana mutemo unowirirana."
Dambudziko racho rinowedzera kuoma nekuti LEO satellites anopfuura nenyika dzakawanda. Iyo International Telecommunication Union inoita basa rakafanana neFCC, ichigovera spectrum, asi kuti ishande mukati menyika, kambani inofanirwa kuwana mvumo kubva kunyika iyoyo. Nekudaro, LEO satellites inofanirwa kukwanisa kushandura mabhendi ekuona avanoshandisa zvichienderana nenyika yaanogara.
"Unoda chaizvo kuti SpaceX ive yega pakubatana mudunhu rino?" Press inobvunza. βZvakakosha kudzora mabasa avo, uye ndiani ane kodzero yekuita izvi? Ivo vane supranational. FCC haina masimba kune dzimwe nyika. "
Nekudaro, izvi hazviiti kuti FCC ishaye simba. Pakupera kwegore rapfuura, diki yeSilicon Valley yekutanga inonzi Swarm Technologies yakanyimwa mvumo yekuvhura maprototypes mana emasatelliti ekutaurirana LEO, imwe neimwe idiki pane bhuku rebepa. Kupokana kukuru kweFCC kwaive kwekuti masatellite madiki anogona kuve akaomarara kutevedzera uye nekudaro asingafungidzirwe uye ane njodzi.
Swarm akavaparura zvakadaro. Kambani yeSeattle inopa masevhisi ekumisikidza masevhisi yakavatumira kuIndia, kwavakatasva roketi rakatakura akawanda emasatelliti makuru, IEEE Spectrum yakashuma. FCC yakaona izvi ndokubhadharisa kambani iyi faindi yemadhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora, kuti ibhadharwe makore mashanu, uye iko zvino chikumbiro cheSwarm chemasetelliti makuru mana chiri murima sezvo kambani ichishanda muchivande. Nekudaro, mazuva mashoma apfuura nhau dzakaratidza kuti kubvumidzwa kwakagamuchirwa uye . Kazhinji, mari uye kukwanisa kutaurirana ndiyo yaiva mhinduro. Huremu hwema satellite hunobva pa310 kusvika ku450 gramu, parizvino kune 7 satellite mu orbit, uye network yakazara ichaiswa pakati pe2020. Chirevo chazvino chinoratidza kuti mari inosvika zviuru makumi maviri neshanu zvemadhora yakatoiswa mukambani iyi, iyo inovhura mukana wemusika kwete chete kumakambani epasirese.
Kune mamwe makambani eInternet anouya setiraiti uye aripo achiongorora matipi matsva, makore mana kusvika masere anotevera achave akakosha pakuona kuti pane kudiwa kwehunyanzvi hwavo here uye ikozvino, kana kuti tichaona nhoroondo ichizvidzokorora neTeledesic neIridium. Asi chii chinoitika pashure? Mars, maererano naMusk, chinangwa chake ndechekushandisa Starlink kupa mari yekuongorora Mars, pamwe nekuita bvunzo.
"Tinogona kushandisa sisitimu imwe chete iyi kugadzira network paMars," akaudza vashandi vake. "Mars ichadawo hurongwa hwekutaurirana hwepasi rose, uye hapana tambo dzefiber optic kana waya kana chero chinhu."
Dzimwe ads π
Ndinokutendai nekugara nesu. Unoda zvinyorwa zvedu here? Unoda kuona zvimwe zvinonakidza zvemukati? Titsigire nekuisa odha kana kukurudzira kushamwari, 30% kuderedzwa kwevashandisi veHabr pane yakasarudzika analogue yekupinda-level maseva, iyo yakagadzirwa nesu kuti iwe: (inowanikwa neRAID1 uye RAID10, kusvika ku24 cores uye kusvika ku40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd kaviri zvakachipa? Chete pano muNetherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kubva pamadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe! Verenga nezve
Source: www.habr.com