Periodic tafura pachikoro kombiyuta sainzi

(Makadhi ekudzora)
(Yakatsaurirwa kuGore Renyika Dzese rePeriodic Tafura yeKemikari Elements)
(Idzo dzichangoburwa dzekuwedzera dzakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 8, 2019. Rondedzero yezviwedzero iri pazasi pekucheka)

(Ruva raMendeleev, Chinhu)

Ndinorangarira takapfuura dhadha. Izvi zvaiva zvidzidzo zvitatu panguva imwe chete: geography, Natural science uye Russian. Muchidzidzo cheScience, dhadha rakadzidzwa sedhadha, rine mapapiro api, rine makumbo api, kushambira kwaro nezvimwe zvakadaro. Muchidzidzo chejogirafi, dhadha rimwechete rakadzidzwa semugari wepasirese: zvaive zvakafanira kuratidza pamepu kwarinogara uye kwarisingaite. MuchiRussia, Serafima Petrovna akatidzidzisa kunyora "u-t-k-a" uye kuverenga chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemadhadha kubva kuBrem. Mukufamba, akatizivisa kuti muGerman dhadha rakadai, uye muchiFrench seizvi. Ndinofunga yainzi "complex method" kare ikako. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvose zvakabuda "nekufamba."

Veniamin Kaverin, Vakuru vaviri

Muchirevo chepamusoro, Veniamin Kaverin akaratidza nounyanzvi kukanganisa kwenzira yakaoma yekudzidzisa, zvisinei, mune dzimwe (zvichida zvisingawanzoitiki) zviitiko zveiyi nzira zvinoruramiswa. Imwe nyaya yakadaro itafura yeperiodic yaDI Mendeleev muzvidzidzo zvesainzi zvekombuta. Iro basa resoftware otomatiki yezvinoitika neiyo periodic tafura rakajeka kune vana vechikoro vakatanga kudzidza chemistry, uye rakakamurwa kuita akawanda akajairwa kemikari mabasa. Panguva imwecheteyo, mukati mehurongwa hwesainzi yekombuta, basa iri rinotitendera kuti tiratidze nenzira yakapusa nzira yekudzora makadhi, ayo anogona kuverengerwa kune graphical programming, inonzwisiswa mune yakafara pfungwa yezwi seprogramming uchishandisa graphic elements.

(Kubvumbi 8, 2019 akawedzera akaitwa:
Wedzero 1: Iyo Chemistry Calculator Inoshanda sei
Appendikisi 2: mienzaniso yemabasa emasefa)

Ngatitange nebasa rekutanga. Muchiitiko chakareruka, tafura yeperiodic inofanira kuratidzwa pahwindo mune fomu yehwindo, apo mune imwe neimwe sero pachava nemakemikari ekududzwa kwechinhu: H - hydrogen, He - helium, nezvimwewo. Kana iyo mbeva cursor inonongedza kune sero, ipapo kudomwa kwechinhu uye nhamba yacho zvinoratidzwa mune yakakosha ndima pane yedu fomu. Kana mushandisi akadzvanya LMB, ipapo zita uye nhamba yechinhu ichi chakasarudzwa icharatidzwa mune imwe ndima yefomu.

Dambudziko rinogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa chero mutauro wepasi rose. Tichatora iyo yakareruka yekare Delpi-7, iyo inonzwisisika kune anenge munhu wese. Asi tisati taronga mu PL, ngatitorei mifananidzo miviri, semuenzaniso, mu Photoshop. Kutanga, ngatitorei Periodic Tafura mune fomu yatinoda kuiona muchirongwa. Sevha mhedzisiro mufaira remifananidzo table01.bmp.

Pakudhirowa kwechipiri tinoshandisa yekutanga. Isu tichazadza sequentially masero etafura, akacheneswa magiraidhi ese, ane akasarudzika mavara muRGB color modhi. R uye G zvichagara zviri 0, uye B=1 yehydrogen, 2 yehelium, nezvimwewo. Mufananidzo uyu uchange uri kadhi redu rekutonga, ratinozochengeta mufaira rinonzi. table2.bmp.

Nhanho yekutanga yegraphic programming mu Photoshop inopedzwa. Ngatienderei kune graphical GUI programming muDelpi-7 IDE. Kuti uite izvi, vhura purojekiti nyowani, apo pane fomu huru tinoisa dialog bhatani (tableDlg), umo basa netafura richaitika. Zvadaro tinoshanda nefomu tableDlg.

Isa chikamu chekirasi pafomu TImage... Tinowana Image1. Ziva kuti kazhinji, kumapurojekiti makuru, anongogadzira mazita efomu ImageNkupi N inogona kusvika gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura - iyi haisi iyo yakanakisa dhizaini maitiro, uye mamwe ane musoro mazita anofanirwa kupihwa. Asi muchirongwa chedu chidiki, kupi N haipfuure 2, unogona kuisiya seyakagadzirwa.

Kupfuma Mufananidzo1.Mufananidzo isa faira table01.bmp. Isu tinosika Image2 uye takura kadhi redu rekutonga ipapo table2.bmp. Muchiitiko ichi, tinoita kuti faira ive duku uye isingaoneki kumushandisi, sezvinoratidzwa mukona yezasi kuruboshwe rwefomu. Isu tinowedzera zvimwe zvekutonga zvinhu, izvo chinangwa chiri pachena. Nhanho yechipiri yegraphical GUI programming muDelpi-7 IDE inopedzwa.

Ngatienderei padanho rechitatu - kunyora kodhi muDelpi-7 IDE. Iyo module ine vashanu chete vanobata chiitiko: kugadzira fomu (FormCreate), kufamba kwecursor Image1 (Image1MouseMove), nekudzvanya LMB pasero (Image1Click) uye buda mubhokisi uchishandisa OK mabhatani (OKBtnClick) kana Cancel (CancelBtnClick) Misoro yevabati ava inogadzirwa nenzira yakajairwa uchishandisa IDE.

Module source code:

unit tableUnit;
// Периодическая таблица химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева
//
// third112
// https://habr.com/ru/users/third112/
//
// Оглавление
// 1) создание формы
// 2) работа с таблицей: указание и выбор
// 3) выход из диалога

interface

uses Windows, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Forms, Controls, StdCtrls, 
  Buttons, ExtCtrls;

const
 size = 104; // число элементов
 
type
 TtableDlg = class(TForm)
    OKBtn: TButton;
    CancelBtn: TButton;
    Bevel1: TBevel;
    Image1: TImage;  //таблица химических элементов
    Label1: TLabel;
    Image2: TImage;  //управляющая карта
    Label2: TLabel;
    Edit1: TEdit;
    procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); // создание формы
    procedure Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X,
      Y: Integer);                        // указание клетки
    procedure Image1Click(Sender: TObject); // выбор клетки
    procedure OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);  // OK
    procedure CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject); // Cancel
  private
    { Private declarations }
    TableSymbols : array [1..size] of string [2]; // массив обозначений элементов
  public
    { Public declarations }
    selectedElement : string; // выбранный элемент
    currNo : integer;         // текущий номер элемента
  end;

var
  tableDlg: TtableDlg;

implementation

{$R *.dfm}

const
PeriodicTableStr1=
'HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa';
PeriodicTableStr2='CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu';
PeriodicTableStr3='HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc';
PeriodicTableStr4='ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrKu ';

// создание формы  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
// создание формы
var
  s : string;
  i,j : integer;
begin
  currNo := 0;
// инициализация массива обозначений элементов:
  s := PeriodicTableStr1+ PeriodicTableStr2+PeriodicTableStr3+PeriodicTableStr4;
  j := 1;
  for i :=1 to size do
   begin
     TableSymbols [i] := s[j];
     inc (j);
     if s [j] in ['a'..'z'] then
      begin
        TableSymbols [i] := TableSymbols [i]+ s [j];
        inc (j);
      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate ____________________________________________________

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор =========================================

procedure TtableDlg.Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState;
  X, Y: Integer);
// указание клетки
var
  sl : integer;
begin
  sl := GetBValue(Image2.Canvas.Pixels [x,y]);
  if sl in [1..size] then
   begin
    Label1.Caption := intToStr (sl)+ ' '+TableSymbols [sl];
    currNo := sl;
   end
  else
    Label1.Caption := 'Select element:';
end; // Image1MouseMove   ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.Image1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
  if currNo <> 0 then
   begin
    selectedElement := TableSymbols [currNo];
    Label2.Caption := intToStr (currNo)+ ' '+selectedElement+ ' selected';
    Edit1.Text := selectedElement;
   end;
end; // Image1Click  ____________________________________________________

// выход из диалога  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
    selectedElement := Edit1.Text;
    hide;
end;  // OKBtnClick ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
  hide;
end;  // CancelBtnClick ____________________________________________________

end.

Mune yedu vhezheni, takatora tafura ye104 zvinhu (nguva dzose zera) Zviripachena saizi iyi inogona kuwedzerwa. Element mazita (makemikari zviratidzo) anonyorerwa kune akatevedzana TableSymbols. Nekudaro, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekubatana kweiyo kodhi kodhi, zvinoita sekunge zvine mutsindo kunyora kutevedzana kwezvinyoro izvi nenzira yetambo dzisingaperi. PeriodicTableStr1..., PeriodicTableStr4kuitira kuti kana fomu yagadzirwa, purogiramu pachayo inoparadzira mazita aya pakati pezvinhu zvezvikamu. Chirevo chega chega chine vara rimwe kana maviri echiLatin, netsamba yekutanga iri hombe uye yechipiri (kana iripo) madiki. Uyu mutemo wakapfava unoitwa pakurodha array. Saka, nhevedzano yezvinyorwa inogona kunyorwa muchidimbu pasina nzvimbo. Kupwanya kutevedzana kuita zvikamu zvina (constants PeriodicTableStr1..., PeriodicTableStr4) imhaka yekufunga kwekureruka kwekuverenga iyo sosi kodhi, nekuti Mutsetse wakareba unogona kusakwana zvachose pachiratidziri.

Kana iyo mbeva cursor inofamba pamusoro pe Image1 handler Image1MouseMove chiitiko ichi chinotarisa kukosha kweruvara rwebhuruu chikamu chekutonga kadhi pixel Image2 yezvino cursor coordinates. Nekuvaka Image2 kukosha uku kwakaenzana nenhamba yechinhu kana cursor iri mukati mesero; zero kana iri pamuganho, uye 255 mune zvimwe zviitiko. Zviito zvakasara zvakaitwa nechirongwa hazvina maturo uye hazvidi tsananguro.

Pamusoro peiyo stylistic programming matekiniki ataurwa pamusoro, zvakakosha kucherechedza maitiro ekutaura. Kutaura zvazviri, kodhi inokurukurwa idiki uye iri nyore zvekuti zvirevo hazviratidzike zvakanyanya kudikanwa. Nekudaro, ivo vakawedzerwa zvakare nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemaitiro - iyo pfupi kodhi inotitendera kuti tiite mamwe mhedziso zvakajeka. Mune kodhi yakaratidzwa kirasi imwe inoziviswa (TtableDlg) Nzira dzekirasi iyi dzinogona kuchinjwa uye izvi hazvizokanganisa kushanda kwechirongwa chero nzira, asi zvinogona kukanganisa kuverenga kwayo. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira kutevedzana:

OKBtnClick, Image1MouseMove, FormCreate, Image1Click, CancelBtnClick.

Zvingasanyanya kuoneka, asi zvichawedzera kuoma kuverenga nekunzwisisa. Kana pasina mashanu, asi makumi enguva dzakawanda nzira muchikamu kushanda vane kurongeka kwakasiyana zvachose pane kutsanangurwa kwekirasi, ipapo mhirizhonga inongowedzera. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kunyatsoratidza uye zvingave zvisingabviri, munhu anogona kutarisira kuti kuunza humwe hurongwa huchavandudza kuverenga kwekodhi. Uku kurongeka kwekuwedzera kunofambiswa nekuronga zvine musoro kwenzira dzinoverengeka dzinoita mabasa ane hukama. Boka rega rega rinofanira kupihwa zita, semuenzaniso:

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор

Iyi misoro inofanirwa kukopwa kwekutanga kwemodule uye kurongwa setafura yezviri mukati. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvemamodule akareba, matafura akadaro emukati anopa mamwe maitiro ekufambisa. Saizvozvo, mumutumbi wakareba weimwe nzira, maitiro kana basa, zvakakosha, kutanga, kumaka kupera kwemuviri uyu:

end; // FormCreate

uye, chechipiri, mune zvirevo zvine mapazi ane mabhuraketi echirongwa anotanga - kupera, maka chirevo chinoreva bhuraketi rekuvhara:

      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate

Kuti utarise misoro yeboka uye magumo ematumbi enzira, unogona kuwedzera mitsetse yakareba kupfuura zvirevo zvakawanda uye ine, semuenzaniso, yemavara "=" uye "_", zvichiteerana.
Zvekare, tinoda kuchengetedza: muenzaniso wedu wakapusa. Uye kana iyo kodhi yenzira isingakwane pane imwe skrini, zvinogona kunetsa kunzwisisa matanhatu akateedzana magumo kuita kodhi shanduko. Mune mamwe mabhatani ekare, semuenzaniso, Pascal 8000 yeOS IBM 360/370, koramu yebasa senge iyi yakadhindwa kuruboshwe mune rondedzero.

B5
…
E5

Izvi zvaireva kuti mutsara wekuvhara pamutsara E5 waienderana nekuvhura maparenthesis pamutsetse B5.

Ehe, maitiro ehurongwa inyaya inokakavara, saka pfungwa dziri kutaurwa pano dzinofanirwa kutorwa sechisina chinhu kunze kwekungofunga. Zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kune vaviri vane ruzivo rwakakwana, avo vakagadzira uye vakajaira kune zvakasiyana-siyana mumakore akawanda ekushanda, kuti vasvike pakubvumirana. Inyaya yakasiyana yekuti mudzidzi adzidze kuronga uyo asati awana nguva yekutsvaga maitiro ake. Ndinofunga kuti munyaya iyi mudzidzisi anofanira kutaurira vadzidzi vake pfungwa yakapfava, asi isiri pachena kwavari kuti kubudirira kwechirongwa kunoenderana nemanyorerwo ayo kwakanyorwa kodhi. Mudzidzi anogona kusatevedzera maitiro anokurudzirwa, asi regai afunge nezve kudikanwa kwezviito "zvekuwedzera" kuti avandudze dhizaini yekodhi yekwakabva.

Kudzokera kudambudziko redu rekutanga paPeriodic Tafura: imwe budiriro inogona kuenda nenzira dzakasiyana. Imwe yenzira ndeyereferensi: kana iwe uchitenderedza mbeva cursor pamusoro petafura sero, hwindo reruzivo rinoonekwa riine rumwe ruzivo pane chakatsanangurwa. Kumwe kusimudzira mafirita. Semuenzaniso, zvichienderana nekuiswa, hwindo reruzivo rinongove ne: iyo inonyanya kukosha yemuviri uye kemikari ruzivo, ruzivo rwenhoroondo yekuwanikwa, ruzivo rwekugovera mune zvakasikwa, runyorwa rwezvakanyanya kukosha makomisheni (anosanganisira chinhu ichi), physiological properties, zita mumutauro wokumwe, etc. sainzi, fizikisi uye chemistry - biology, economic geography, nhoroondo yesainzi uye kunyange mitauro yekune dzimwe nyika.

Asi dhatabhesi yemuno haisi iyo inogumira. Iyo purogiramu inongobatana neInternet. Paunosarudza chinhu, chinongedzo chinoitwa, uye chinyorwa cheWikipedia nezve chinhu ichi chinovhurwa muwebhu browser hwindo. Wikipedia, sezvamunoziva, haisi iyo ine chiremera sosi. Iwe unogona kuseta zvinongedzo kune ane chiremera masosi, semuenzaniso, iyo kemikari encyclopedia, TSB, abstract majenari, kuodha mibvunzo mumainjini ekutsvaga echinhu ichi, nezvimwe. Izvozvo. Vadzidzi vachakwanisa kupedzisa mabasa ari nyore asi ane musoro paDBMS neInternet misoro.

Pamusoro pemibvunzo pane chimwe chinhu, unogona kugadzira mashandiro ayo, semuenzaniso, anomaka maseru patafura anosangana nemamwe maitiro ane mavara akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, simbi uye asiri simbi. Kana kuti masero anokandwa mumvura nemakemikari emunzvimbo.

Iwe unogona zvakare kuita mabasa emurongi wemabhuku. Semuenzaniso, ratidza mutafura zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa mubvunzo. Wobva wasimbisa zvinhu zvakadzidzwa/zvakadzokororwa nemudzidzi mukugadzirira bvunzo.

Uye pano, semuenzaniso, ndeimwe yeakajairika chikoro chemistry matambudziko:

Kupiwa 10 g yechoko. Yakawanda sei hydrochloric acid inofanira kutorwa kunyungudutsa choko iyi yese?

Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, zvakakosha kunyora pasi chemu. reaction uye nekuisa coefficients mairi, kuverenga ma molecular weights e calcium carbonate uye hydrogen chloride, wozonyora uye kugadzirisa chikamu. Calculator yakavakirwa pane yedu yakakosha chirongwa inogona kuverenga nekugadzirisa. Ichokwadi, iwe uchazofanira kufunga kuti iyo asidhi inofanira kutorwa mune zvakanyanyisa uye muhutano hwakanaka, asi iyi chemistry, kwete kombiyuta yesayenzi.
Wedzero 1: Iyo Chemistry Calculator Inoshanda seiNgationgororei kushanda kwekarukureta tichishandisa muenzaniso wedambudziko riri pamusoro rechoko uye "hodgepodge". Ngatitange nekuita:

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O

Kubva pane izvi tinoona kuti tichada huremu hweatomu hwezvinhu zvinotevera: calcium (Ca), carbon (C), oxygen (O), haidrojeni (H) uye chlorine (Cl). Muchiitiko chakareruka, tinogona kunyora uremu uhwu kuita dhimensional imwe-inotsanangurwa se

AtomicMass : array [1..size] of real;

uko iyo array index inoenderana nenhamba yechinhu. Zvimwe pane nzvimbo yemahara yefomu tableDlg isa minda miviri. Mundima yekutanga yakanyorwa kuti: "Reagent yekutanga inopiwa", mune yechipiri - "Reagent yechipiri ndeyekutsvaga x". Ngatiratidze minda reagent1, reagent2 zvichiteerana. Zvimwe zvinowedzera purogiramu zvichave zvakajeka kubva pamuenzaniso unotevera we calculator.

Isu tinonyora pakombiyuta keyboard: 10 g. Kunyora mumunda reagent1 shanduko: "Reagent yekutanga inopiwa 10 g." Iye zvino isu tinoisa fomula yeiyi reagent, uye Calculator ichaverenga uye kuratidza huremu hwayo hwemamorekuru paunopinda mairi.

Dzvanya LMB patafura sero ine Ca chiratidzo. Kunyora mumunda reagent1 shanduko: "Chekutanga reagent Ca 40.078 yakapihwa 10 g."

Dzvanya LMB pachisero chetafura chine chiratidzo C. Chinyorwa mumunda reagent1 shanduko: "Chekutanga reagent CaC 52.089 yakapihwa 10 g." Avo. Karukureta yakawedzera huremu hweatomu hwecalcium nekabhoni.

Dzvanya LMB pachisero chetafura chine chiratidzo O. Chinyorwa mundima reagent1 shanduko: "Chekutanga reagent CaCO 68.088 yakapihwa 10 g." Karukureta yakawedzera huremu hweatomu hweokisijeni pahuwandu.

Dzvanya LMB pachisero chetafura chine chiratidzo O. Chinyorwa mundima reagent1 shanduko: "Chekutanga reagent CaCO2 84.087 yakapihwa 10 g." Karukureta yakawedzera zvakare huremu hweatomu hweokisijeni pahuwandu.

Dzvanya LMB pachisero chetafura chine chiratidzo O. Chinyorwa mundima reagent1 shanduko: "Chekutanga reagent CaCO3 100.086 yakapihwa 10 g." Karukureta yakawedzera huremu hweatomu hweokisijeni pahuwandu.

Dzvanya Enter pane kiibhodhi yekombuta yako. Kuiswa kwekutanga reagent kunopedzwa uye kuchinjika kumunda reagent2. Ziva kuti mumuenzaniso uyu tiri kupa vhezheni shoma. Kana uchida, unogona kuronga zviri nyore maatomu akawanda emhando imwe chete, kuitira kuti, semuenzaniso, haufanirwe kudzvanya kanomwe mumutsara pasero reokisijeni paunopinda muchromium formula (K2Cr2O7).

Dzvanya LMB pachisero chetafura chine chiratidzo H. Chinyorwa mumunda reagent2 inochinja: "Reagent yechipiri H 1.008 tsvaga x."

Dzvanya LMB patafura sero ine Cl chiratidzo. Kunyora mumunda reagent2 shanduko: "Reagent yechipiri HCl 36.458 tsvaga x." Karukureta yakawedzera huremu hweatomu hwehydrogen neklorini. Muenzaniso iri pamusoro apa, hydrogen chloride inotangirwa necoefficient ye 2. Naizvozvo, baya LMB pandima. reagent2. Huremu hwemamorekuru hwakapetwa kaviri (katatu kana ukadzvanywa kaviri, nezvimwewo). Kunyora mumunda reagent2 inochinja: "Reagent yechipiri 2HCl 72.916 tsvaga x."

Dzvanya Enter pakhibhodi yekombuta yako. Kupinda kwechipiri reagent kunopedzwa, uye Calculator inowana x kubva pachiyero

Ndizvo zvataida kuwana.

Cherekedza 1 Zvinorehwa nechikamu chinoguma: yekuparara 100.086 Da choko inoda 72.916 Da acid, uye kunyungudutsa 10 g yechoko unoda x acid.

Cherekedza 2 Kuunganidzwa kwematambudziko akafanana:

Khomchenko I. G., Kuunganidzwa kwezvinetso uye kudzidzira mumakemikari 2009 (makirasi 8-11).
Khomchenko G. P., Khomchenko I. G., Kuunganidzwa kwezvinetso mumakemikari kune vanonyorera kumayunivhesiti, 2019.

Cherekedza 3 Kurerutsa basa racho, unogona kurerutsa kupinda kwefomula mune yekutanga vhezheni uye kungo wedzera chiratidzo chechinhu kusvika kumagumo efomula mutsara. Zvadaro nzira ye calcium carbonate ichave:
CaCOOO
Asi mudzidzisi wechemistry haafanire kuda kurekodha kwakadaro. Hazvina kuoma kuita iyo chaiyo yekupinda - kuita izvi iwe unofanirwa kuwedzera array:

formula : array [1..size] of integer;

uko indekisi iri nhamba yechikamu chemakemikari, uye kukosha paindekisi iyi nhamba yemaatomu (pakutanga zvikamu zvese zvehurongwa zvinoiswa patsva kusvika zero). Kurongeka kwekunyorwa kwemaatomu mufomula, sekugamuchirwa kwekemesitiri, kunofanirwa kuverengerwa. Semuenzaniso, vashoma vanhu vangada O3CaC kana. Ngatichindei mutoro kune mushandisi. Kugadzira array:

 formulaOrder : array [1..size] of integer; // можно взять покороче

kwatinonyora pasi nhamba yechinhu chemakemikari zvichienderana nendekisi yekuonekwa kwayo mufomula. Kuwedzera atomu currNo mune formula:

if formula [currNo]=0 then //этот атом встретился первый раз
 begin
 orderIndex := orderIndex+1;//в начале ввода формулы orderIndex=0
 formulaOrder [orderIndex] :=  currNo;
 end;
formula [currNo]:=formula [currNo]+1;

Kunyora fomula kumutsara:

s := ''; // пустая строка для формулы
for i:=1 to  orderIndex do // для всех хим.символов в формуле 
 begin
 s:=s+TableSymbols [ formulaOrder[i]];// добавляем хим.символ
 if formula [formulaOrder[i]]<>1 then //добавляем кол-во атомов
  s:=s+ intToStr(formula [formulaOrder[i]]);
 end;

Cherekedza 4 Izvo zvine musoro kupa kugona kweimwe nzira yekuisa reagent formula kubva kukhibhodi. Muchiitiko ichi, iwe unozofanirwa kuita nyore parser.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti:

Nhasi, kune mazana ezvinyorwa zvetafura, uye masayendisiti anogara achipa sarudzo itsva. (Wikipedia)

Vadzidzi vanogona kuratidza hunyanzvi hwavo munzira iyi nekushandisa imwe yesarudzo dzakatorongwa kana kuedza kugadzira yavo yepakutanga. Zvinogona kuita sekuti iyi ndiyo nzira shoma shoma yezvidzidzo zvesainzi yekombuta. Nekudaro, muchimiro chePeriodic Tafura yakaitwa muchinyorwa chino, vamwe vadzidzi vanogona kusaona zvakanakira makadhi ekudzora pamusoro peimwe mhinduro vachishandisa akajairwa mabhatani. TButton. Iyo spiral shape yetafura (apo maseru ane maumbirwo akasiyana) anozonyatso ratidza zvakanakira mhinduro inotsanangurwa pano.

(Alternative system yezvinhu naTheodore Benfey, Chinhu)

Ngatiwedzereiwo kuti akati wandei aripo aripo mapurogiramu emakombuta ePeriodic Tafura anotsanangurwa muchangobva kuburitswa paHabré. chinyorwa.

Appendikisi 2: mienzaniso yemabasa emasefaUchishandisa mafirita aunogona kugadzirisa, semuenzaniso, anotevera mabasa:

1) Sarudza mutafura zvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa muMiddle Ages.

2) Ziva zvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa panguva yekuwanikwa kwePeriodic Law.

3) Ziva zvinhu zvinomwe izvo alchemists vaifunga nezvesimbi.

4) Sarudza zvinhu zvese zviri mugasi pasi pemamiriro akajairwa (n.s.).

5) Sarudza zvese zvinhu zviri muchimiro chemvura pane no.

6) Sarudza zvese zviri muchimiro chakasimba pa no.

7) Sarudza zvinhu zvese zvinogona kuratidzwa kumhepo kwenguva yakareba pasina shanduko inooneka pane zvakajairika.

8) Sarudza simbi dzese dzinonyungudika muhydrochloric acid.

9) Sarudza simbi dzese dzinonyungudika mu sulfuric acid pa no.

10) Sarudza simbi dzese dzinonyungudika mu sulfuric acid kana ichipisa.

11) Sarudza simbi dzese dzinonyungudika mu nitric acid.

12) Kusiyanisa simbi dzese dzinoita zvechisimba nemvura pane ambient mamiriro.

13) Sarudza simbi dzese.

14) Ziva zvinhu zvakapararira mune zvakasikwa.

15) Ziva zvinhu zvinowanikwa mune zvakasikwa mune yakasununguka mamiriro.

16) Ziva zvinhu zvinoita basa rakakosha mumuviri wemunhu nemhuka.

17) Sarudza zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva (mumahara fomu kana musanganiswa).

18) Ziva zvinhu zvine njodzi zvakanyanya kushanda nazvo uye zvinoda matanho akakosha nemidziyo yekudzivirira.

19) Ziva zvinhu izvo, mumahara fomu kana muchimiro chemisanganiswa, zvinokonzeresa kutyisidzira kukuru kune zvakatipoteredza.

20) Sarudza simbi dzinokosha.

21) Ziva zvinhu zvinodhura kupfuura simbi dzinokosha.

Notes

1) Zvine musoro kupa akawanda mafirita. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukabatidza sefa kuti ugadzirise dambudziko 1 (zvese zvinhu zvaizivikanwa muMiddle Ages) uye makumi maviri (masimbi anokosha), ipapo masero ane simbi dzinokosha dzinozivikanwa muMiddle Ages acharatidzwa (semuenzaniso, nemuvara) ( semuenzaniso, palladium haizojekeswe, yakavhurwa muna 20).

2) Zvine musoro kuve nechokwadi chekuti mafirita akati wandei anoshanda nenzira yekuti sefa imwe neimwe inosarudza maseru ane ruvara rwayo, asi haibvisi zvachose kusarudzwa kweimwe sefa (chikamu chesero mune rumwe ruvara, chikamu mune imwe). Zvino, muchiitiko chemuenzaniso wapfuura, zvinhu zvemharadzano yemaseti zvakawanikwa muMiddle Ages uye simbi dzinokosha, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinongova zvekutanga uye zvechipiri chete seti, zvichaonekwa. Avo. simbi dzinokosha dzaisazivikanwa muMiddle Ages, uye zvinhu zvaizivikanwa muMiddle Ages asi kwete simbi dzinokosha.

3) Izvo zvine musoro mushure mekushandisa sefa kuti ive nechokwadi chekugona kwerimwe basa nemhedzisiro yakawanikwa. Semuyenzaniso, kuva neakasarudzwa zvinhu zvinozivikanwa muMiddle Ages, mushandisi anodzvanya LMB pane yakasarudzwa uye anoendeswa kuchinyorwa cheWikipedia nezvechinhu ichi.

4) Zvine musoro kupa mushandisi kugona kusasarudza nekudzvanya LMB pane yakasarudzwa tafura sero. Semuenzaniso, kubvisa zvinhu zvakatoonekwa.

5) Zvine musoro kuve nechokwadi kuti rondedzero yemasero akasarudzwa anochengetwa mufaira uye kuti faira rakadaro rinotakurwa neatomatiki sarudzo yemasero. Izvi zvinopa mushandisi mukana wekuzorora kubva kubasa.

Isu takashandisa static, yakafanotemerwa kudzora mepu, asi kune akawanda akakosha mabasa uko ane simba ekudzora mepu anochinja sezvo chirongwa chinomhanya chinogona kushandiswa. Muenzaniso ungave mupepeti wegirafu, umo mushandisi anoshandisa mbeva kuratidza nzvimbo dze vertices pahwindo uye kudhirowa mipendero pakati pawo. Kudzima vertex kana mupendero, mushandisi anofanira kunongedzera kwairi. Asi kana zviri nyore kunongedzera kune vertex yakanyorwa nedenderedzwa, zvino zvichanyanya kunetsa kunongedza kumucheto kwakadhonzwa nemutsara mutete. Mepu yekudzora ichabatsira pano, uko vertices uye mipendero inogara munzvimbo dzakafara kupfuura mune inooneka nhamba.

Mubvunzo unonakidza weparutivi une chekuita neiyi nzira yekudzidziswa kwakaoma ndeyekuti: nzira iyi inogona kubatsira mukudzidzisa AI?

Source: www.habr.com