Mubhuku rekutanga () takatsanangura mashandisirwo angaitwa kupisa kunogona kushandiswa kuongorora nharaunda. Muzvinyorwa zvinotevera zvakarongwa kutsanangura kuti ruzivo pamusoro pezvinhu zvepanyika zvakachengetwa sei mudhatabhesi, kuti mamodheru kubva muzvikamu zvikuru anovakwa sei, uye kazhinji ndeapi mabasa ekuongorora ndima angave. Asi zvinhu zvekutanga kutanga.
Kushandisa iyo inopisa inogona kutanga nzira inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana pfungwa yakajairika yenzvimbo yekufarira kwatiri. Semuenzaniso, kutora ruzivo rwekutanga kubva kuOSM kuguta reBarcelona (Catalonia), uye kuita ongororo yakabatana pasina kusarudza paramita, tinogona kuwana mifananidzo ye "thermal" yezvikamu zvakakosha zvekutanga. Isu takataurawo nezve "kupisa" mamepu mune yekutanga chinyorwa, asi hazvingave zvisina kunaka kuyeuka kuti izwi rekuti "kupisa" mepu rakamuka nekuda kwezvinoreva zvemuviri zvezvinogona kushandiswa pakuongorora kwakabatana. Avo. mumatambudziko efizikisi, zvingangoita tembiricha, uye mumatambudziko ekuongorora nharaunda, zvinogoneka ndiyo mhedzisiro yezvose zvinopesvedzera zvinhu pane imwe nzvimbo pandima.
Pasi pane muenzaniso we "kupisa" mepu yeguta reBarcelona rakawanikwa semugumisiro wekuongorora kwakakosha.
"Kupisa" mepu yekutanga chikamu chikuru, isina parameter kusarudzwa, Barcelona
Uye nekuisa yakatarwa parameter (munyaya iyi, isu takasarudza indasitiri), unogona kuwana "kupisa" mepu yakanangana nayo.
Mepu inopisa yekutanga chikamu chikuru, indasitiri, Barcelona
Zvechokwadi, matambudziko ekuongorora akawandisa uye akasiyana-siyana pane kuwana kuongororwa kwenharaunda yakasarudzwa, saka, semuenzaniso, munyaya ino tichatarisa dambudziko rekutsvaga nzvimbo yakanakisisa kana uchiisa chinhu chitsva uye unyanzvi. kushandiswa kweiyo nzira yekupisa yekuigadzirisa, uye mune ramangwana zvinyorwa tichatarisa kune vamwe.
Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutsvaga nzvimbo yakanakisa kana uchiisa chinhu chitsva kuchabatsira kuona kuti "yakagadzirira" nharaunda kugamuchira chinhu chitsva ichi, kuti chinopindirana sei nezvimwe zvinhu zvagara zviripo munharaunda, kukosha kwechinhu chitsva ichi. ndima uye kukosha kwaichawedzera.
Matanho ekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi
Kuitwa kwehunyanzvi kunogona kumiririrwa nekutevedzana kwemaitiro akanyorwa pazasi:
- Kugadzirira nharaunda yeruzivo.
- Tsvaga, kuunganidza uye kugadzirisa kweruzivo rwekunobva.
- Kuvakwa kwegridi yemanodhi munharaunda yakaongororwa.
- Kupwanya zvinhu zvendima kuita zvidimbu.
- Kuverengera kwezvinogoneka kubva kune zvinhu.
- Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira thematic akakosha maitiro enzvimbo.
- Kushandiswa kweiyo principal component nzira yekuwana zvakakosha zviratidzo zvedunhu.
- Kusikwa kwemamodeli ekusarudza nzvimbo yekuvakwa kwechivako chitsva.
Danho 1. Kugadzirira nharaunda yeruzivo
Panguva ino, zvinodikanwa kuti usarudze dhatabhesi manejimendi system (DBMS), tarisa masosi eruzivo, nzira dzekuunganidza ruzivo, uye huwandu hweruzivo rwakaunganidzwa.
Kubasa redu, takashandisa iyo PostgeSql dhatabhesi (DB), asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti chero imwe dhatabhesi inoshanda neSQL mibvunzo ichaita.
Iyo dhatabhesi inochengetedza ruzivo rwekutanga - dhata renzvimbo nezvezvinhu: mhando dzedata (mapoinzi, mitsara, maporigoni), marongero awo uye humwe hunhu (kureba, nzvimbo, huwandu), pamwe chete neakaverengerwa kukosha akawanikwa semhedzisiro. basa rakaitwa uye migumisiro yebasa racho pacharo .
Ruzivo rwenhamba rwunopihwawo sedata renzvimbo (semuenzaniso, matunhu edunhu ane data yenhamba inopihwa kumatunhu aya).
Nekuda kweshanduko uye kugadziridzwa kweruzivo rwekutanga rwakaunganidzwa, matafura anoumbwa ane ruzivo nezve mutsara, poindi uye nzvimbo zvinhu, zviziviso zvavo uye coordination.
Nhanho 2. Tsvaga, kuunganidza uye kugadzirisa kweruzivo rwekunobva
Seruzivo rwekutanga kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, tinoshandisa ruzivo kubva kune yakavhurika cartographic zvinyorwa zvine ruzivo nezve nharaunda. Mutungamiriri, mumaonero edu, iruzivo rweOSM, runovandudzwa zuva nezuva pasirese. Nekudaro, kana iwe ukakwanisa kuunganidza ruzivo kubva kune mamwe masosi, hazvizove zvakanyanya kuipa.
Kugadziriswa kweruzivo kunosanganisira kuiunza pakufanana, kubvisa ruzivo rwenhema uye kugadzirira kurodha mudhatabhesi.
Danho rechitatu. Kuvakwa kwegridi yemanodhi munharaunda yakaongororwa
Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuenderera kwenharaunda yakaongororwa, zvakakosha kuvaka girasi pairi, iyo nodes iyo ine mazano mune imwe nzira yakarongeka. Pane imwe neimwe grid node kukosha kwazvinoita kunozotemerwa. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti utarise nzvimbo dzine homogeneous, masumbu uye mhinduro dzekupedzisira dzekuongorora.
Zvichienderana nemabasa achagadziriswa, zvingasarudzwa zviviri zvekugadzira gridhi zvinogoneka:
- Gridhi ine nhanho yenguva dzose (S1) - inoonekwa munharaunda yese. Inoshandiswa kuverenga zvinokwanisika kubva kuzvinhu, kuona hunhu hwakakosha hwenzvimbo (mahombe ezvikamu nemasumbu) uye kuratidza mhedzisiro yekuenzanisira.
Paunosarudza grid iyi, unofanirwa kutsanangura:
- grid spacing - nguva iyo grid nodes ichave iripo;
- muganho wenzvimbo yakaongororwa, iyo inogona kuenderana neyekutonga-yenharaunda division, kana inogona kunge iri nzvimbo pamepu inoganhura nzvimbo yekuverenga muchimiro cheporigoni.
-Gridhi ine nzvimbo isina kujairika (S2) inotsanangura mapoinzi ega enzvimbo (semuenzaniso centroids). Inoshandiswawo kuverenga zvinogoneka kubva kuzvinhu, uye kuona zvakakosha hunhu hwenzvimbo (mahombe zvikamu uye masumbu). Kuenzanisira neakaverengerwa makuru ezvikamu kunoitwa chaizvo pane gidhi ine nhanho isina kurongeka, uye kuona mhedzisiro yekuenzanisa, nhamba dzemasumbu kubva kune grid node dzine nhanho isina kurongeka dzinoendeswa kune grid node nenhanho yenguva dzose zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekuswedera kwezvirongwa. .
Mune dhatabhesi, ruzivo nezve kurongeka kwegridi node inochengetwa muchimiro chetafura ine ruzivo rwunotevera kune imwe neimwe node:
- node ID;
- node coordinates (x, y).
Mienzaniso yemagridi ane nzvimbo yakajairika yenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine nzvimbo dzakasiyana inoratidzwa munhamba dziri pazasi.
Kuvhara grid yeNizhny Novgorod (mavara matsvuku). Giridhi yekuvhara yenharaunda yeNizhny Novgorod (mavara ebhuruu).
Danho rechina Kupwanya zvinhu zvendima kuita zvidimbu
Kuti uongororwezve, zvinhu zvakatambanudzwa zvenzvimbo zvinofanirwa kushandurwa kuita hurongwa hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti imwe neimwe grid node ive neruzivo nezvechinhu chimwe nechimwe chirimo. Linear zvinhu zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu, nzvimbo zvinhu kuita zvidimbu.
Nhanho yekuparadzanisa inosarudzwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo yedunhu uye iyo chaiyo chinhu; kune nzvimbo huru (dunhu) danho rekuparadzanisa rinogona kuita 100-150 m; kunzvimbo diki (guta) danho rekuparadzanisa rinogona kuita 25-50 m. .
Mune dhatabhesi, ruzivo nezve kupatsanurwa kwemhedzisiro inochengetwa muchimiro chetafura ine ruzivo rwunotevera rwechimedu chimwe nechimwe:
- factor identifier;
- kurongeka kwemasendindi ezvimedu zvakapatsanurwa (x, y);
- kureba / nzvimbo yezvimedu zvekuparadzanisa.
Danho rechishanu Kuverengera kwezvinogoneka kubva kune zvinhu
Imwe yenzira dzinogoneka uye dzinonzwisisika dzekuongorora ruzivo rwekutanga ndeyekutarisa zvinhu sezvingabvira kubva kune zvinhu zvinofurira.
Ngatishandisei mhinduro yakakosha yeLaplace's equation kune maviri-dimensional kesi - iyo logarithm yechinhambwe kubva panzvimbo.
Tichifunga nezve kudikanwa kweiyo inogumira kukosha kukosha pa zero uye kudzikiswa kwehukoshi hunogona kuitika pamadaro akakura, kugona kunotarwa sezvizvi:
pa r (1)
ye r2>r>=r1
zve r>=r2
Rudzi rwekurudziro inogona kubva pachinhu chepfundo
Basa relogarithmic rinofanirwa kusungwa pazero uye rakasungwa zvine mutsindo pane imwe chinhambwe kubva pazvinhu. Kana isu tisina kuita zvirambidzo pane zvingave zviri kure kure nechinhu, saka isu taizofanira kufunga huwandu hukuru hweruzivo kure nenzvimbo yakaongororwa, iyo isingaite mhedzisiro pakuongorora. Naizvozvo, isu tinosuma kukosha kweiyo radius yekuita kwechinhu, kunze kweiyo mupiro kune iyo inogona kubva kune iyo factor zero.
Kuguta, radius yechinhu inofungidzirwa kuenzana nehafu yeawa anofamba netsoka kuwanikwa - 2 mamita. Kunharaunda tinofanira kutaura pamusoro pehafu yeawa transport kuwanikwa - 20 mamita.
Nokudaro, semugumisiro wekuverenga hutsika hunogona, tine husero hwese kubva kune chimwe chinhu pane imwe node yegridhi yenguva dzose.
Danho rechitanhatu. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira thematic akakosha maitiro enzvimbo
Panguva ino, izvo zvakakosha uye zvinodzidzisa zvinhu zvinosarudzwa kugadzira thematic yakakosha hunhu hwenzvimbo.
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kunogona kuitwa otomatiki nekuisa mimwe miganhu yezviyereso (kuwirirana, chikamu chepesvedzero, nezvimwewo), kana zvinogona kuitwa nehunyanzvi, uchiziva musoro wedambudziko uye nekumwe kunzwisisa kwenharaunda.
Mushure mekunge zvakakosha uye zvinodzidzisa zvinhu zvasarudzwa, unogona kuenderera kune anotevera matanho - kududzirwa kwezvikamu zvikuru.
Danho rechinomwe Kushandiswa kweiyo principal component nzira yekuwana zvakakosha zviratidzo zvedunhu. Clustering
Ruzivo rwekutanga nezvenzvimbo yenzvimbo, yakashandurwa pane yakapfuura nhanho kuita zvinogoneka kuverengerwa imwe neimwe grid node, inosanganiswa kuita mitsva yekubatanidza zviratidzo - izvo zvikuru zvikamu.
Mukuru wechikamu nzira inoongorora kusiyana kwezvinhu munzvimbo yekudzidza uye inowana, zvichienderana nemigumisiro yekuongorora iyi, yavo yakasiyana-siyana yemutsara musanganiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga chiyero chekuchinja kwavo - kupararira pamusoro penharaunda.
Ngatitorei dambudziko rakawanda kugadzira modhi yekuenzanisa mutsara wemodhi basa kune yakapihwa kukosha
(2)
Pandiri chikamu nhamba,
n - nhamba yezvikamu zvinobatanidzwa mukuverenga
j β node indekisi yenzvimbo, j=1..k
k - nhamba yemanodhi ese enzvimbo grid iyo kuverenga kwezvikamu zvikuru kwakaitwa.
- coefficient ye i-th chikamu chikuru chemuenzaniso
- kukosha kweiyo i-th chikamu chikuru pane j-th poindi
B - izwi remahara remuenzaniso
- inogoneka pane j-th point yechinhu chatiri kuvaka modhi
Ngatitarisei zvisingazivikanwe muequation (2) mishoma masikweya nzira, uchishandisa zvimiro zvezvinhu zvikuru:
(3)
Apo ini ne i2 tiri nhamba dzezvikamu, i<>i2
j - territory node index
k ndiyo nhamba yenzvimbo dzese dzenharaunda
(4)
(3) zvinoreva kuti hapana kuwirirana pakati pezvikamu
(4) - kukosha kwese kwechero chikamu i zero.
Tinowana:
(5)
Pano notation yakafanana neyemuEq. (2), zvinoreva avhareji inogona kukosha
Mhedzisiro iyi inogona kududzirwa sezvizvi:
Iyo modhi iratidziro yakapfava inoumbwa neavhareji kukosha kwekufananidza kukosha uye kururamisa kuri nyore kwairi kune chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu. Pazvishoma, mhedzisiro inofanirwa kusanganisira dummy term B uye yekutanga chikamu chikuru. Pazasi pane mienzaniso yemamepu ekupisa ekutanga ekutanga zvikamu zvedunhu reNizhny Novgorod.
Kubva pane zvakaverengerwa zvakakosha zvikamu, homogeneous matunhu anogona kuvakwa. izvi zvinogona kuitwa zvese kune ese paramita uye, semuenzaniso, chete kune emitengo - i.e. kuita clustering. Nokuda kweizvi, unogona kushandisa . Kune imwe neimwe nharaunda ine homogeneous, avhareji kukosha kwekutanga chikamu chikuru inoverengerwa, inoratidzira mwero webudiriro yedunhu.
Muenzaniso wekubatanidza nemitengo paramita yenharaunda yeNizhny Novgorod inopiwa pazasi.
Zvakare, tichishandisa izvo zvakakosha zvakawanikwa semaparamita eiyo mutengo modhi, tinogona kuwana mutengo wepasi penzvimbo.
Mutengo pamusoro peNizhny Novgorod
Danho rechisere. Kusikwa kwemamodeli ekusarudza nzvimbo yekuvakwa kwechivako chitsva
Kuti usarudze nzvimbo inoyevedza yenzvimbo yechinhu chitsva (pano ichinzi "chinhu"), zvinodikanwa kuenzanisa nzvimbo ye "chinhu" nezvivakwa zvakapoteredza. Kuti "chinhu" chishande, panofanirwa kunge paine zviwanikwa zvakakwana kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo; nhamba huru yezvinhu, zvese zvakanaka uye zvakaipa zvinokonzeresa pa "chinhu," zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa. Iyo yese seti yezvinhu izvi inogona kutsanangurwa se "chikafu" nharaunda yekushanda kwe "chinhu". Kunyorerana kwenhamba yezvinhu kune nhamba yezviwanikwa zvenharaunda ndiyo hwaro hwekushanda kwakagadzikana kwe "chinhu".
Mhedzisiro yekuenzanisa iyi ndiyo inogona kuverengwa kune imwe neimwe yendima uye kubvumira kuongororwa kwekuona uye kuongororwa kwesarudzo yenzvimbo yekuisa "chinhu" chitsva.
Zvekutengeserana, semuenzaniso, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuyerera kwevatengi nguva dzose kwakakosha, izvo zvinoreva kuti runyorwa rwezvinhu zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kune zvekutengesa zvinhu zvinofanirwa kusanganisira izvo zvinovimbisa kuyerera uku (semuenzaniso, zvivako zvemagariro evanhu, nzvimbo dzebasa, nzvimbo dzekugara, nzira dzekufambisa, nezvimwewo).
Kune rumwe rutivi, kana mamiriro ose akasangana kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwezvivako zvekutengesa, zvakakosha kufunga nezvehuwandu hwezvivako zvekutengesa, sezvo "kushandiswa" kwezvakatipoteredza kunotungamirira kuderera kwekugona kwekutenga. Kuyerera kwevanhu hakusi kusingagumi, uye zvakafanana zvinoshanda kune mari yavo yehupfumi uye masimba emuviri.
Iyo algorithm yekugadzirisa dambudziko rekusarudza nzvimbo yakanakisa yechinhu inosvika pakuti iyo inogona kuwanikwa sebasa rezvikamu zvikuru zviri pedyo nekugona kweseti yezvinhu zverudzi rwe "chinhu"; ipapo musiyano pakati pekugona kwemuenzaniso uye kukwanisa kwezvinhu zve "chinhu" rudzi inoverengwa; kukosha kwechipo chekugona kwechimwe "chinhu" chinobviswa kubva pamusiyano unoguma; Hunhu husina kunaka hunowanikwa mune iyi kesi hunotsiviwa ne zero, ndiko kuti, idzo nzvimbo dzisina zviwanikwa zvakakwana zvekushanda kwe "chinhu" chitsva zvinobviswa.
Nekuda kwezviito zvakatorwa, tinowana mapoinzi endima ine yakanaka inogona kukosha, ndiko kuti, nzvimbo dzenzvimbo yakanaka ye "chinhu" chedu.
Mune mamwe mazwi, isu tine zvakaverengerwa zvinogoneka zvezvinhu zvese zvatiinazvo uye chinhu chatinoda kuvaka modhi uye kuongorora yakasarudzwa nzvimbo ine musoro (kutengeserana, indasitiri, tsika, nzanga, nezvimwewo)
Kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa kuti usarudze zvinhu zvekuvaka zvisikwa zvezvakatipoteredza - izvo zvakakosha zvikamu - uye wozoverenga mamodheru kubva pazviri.
Isu tinokurudzira kusarudza zvinhu nekuongorora kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvese nereferensi yenzvimbo yemusoro. Semuyenzaniso, zvetsika zvinogona kuva mabhaisikopo, ehurongwa hwedzidzo, zvikoro, nezvimwe.
Isu tinoverenga kuwirirana kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunogona nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvose. Isu tinosarudza izvo zvikonzero zvine coefficients yekubatanidza muhukuru yakakura kudarika imwe kukosha (kazhinji kukosha kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuenzanisa = 0 inotorwa).
(6)
apo - yakakwana kukosha kweiyo coefficient yekubatanidza ye-i-th factor ine mwero.
Iko kuwirirana kunoverengerwa pamusoro pese grid node inofukidza ndima.
Musiyano pakati pekugona kwemuenzaniso uye kugona kwezvinhu zverudzi rumwechete sechinhu chitsva muequation (2) inoratidza kukwanisa kwendima, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuwana nzvimbo itsva.
Somugumisiro, tinowana iyo inogona kukosha, iyo inoratidza dhigirii yekubatsira kwenzvimbo ye "chinhu" munzvimbo yekudzidza.
Muenzaniso wekuti iwe unogona sei kuratidza zvakajeka nzvimbo dzakakurudzirwa ye "chinhu" chitsva wakapihwa pazasi.
Saka, mhedzisiro yekugadzirisa dambudziko rekusarudza nzvimbo yakanakisa yechinhu chitsva inogona kumiririrwa seyero yenzvimbo mumapoinzi pane imwe neimwe, ichipa pfungwa yekugona kuwana chinhu chekudyara, i.e. zvibodzwa, zvinonyanya kubatsira kuwana chinhu.
Mukupedzisa, zvakakodzera kutaura kuti munyaya ino takatarisa dambudziko rimwe chete rinogona kugadziriswa nekuongorora ndima, kuva nedata kubva kune yakavhurika zvinyorwa paruoko. Kutaura zvazviri, kune matambudziko akawanda anogona kugadziriswa nerubatsiro rwayo, nhamba yavo inogumira chete nemafungiro ako.
Source: www.habr.com