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Excerpt "Thermodynamics yemakomba matema" pasi pekucheka.
Kusvika ikozvino, isu takafunga maburi matema sezvinhu zvemuchadenga zvakaumbwa panguva yekuputika kwe supernova kana kurara pakati pemapoka enyeredzi. Tinodzicherechedza nenzira isina kunanga nokuyera mamhanyiro enyeredzi dziri pedyo nadzo. LIGO yakakurumbira yekuona masaisai emagetsi musi waGunyana 14, 2015 yaive muenzaniso wekutarisa kwakananga kwekurovera kwegomba dema. Zvishandiso zvemasvomhu zvatinoshandisa kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mamiriro emakomba matema ndeaya: jiometry yokusiyanisa, maequation aEinstein, uye nzira dzine simba dzekuongorora nenhamba dzinoshandiswa kugadzirisa maequation aEinstein uye kutsanangura majeometri emuchadenga ayo maburi matema anopa. Uye pakarepo patinogona kupa tsanangudzo yakakwana yenguva-yenguva inogadzirwa negomba dema, kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeastrophysical yekuona, musoro wemakomba matema unogona kunzi wakavharwa. Kubva pamaonero akazara edzidziso, pachine nzvimbo yakawanda yekuongorora. Chinangwa chechitsauko chino ndechekuratidza kufambira mberi kwedzidziso mufizikisi yemazuva ano yegomba dema, umo mazano kubva kuthermodynamics uye quantum theory anosanganiswa nerelativity yakajairika kuti ape pfungwa itsva dzisingatarisirwe. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti maburi matema haasi zvinhu zvejometri chete. Ivo vane tembiricha, vane yakakura entropy, uye vanogona kuratidza maratidziro ehuwandu hwekupinda. Nhaurirano dzedu dze thermodynamic uye quantum mativi efizikisi yemakomba matema achanyanya zvidimbu uye zvepamusoro pane kuongororwa kweiyo chete geometric maficha emuchadenga-nguva mumakomba matema akaratidzwa muzvitsauko zvakapfuura. Asi izvi, uye kunyanya kuwanda, zvikamu zvakakosha uye zvakakosha chikamu chekuenderera mberi kwedzidziso kutsvagurudzo pamakomba matema, uye isu tichaedza zvakanyanya kuburitsa, kana zvisiri izvo zvakaomarara, zvino pamwe mweya weaya mabasa.
Mu classical general relativity - kana tikataura nezve musiyano we geometry yemhinduro kune Einstein's equations - maburi matema akasviba zvechokwadi mupfungwa yekuti hapana chinogona kupukunyuka kubva paari. Stephen Hawking akaratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoshanduka zvachose kana tikafunga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu: maburi matema anobuda kuti abudise mwaranzi pane imwe tembiricha, inozivikanwa seHawking tembiricha. Kune maburi matema ehukuru hweastrophysical (kureva, kubva kune stellar-mass kusvika kune supermassive makomba matema), tembiricha yeHawking haina basa kana ichienzaniswa nekupisa kweiyo cosmic microwave kumashure - radiation inozadza Universe yose, iyo, nenzira, inogona pachayo. inoonekwa seyakasiyana yeHawking radiation. Masvomhu aHawking ekuona tembiricha yemakomba matema chikamu chechirongwa chikuru chetsvakiridzo mumunda unonzi black hole thermodynamics. Chimwe chikamu chikuru chechirongwa ichi chidzidzo cheblack hole entropy, iyo inoyera huwandu hweruzivo rwakarasika mukati megomba dema. Zvinhu zvakajairika (zvakadai segigi remvura, chivharo che magnesium yakachena, kana nyeredzi) zvakare zvine entropy, uye chimwe chepakati chirevo cheblack hole thermodynamics ndechekuti gomba dema rehukuru hwakapihwa rine zvakawanda entropy kupfuura chero imwe fomu. yenyaya inogona kuve mukati, nzvimbo yehukuru hwakafanana, asi pasina kuumbwa kwegomba dema.
Asi tisati tanyura mukati menyaya dzakatenderedza Hawking radiation uye dema gomba entropy, ngatitorei nzira nekukurumidza muminda ye quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, uye entanglement. Quantum mechanics yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya muma1920s, uye chinangwa chayo chikuru chaive chekutsanangura zvidimbu zvidiki zvezvinhu, senge maatomu. Kuvandudzwa kwe quantum mechanics kwakakonzera kukukurwa kwepfungwa dzakakosha dzefizikisi senzvimbo chaiyo yechinhu chimwe nechimwe: zvakazoitika, semuenzaniso, kuti nzvimbo yeelectron painotenderera nucleus yeatomu haigone kutsanangurwa nemazvo. Pane kudaro, maerekitironi akagoverwa anonzi maobhiti, umo nzvimbo dzawo chaidzo dzinogona kutsanangurwa nenzira inogoneka. Nezvezvinangwa zvedu, zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti tisamhanyire zvakanyanya kune ino probabilistic divi rezvinhu. Ngatitorei muenzaniso wakapfava: atomu yehydrogen. Inogona kunge iri mune imwe quantum state. Mamiriro akareruka eatomu rehydrogen, anonzi the ground state, inyika ine simba rakaderera, uye simba iri rinonyatsozivikanwa. Kunyanya kazhinji, quantum mechanics inotibvumira (mumusimboti) kuziva mamiriro echero quantum system ine mhedziso chaiyo.
Mikana inowanikwa kana tikabvunza mamwe marudzi emibvunzo nezve quantum mechanical system. Somuenzaniso, kana ichokwadi kuti atomu rehydrogen riri pasi, tinogona kubvunza kuti, “Erekitironi iri kupi?” uye maererano nemitemo ye quantum
makanika, tichangowana imwe fungidziro yemukana wemubvunzo uyu, zvingangoita senge: "zvichida erekitironi rinowanikwa pachinhambwe chinosvika hafu yeangstrom kubva mukati meatomu rehydrogen" (imwe angstrom yakaenzana 
mamita). Asi isu tine mukana, kuburikidza neimwe nzira yemuviri, yekuwana chinzvimbo cheerekitironi zvakanyatsorurama kupfuura kune imwe angstrom. Iyi nzira yakajairika mufizikisi inosanganisira kupfura fotoni yenguva pfupi-pfupi yewavelength kuita erekitironi (kana, sekutaura kunoita vefizikisi, kuparadzira photon neelectron) - mushure meizvozvo tinogona kuvakazve nzvimbo ye electron panguva yekupararira ne kunyatsoita kuenzana newavelength photon. Asi iyi nzira ichachinja mamiriro erekitironi, kuitira kuti mushure meizvi haichazove muvhu reatomu rehydrogen uye haizove neyakatsanangurwa simba. Asi kwenguva yakati chinzvimbo chayo chinenge chave chakanyatso kutsanangurwa (nekururama kwewavelength yefoton inoshandiswa pane izvi). Imwe fungidziro yekutanga yenzvimbo yeerekitironi inogona chete kuitwa mune probabilistic pfungwa nekururama kweinenge imwe angstrom, asi kana tangoiyera tinoziva chaizvo kuti chaive chii. Muchidimbu, kana tikayera quantum mechanical system neimwe nzira, saka, zvishoma mupfungwa yakajairika, "tinoimanikidza" mune imwe nzvimbo ine humwe kukosha kwehuwandu hwatiri kuyera.
Quantum mechanics haingoshandisi kune madiki masisitimu, asi (tinotenda) kune ese masisitimu, asi kune makuru masisitimu iyo quantum mechanical mitemo inokurumidza kuva yakaoma zvikuru. Pfungwa yakakosha ndeye quantum entanglement, muenzaniso wakapfava iyo pfungwa yekutenderera. Maerekitironi ega ega akatenderera, saka pakuita erekitironi imwe chete inogona kuva neinotenderera yakananga kumusoro kana pasi maererano neakisi yenzvimbo yakasarudzwa. Kutenderera kweerekitironi huwandu hunoonekwa nekuti erekitironi inogadzira isina simba remagineti, yakafanana nemunda wemagnetic bar. Zvino kuruka (spin up) zvinoreva danda rekuchamhembe kwerekitironi rakanongedza pasi, uye kuruka (spin) zvichireva danda rekuchamhembe riri kunongedzera kumusoro. Maerekitironi maviri anogona kuiswa mu conjugated quantum state, umo imwe yacho ine spin kumusoro uye imwe ine yakaderera spin, asi hazvibviri kutaura kuti ndeipi erekitironi ine inotenderera. Muchidimbu, muvhu reatomu reheliamu, maerekitironi maviri ari muchimiro ichi chaimo, chinonzi spin singlet, sezvo kutenderera kwemaerekitironi ese ari ziro. Kana tikaparadzanisa maerekitironi maviri aya tisina kushandura maspins awo, tinogona kuramba tichiti ari spin singlets pamwe chete, asi isu hatigone kutaura kuti kutenderera kweimwe yacho kungave kwakadii. Zvino, kana tikayera imwe yemaspins avo uye tosimbisa kuti yakanangidzirwa kumusoro, saka isu tichava nechokwadi chekuti yechipiri inonangidzirwa pasi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, tinoti ma spins akapindwa muropa - hapana pachayo ane kukosha chaiko, nepo pamwe chete ari mune yakatarwa quantum state.
Einstein ainetsekana zvakanyanya nezve chiitiko chekusungwa: zvaiita sekutyisidzira nheyo dzekutanga dzedzidziso yehukama. Ngatitarisei nyaya yemaerekitironi maviri ari murun singlet state, kana ari kure kure muchadenga. Kuti ndive nechokwadi, regai Alice atore mumwe wavo uye Bob atore mumwe. Ngatitii Alice akayera spin yeelectron yake ndokuona kuti yakananga kumusoro, asi Bob haana kuyera chinhu. Kusvika Alice aita kuyerwa kwake, zvaisaita kuti ataure kuti spin yeelectron yake yaive yei. Asi paakangopedza kuyerwa kwake, ainyatsoziva kuti spin ye electron yaBob yakanga yakananga pasi (munzira yakatarisana neinotenderera yerekitironi yake). Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kuyerwa kwake kwakabva kwaisa electron yaBob mumamiriro ekutenderera? Izvi zvingaitika sei kana maerekitironi akaparadzaniswa nepakati? Einstein nevamwe vaaishanda navo Nathan Rosen naBoris Podolsky vakafunga kuti nyaya yekuyera masisitimu akabatikana yaive yakakomba zvekuti yaityisidzira kuvepo chaiko kwequantum mechanics. Iyo Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) yavakagadzira inoshandisa muyedzo wepfungwa wakafanana newatichangobva kutsanangura kugumisa kuti quantum mechanics haigone kuve tsananguro yakazara yechokwadi. Zvino, zvichibva pane yakatevera dzidziso yekutsvagisa uye zviyero zvakawanda, kubvumirana kwakawanda kwakasimbiswa kuti EPR paradox ine chikanganiso uye iyo quantum theory ndeyechokwadi. Quantum mechanical entanglement ndeyechokwadi: zviyero zveakabatikidzwa masisitimu anozobatana kunyangwe masisitimu ari kure kure munguva yechadenga.
Ngatidzokerei kumamiriro ezvinhu apo tinoisa maerekitironi maviri mune imwe spin singlet state ndokuvapa kuna Alice naBob. Chii chatingaudze pamusoro pemaerekitironi zviyero zvisati zvaitwa? Kuti vese vari pamwe chete vari mune imwe quantum state (spin-singlet). Kutenderera kwerekitironi yaAlice kwakangofanana kunonangwa kumusoro kana pasi. Zvakanyanya, iyo quantum mamiriro erekitironi ayo anogona neanoenzana mukana kuva imwe (spin up) kana imwe (spin pasi). Zvino kwatiri isu pfungwa yezvingabvira inotora chirevo chakadzama kupfuura kare. Kare takatarisa imwe quantum state (pasi pasi peatomu rehydrogen) uye takaona kuti kune mimwe mibvunzo "isingaite", yakadai sekuti "Erekitironi iripi?" - mibvunzo iyo mhinduro dziripo chete mune probabilistic pfungwa. Kana tikabvunza mibvunzo "yakanaka", yakadai sekuti "Chii chinonzi simba reerekitironi?", taizowana mhinduro dzechokwadi. Ikozvino, hapana mibvunzo "yakanaka" yatingabvunza nezve erekitironi yaAlice isina mhinduro dzinoenderana nerekitironi yaBob. (Hatisi kutaura nezvemibvunzo yakapusa senge "Erekitironi yaAlice inotova nekutenderera here?" - mibvunzo ine mhinduro imwe chete.) Saka, kuti titarise maparamendi ehafu yehurongwa hwakabatikana, tichafanira kushandisa. probabilistic mutauro. Chokwadi chinomuka chete kana tikafunga kubatana pakati pemibvunzo iyo Alice naBob vangabvunza nezve maerekitironi avo.
Isu takatanga nemaune neimwe yakareruka quantum mechanical masisitimu atinoziva: iyo sisitimu ye spins yemaerekitironi ega. Pane tariro yekuti quantum makomputa ichavakwa pahwaro hwemaitiro akareruka akadaro. Iyo spin system yemaerekitironi ega ega kana mamwe akaenzana quantum masisitimu ave kunzi qubits (pfupi ye "quantum bits"), achisimbisa basa ravo mumakomputa ehuwandu, zvakafanana nebasa rinoitwa neakajairwa mabhiti mumakomputa edhijitari.
Ngatimbofungidzirai kuti takatsiva erekitironi imwe neimwe neyakaomesesa quantum system ine dzakawanda, kwete mbiri chete, quantum states. Somuenzaniso, vakapa Alice naBob mabhara e magnesium yakachena. Alice naBob vasati vaenda nenzira dzavo dzakasiyana, mabara avo anogona kupindirana, uye tinobvumirana kuti mukuita izvi vanowana imwe yakajairika quantum state. Pakangoparadzana Alice naBob, mabara avo emagnesium anomira kudyidzana. Sezvakaitika kune ma electrons, bhari imwe neimwe iri mu indeterminate quantum state, kunyange zvazvo pamwe chete, sezvatinotenda, vanoumba nyika yakanyatsotsanangurwa. (Mukurukurirano iyi, tinofungidzira kuti Alice naBob vanokwanisa kufambisa simbi dzavo dzemagnesium vasingakanganise mamiriro avo emukati neimwe nzira, sezvataifungidzira kare kuti Alice naBob vaigona kupatsanura maerekitironi avo akapinzwa pasina kushandura mitsipa yavo.) Asi pane zviripo. mutsauko Musiyano uripo pakati pekuyedzwa kwekufunga uku uye kuyedza erekitironi ndewekuti kusavimbika muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwebhari yega yega yakakura. Iyo bar inogona kuwana yakawanda quantum states kupfuura nhamba yemaatomu muUniverse. Apa ndipo panopinda thermodynamics. Masisitimu asina kunyatsotsanangurwa anogona zvakadaro ane mamwe akatsanangurwa macroscopic maitiro. Chimiro chakadaro, semuenzaniso, kupisa. Tembiricha chiyero chekuti chero chikamu chehurongwa chingave neavhareji simba, ine tembiricha yepamusoro inoenderana nemukana mukuru wekuva nesimba rakakura. Imwe thermodynamic parameter is entropy, iyo inonyanya kuenzana nelogarithm yenhamba yenyika iyo system inogona kufungidzira. Humwe hunhu hwe thermodynamic hungave hwakakosha kubhawa re magnesium mambure magineti, inova parameter inoratidza kuti ma electrons akawanda anotenderera ari mubhawa pane ma electrons anotenderera pasi.
Isu takaunza thermodynamics mune yedu nyaya senzira yekutsanangura masisitimu ayo quantum nyika isinganyatso kuzivikanwa nekuda kwekubatikana kwavo nemamwe masisitimu. Thermodynamics chishandiso chine simba chekuongorora masisitimu akadaro, asi vagadziri vayo havana kana kumbofungidzira mashandisiro ayo nenzira iyi. Sadi Carnot, James Joule, Rudolf Clausius vaiva nhamba dzezana remakore rechiXNUMX revolution yeindasitiri, uye vaifarira zvakanyanya kushanda pamibvunzo yose: injini dzinoshanda sei? Dzvinyiriro, vhoriyamu, tembiricha uye kupisa inyama neropa reinjini. Carnot akasimbisa kuti simba riri muchimiro chekupisa haringambovi rakashandurwa kuita basa rinobatsira rakadai sekusimudza mitoro. Rimwe simba richagara rakaparadzwa. Clausius akaita mupiro mukuru mukusikwa kweiyo pfungwa ye entropy sechishandiso chepasirese chekuona kurasikirwa kwesimba panguva ipi neipi inosanganisira kupisa. Kubudirira kwake kukuru kwaiva kuziva kuti entropy haina kumboderera - munenge maitiro ose inowedzera. Maitiro umo entropy inowedzera inonzi isingachinjiki, chaizvo nekuti haigone kudzoserwa pasina kuderera kwe entropy. Danho rinotevera pakuvandudzwa kwenhamba mechanics rakatorwa naClausius, Maxwell naLudwig Boltzmann (pakati pevamwe vakawanda) - vakaratidza kuti entropy chiyero chekusagadzikana. Kazhinji, paunonyanya kuita chimwe chinhu, ndipo paunowedzera kusagadzikana. Uye kunyange kana iwe ukagadzira nzira ine chinangwa chekudzorera kurongeka, ichaita zvisingadzivisiki kugadzira entropy kupfuura ichaparadzwa-somuenzaniso, nekusunungura kupisa. Crane inoisa matanda esimbi muhurongwa hwakakwana inogadzira kurongeka maererano nekurongeka kwematanda, asi panguva yekushanda kwayo inoburitsa kupisa kwakawanda zvekuti entropy yese ichiri kuwedzera.
Asi zvakadaro, musiyano pakati pemaonero e thermodynamics yezana remakore rechiXNUMX physicists uye maonero ane chokuita ne quantum entanglement haana kukura sezvazvinoratidzika. Pese apo sisitimu inodyidzana nemumiriri wekunze, quantum state yayo inobatikana neiyo agent's quantum state. Kazhinji, kusungirirwa uku kunotungamirira kukuwedzera kwekusava nechokwadi kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehurongwa, mune mamwe mazwi, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunoti hunogona kuva. Somugumisiro wekubatana nemamwe masisitimu, entropy, inotsanangurwa maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunowanikwa kune system, inowanzowedzera.
Kazhinji, quantum mechanics inopa nzira itsva yekuratidzira masisitimu emuviri umo mamwe ma parameter (akadai sechinzvimbo munzvimbo) anova asina chokwadi, asi mamwe (akadai sesimba) anowanzozivikanwa ane chokwadi. Panyaya yekupindirwa kwehuwandu, zvikamu zviviri zvakapatsanurwa zvehurongwa zvine inozivikanwa yakajairika quantum state, uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chakasiyana chine mamiriro asina chokwadi. Muenzaniso wakajairwa wekupindwa muropa ipeya ye spins mune imwechetet state, umo zvisingabviri kutaura kuti ndeipi spin kumusoro uye pasi. Kusavimbika kweiyo quantum state mune yakakura sisitimu inoda iyo thermodynamic nzira umo macroscopic parameters senge tembiricha uye entropy inozivikanwa nekurongeka kukuru, kunyangwe iyo system ine akawanda angangoita microscopic quantum states.
Tapedza rwendo rwedu rupfupi mumunda we quantum mechanics, entanglement uye thermodynamics, ngatiedzei kunzwisisa kuti izvi zvese zvinotungamira sei pakunzwisisa kuti maburi matema ane tembiricha. Danho rekutanga rakanangana neizvi rakaitwa naBill Unruh - airatidza kuti mucherechedzi anomhanyisa munzvimbo yakati sandara achange aine tembiricha yakaenzana nekumhanyisa kwake yakakamurwa ne2π. Kiyi yekuverenga kwaUnruh ndeyekuti mucherechedzi anofamba nekumhanyisa nguva dzose mune imwe nzira anogona kungoona hafu yenguva yakati sandara. Chikamu chechipiri chiri kuseri kwehorizon yakafanana neyegomba dema. Pakutanga zvinoita sezvisingabviri: sei flat spacetime ingaite senge pakatarisana negomba dema? Kuti tinzwisise kuti izvi zvinozoitika sei, ngatishevedzei vacherechedzi vedu vakatendeka Alice, Bob naBill kuti tibatsirwe. Pakukumbira kwedu, vanokwira, naAlice pakati paBob naBill, uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pevacherechedzi muvaviri yega yega chinhambwe chemakiromita matanhatu. Takabvumirana kuti nenguva zero Alice achasvetukira muroketi obhururuka akananga kuBill (uye nekudaro kure naBob) achimhanyisa nguva dzose. Roketi rayo rakanaka kwazvo, rinokwanisa kugadzira acceleration 6 trillion yakapetwa kakapetwa ka1,5 kudarika kukwidzwa kwegiravhiti uko zvinhu zvinofamba pedyo nepasi. Zvechokwadi, hazvisi nyore kuti Alice akwanise kukurira kukurumidza kwakadaro, asi, sezvatichaona zvino, nhamba idzi dzinosarudzwa nechinangwa; pakupera kwezuva, tiri kungokurukura mikana inogona kuitika, ndizvo chete. Chaizvo panguva iyo Alice anosvetukira muroketi rake, Bob naBill vanomusimudzira. (Tine kodzero yekushandisa izwi rekuti "chaizvo panguva iyo ...", nekuti Alice haasati atanga kubhururuka kwake, ari muchimiro chakafanana chaBob naBill, saka vese vanokwanisa kuwiriranisa wachi dzavo. .) Waving Alice, hongu, anoona Bill kwaari: zvisinei, ari muroketi, achamuona kare kupfuura izvi zvaizodai zvakaitika dai akagara paakanga ari, nokuti roketi yake naye iri kubhururuka zvakananga kwaari. Mukupesana, anoenda kure naBob, saka tinogona kufunga zvine mufungo kuti achamuona achimuninira ruoko pave paya pane zvaangadai aona kudai akaramba ari munzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Asi chokwadi chinotonyanya kushamisa: haazooni Bob zvachose! Mune mamwe mazwi, mafotoni anobhururuka kubva kuruoko rwaBob achizunguza kuenda kuna Alice haambofa akamubata, kunyangwe akapihwa kuti haazombokwanisa kusvika pakumhanya kwechiedza. Dai Bob akatanga kubhabhaisa, ari padhuze naAlice zvishoma, zvino maphoton akabhururuka kubva paari panguva yekubuda kwake angadai akamubata, uye dai anga ari chinhambwe, dai asina kumubata. Mupfungwa iyi tinoti Alice anongoona hafu yenguva. Panguva iyo Alice paanotanga kufamba, Bob ari kure zvishoma kupfuura mheziro inocherechedzwa naAlice.
Muhurukuro yedu ye quantum entanglement, tave tajaira pfungwa yokuti kunyange kana quantum mechanical system yose ine imwe quantum state, zvimwe zvikamu zvayo zvingasava nazvo. Kutaura zvazviri, patinokurukura yakaoma quantum system, chimwe chikamu chayo chinogona kunyatsozivikanwa zvakananga maererano ne thermodynamics: inogona kugoverwa kutsetseka kwakanyatsotsanangurwa, pasinei nekusava nechokwadi kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehurongwa hwose. Nyaya yedu yekupedzisira inosanganisira Alice, Bob naBill yakaita senge mamiriro aya, asi iyo quantum system yatiri kutaura nezvayo pano haina chinhu spacetime, uye Alice anongoona hafu yayo. Ngatitorei chengetedzo kuti nguva-nguva seyese iri munzvimbo yayo yepasi, zvinoreva kuti hapana zvimedu mairi (zvechokwadi, tisingaverenge Alice, Bob, Bill uye roketi). Asi chikamu chemuchadenga-nguva icho Alice anoona chinenge chisiri muvhu, asi munzvimbo yakabatikana nechikamu chayo chaasingaone. Iyo nzvimbo-nguva inonzwisiswa naAlice iri mune yakaoma, indeterminate quantum state inoratidzwa neinogumira tembiricha. Masvomhu eUnruh anoratidza kuti tembiricha iyi inenge 60 nanokelvins. Muchidimbu, sezvo Alice anomhanyisa, anoita sekunge akanyudzwa mubhavhu rinodziya remwaranzi ine tembiricha yakaenzana (mumayuniti akakodzera) kune yekuwedzera yakakamurwa ne.
Mupunga. 7.1. Alice anofamba nekukasira kubva pakuzorora, ukuwo Bob naBill vachiramba vachifamba. Kumhanyisa kunoita Alice kungoti haambooni mafotoni anotumirwa naBob ari t = 0. Zvisinei, anogamuchira mafotoni aakatumirwa naBill pa t = 0. Mhedzisiro ndeyekuti Alice anongokwanisa kuona imwe hafu yenguva.
Chinhu chinoshamisa pamusoro pekuverenga kwaUnruh ndechokuti kunyange zvazvo vachitaura kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira kusvika panzvimbo isina chinhu, vanopokana nemashoko akakurumbira aMambo Lear, "pasina chinhu chinobuda." Nzvimbo isina chinhu ingave yakaoma sei? Zvimedu zvinogona kubva kupi? Icho chokwadi ndechekuti maererano nequantum theory, nzvimbo isina chinhu haina chinhu zvachose. Mariri, pano neapo, mafambiro enguva pfupi anogara achionekwa uye anonyangarika, anonzi virtual particles, simba rayo rinogona kuva rakanaka uye risina kunaka. Mucherechedzi anobva kure-remangwana—ngatimudane Carol—uyo anogona kuona dzinenge nzvimbo yose isina chinhu anogona kusimbisa kuti hamuna zvidimbu zvinogara kwenguva refu mairi. Uyezve, kuvapo kwezvikamu zvine simba rakanaka mune iyo chikamu chenguva-nguva iyo Alice anogona kuona, nekuda kwehuwandu hwekunamatira, inosanganiswa nekunakidzwa kwechiratidzo chakaenzana uye chakapesana chesimba muchikamu chenguva-nguva isingaonekwe naAlice. Chokwadi chese pamusoro penguva isina chinhu senguva yakazara inozarurwa kuna Carol, uye chokwadi ichocho ndechekuti hapana zvimedu ipapo. Zvisinei, zvakaitika kuna Alice zvinomuudza kuti zvimedu zvirimo!
Asi zvino zvinozoitika kuti tembiricha yakaverengerwa naUnruh inoratidzika kunge ingano - haisi yakawanda nzvimbo yenzvimbo yakati sandara seyakadaro, asi inzvimbo yeanocherekedza inogara ichimhanyisa munzvimbo yakati sandara. Nekudaro, giravhiti pacharo isimba rimwechete "rekunyepedzera" mupfungwa yekuti "kukurumidza" kwarinokonzeresa hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekufamba uchitevedza geodesic mune yakakomberedzwa metric. Sezvatakatsanangura muChitsauko 2, nheyo yaEinstein yokuenzana inotaura kuti kukurumidza uye simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi zvakaenzana. Kubva pamaonero aya, hapana chinhu chinokatyamadza pamusoro pehorizon yegomba dema ine tembiricha yakaenzana nekuverenga kweUnruh kwekupisa kweanotarisisa. Asi, tingabvunza, ukoshii hwokukurumidza kwatinofanira kushandisa kuziva tembiricha? Nekufamba kure zvakakwana kubva pagomba dema, tinogona kuita kuti kukwezva kwayo kuve kwakaneta sezvatinoda. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kuti tizive tembiricha inoshanda yegomba dema ratinoyera, tinofanira kushandisa kukosha kudiki kunoenzana nekumhanyisa? Mubvunzo uyu unozova wakajeka, nekuti, sekutenda kwatinoita, tembiricha yechinhu haigone kudzikira zvisina tsarukano. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ine imwe yakatarwa inogumira kukosha iyo inogona kuyerwa kunyangwe neanoona ari kure.
Source: www.habr.com