Kuenzaniswa nenyika dzeEurope, uko zvivako zvechizvarwa zvakagoverwa nhasi zvinotora inenge 30% yezvose zvakabuda, muRussia, maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana, mugove wesimba rakagoverwa nhasi haupfuuri 5-10%. Ngatitaure pamusoro pekuti chiRussian sangana nemaitiro epasi rose, uye vatengi vanokurudzirwa kuenda kune yakazvimirira simba rekupa.
Kunze kwenhamba. Wana misiyano
Misiyano pakati pekugoverwa kwemagetsi ekugadzira system muRussia neEurope nhasi haina kuganhurirwa kune manhamba - kutaura zvazviri, aya mamodheru akasiyana zvachose muchimiro uye kubva mune yehupfumi maonero. Kuvandudzwa kwechizvarwa chakaparadzirwa munyika yedu kwaive nevavariro dzakati siyanei neiyo yakava simba guru rekufambisa kwemaitiro akafanana muEurope, iyo yakatsvaga kubhadhara kushaikwa kwemafuta echinyakare nekubatanidza mamwe masimba emagetsi (kusanganisira yechipiri simba zviwanikwa) mu simba kuenzanisa. MuRussia, nyaya yekudzikisa mutengo wekutenga zviwanikwa zvemagetsi kune vatengi mune yakarongwa hupfumi uye yepakati tariff yekumisikidza kwenguva yakareba yaive isinganyanyi kukosha, saka, vanhu vaifunga nezve yavo yekugadzira magetsi kunyanya muzviitiko apo bhizinesi raive kunyanya mutengi mukuru wesimba uye, nekuda kwekure kure, akanetseka nekubatanidza kune network.
Nezviyero zvesimba rakagovaniswa, zvivakwa zvekuzvimiririra zvaive nehupamhi hwepamusoro - kubva pa10 kusvika ku500 MW (uye kunyange yakakwira) - zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira uye kuitira kupa pekugara pedo nemagetsi nekupisa. Sezvo kupisa kwekushisa pamusoro pemadaro kunogara kwakabatana nekurasikirwa kukuru, pakanga paine kuvakwa kunoshanda kwedzimba dzinopisa dzebhailer dzimba dzezvido zvemabhizinesi nemaguta. Uye zvakare, yedu pachedu masosi emagetsi, angave emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi kana dzimba dzekubikira, dzakavakwa pagasi, mafuta emafuta kana marasha, uye tekinoroji yeRES (inovandudzwa simba remagetsi), kunze kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, uye SER (secondary simba zviwanikwa. ) dzaishandiswa muzviitiko zvega. Iye zvino mufananidzo uri kuchinja: zvivako zviduku zvekugadzira magetsi zviri kuoneka zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mamwe magetsi ari kubatanidzwa mukuenzanisa kwesimba, kunyange zvishoma.
Kumadokero, zvakawanda zviri kuitwa kuvandudza chizvarwa chidiki, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura pfungwa yemagetsi emagetsi (WPP) yakapararira. Iyi ndiyo sisitimu inobatanidza vazhinji vevatambi mumusika wekugadzira magetsi - vagadziri (kubva kune madiki majenareta ega ega kusvika kune cogeneration zviteshi) uye vatengi (kubva pazvivakwa zvekugara kusvika kumabhizimusi makuru eindasitiri). Iyo mhepo purazi inodzora mashandisirwo emagetsi, kutsetsenura kunze kwepamusoro uye kugoverazve mitoro munguva chaiyo, uchishandisa ese system simba rinowanikwa kune izvi. Asi shanduko yakadaro haigoneki pasina kukurudzirwa kwemusika wechizvarwa wakagoverwa nehurumende uye pasina shanduko inoenderana mumutemo.
MuRussia, mumamiriro ezvinhu emakwikwi anotyisa uye monopoly yepakati pesimba rekushandisa, kutengeswa kwemagetsi akawandisa anogadzirwa kune yekunze network inoramba ichiripo, kunyange ichigadziriswa, basa riri kure nekureruka kubva pakuona kwesangano uye mutengo wekuita. . Naizvozvo, pari zvino, mikana yekugovaniswa kwezvivakwa zvesimba inove yakazara-yakazara musika mutori wechikamu pakati pevatengesi vakuru idiki zvakanyanya.
Zvakadaro, kusimudzira kwechizvarwa chemumba kuri kuitika nhasi. Chinhu chikuru mukukura kwayo ndiko kuvimbika kwekupa simba. Kutsamira pakugadzira uye netiweki makambani anowedzera njodzi dzevagadziri. Zvizhinji zvezvivakwa zvechizvarwa muRussia zvakavakwa panguva yeSoviet, uye zera ravo rakakura rinoita kuti rinzwe. Kune mutengi weindasitiri, kurasikirwa kwemagetsi nekuda kwetsaona kunoreva njodzi yekudzima kugadzirwa uye kurasikirwa kuri pachena. Kana chishuwo chekudzikisa njodzi chichiperekedzwa nezvinangwa zvehupfumi (zvakatemerwa zvakanyanya neiyo tariff mutemo wemutengesi wedunhu) uye mikana yekudyara, saka chizvarwa chemumba chinoruramiswa ne100%, uye mamwe mabhizinesi eindasitiri nhasi akagadzirira (kana ari kufunga. such an opportunity) kutevera nzira iyi.
Naizvozvo, tarisiro yekusimudzira yekugovera simba rekugadzira "zvezvido zvemunhu" muRussia yakanyanya kukwirira.
Chizvarwa chavo. Ndiani anobatsirwa nazvo?
Economics yepurojekiti yega yega ndeyemunhu uye inotemerwa nezvakawanda zvinhu. Kana tikaedza kuita zvakazara sezvinobvira, saka mumatunhu ane huwandu hukuru hwekugadzira hunyanzvi uye mabhizinesi emaindasitiri, mitero yakakwirira yemagetsi nekupisa, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ndeye mukana wechinangwa wekudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo wekutenga zviwanikwa zvesimba.
Izvi zvinosanganisirawo nzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika-uye dzine vanhu vashoma dzine zvigadziriso zvisina kunaka kana kuti zvisipo magetsi emagetsi emagetsi, uko, zvechokwadi, mitero yemagetsi ndiyo yakakwirira.
Munzvimbo dzine vatengi vashoma uye vatengesi vemagetsi, uye chikamu chikuru chemagetsi anogadzirwa chinobva kumagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, mutero unodzikira zvakanyanya, uye hupfumi hwemapurojekiti akadaro mumaindasitiri haawanzo kubatsira. Nekudaro, kune mabhizinesi mune mamwe maindasitiri ane mukana wekushandisa mamwe mafuta, semuenzaniso, marara eindasitiri, chizvarwa chavo chinogona kuve mhinduro yakanaka. Saka, mumufananidzo uri pasi apa pane simba rinopisa rinopisa rinoshandisa tsvina kubva kune bhizinesi rekugadzira huni.
Kana isu tichitaura nezve chizvarwa chezvido zvekushandisa, zvivakwa zveveruzhinji uye zvekutengesa uye zvemagariro zvivakwa, saka kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, hupfumi hwemapurojekiti akadaro hwakanyanya kutariswa nehuwandu hwekuvandudza kwenzvimbo yesimba remagetsi uye, kwete zvishoma, nemutengo. yekubatanidza tekinoroji yevatengi vemagetsi. Nekuvandudzwa kwematrigeneration tekinoroji, zvirambidzo zvakadaro zvakamira kuita sarudzo, uye ne-chigadzirwa kana kugadzirwa kupisa muzhizha zvakave zvinogoneka kushandiswa kune zvinodiwa zvemhepo, izvo zvakawedzera zvakanyanya kushanda kwenzvimbo dzesimba.
Trigeneration: magetsi, kupisa uye kutonhora kwechinhu
Trigeneration igwara rakazvimiririra rakazvimiririra mukuvandudzwa kwesimba diki. Inosiyaniswa nekusarudzika, sezvo yakatarisana nekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvechimwe chinhu chezviwanikwa zvesimba.
Iyo yekutanga purojekiti ine pfungwa ye trigeneration yakagadziriswa muna 1998 nekubatana kweDhipatimendi reMagetsi reUS, rabhoritari yenyika ORNL uye mugadziri wetimu bromide absorption refrigeration machine BROAD uye yakaitwa muUSA muna 2001. Trigeneration inobva pakushandiswa kwemichina yekupinza firiji, iyo inoshandisa kupisa sechinhu chikuru chesimba uye inobvumira kugadzirwa kwechando uye kupisa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvechivako. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kweakajairika boilers, sekubatanidzwa, haisi chinhu chinodiwa muchirongwa chakadaro.
Pamusoro pekupisa kwechinyakare uye magetsi, trigeneration inovimbisa kugadzirwa kwechando muABCM (nenzira yemvura inotonhorera) yezvinodiwa zvetekinoroji kana yemhepo inotonhorera. Nzira yekugadzira magetsi neimwe nzira kana imwe inoitika nekurasikirwa kukuru kwesimba rekupisa (somuenzaniso, nemagasi emagetsi emagetsi ejenareta).
Kubatanidza kupisa uku mukugadzira kutonhora, kutanga, kuderedza kurasikirwa, kuwedzera kushanda kwekupedzisira kwekutenderera, uye chechipiri, zvinokutendera kuti uderedze mashandisiro esimba renzvimbo kana uchienzaniswa neagara achitonhora ekugadzira matekinoroji uchishandisa vapor-compression firiji michina.
Kugona kushanda pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupisa (mvura inopisa, mhepo, flue gasi kubva kune generator seti, boilers nevira, pamwe chete nemafuta (gasi rechisikiro, mafuta edhiziri, nezvimwewo) inobvumira kushandiswa kweABHM pazvivakwa zvakasiyana zvachose, uchishandisa chaizvo. iyo sosi inowanikwa kune bhizinesi.
Saka, kupisa kwemarara kunogona kushandiswa muindasitiri:
Uye panzvimbo dzemanisipala, zvivakwa zvekutengesa uye zveveruzhinji, musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wekupisa sosi zvinogoneka:
Iyo trigeneration simba centre inogona kuverengerwa uye kuvakwa zvichibva pane zvinodiwa nemagetsi, kana inogona kuve yakavakirwa pane inotonhorera kushandiswa kwenzvimbo. Zvinoenderana kuti ndeipi yezviri pamusoro ndiyo inotaridza mutengi. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kudzorerwa kwekupisa kwemarara muABHM kunogona kunge kusina kukwana, uye muchiitiko chechipiri, panogona kunge kune muganhu pamagetsi ayo anogadzirwa (kuwedzerwa kunoitwa nekutenga magetsi kubva kune network yekunze).
Kubereka katatu kunobatsira kupi?
Rudzi rwemashandisirwo etekinoroji rwakapamhama: trigeneration inogona kubatanidzwa zvakaenzana mune imwe pfungwa yenzvimbo yeruzhinji (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo huru yekutenga kana chivakwa cheairport) uye mumagetsi emagetsi ebhizinesi reindasitiri. Iko kugona kwekuita mapurojekiti akadai uye kugadzirwa kwavo kunoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo, hupfumi nemamiriro ekunze, uye kumabhizinesi emaindasitiri zvakare pamutengo wezvigadzirwa.
Chiyero chekutanga uye chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuda kutonhora. Chikumbiro chayo chinonyanya kushandiswa nhasi ndeye air conditioning yezvivakwa zvevanhu. Izvi zvinogona kuva nzvimbo dzebhizimisi, zvivakwa zvekutonga, zvipatara uye hotera, zvivako zvemitambo, nzvimbo dzekutengesa uye dzevaraidzo uye mapaki emvura, mamiziyamu uye pavilions yekuratidzira, zvivakwa zvenhandare - mushoko, zvinhu zvose apo vanhu vazhinji varipo panguva imwe chete. kugadzira microclimate yakasununguka inoda central air conditioning system.
Iyo yakanyanya kurongeka kushandiswa kweABHM ndeyezvinhu zvakadaro zvine nzvimbo ye20-30 zviuru mativi emamita. m (yepakati-saizi bhizinesi muzinda) uye kupera nezvinhu zvakakura zvemazana ezviuru zvemamita emamita uye zvakatowanda (mashopu uye evaraidzo nzvimbo uye nhandare dzendege).
Asi pazvivakwa zvakadaro panofanira kunge kune kudiwa kwete chete kutonhora uye magetsi, asiwo kwekupisa. Uyezve, kupisa kwekupisa hakusi kungopisa kwezvivako munguva yechando, asiwo gore rose kugoverwa kwemvura inopisa kune nzvimbo yezvinodiwa zvemvura inopisa. Iyo yakanyanya kukwana kugona kweiyo trigeneration simba centre inoshandiswa, inowedzera kushanda kwayo.
Munyika yose kune mienzaniso yakawanda yekushandiswa kwe trigeneration muindasitiri yehotera, kuvaka uye kuvandudzwa kwenhandare dzendege, masangano edzidzo, bhizinesi uye manejimendi ekutonga, nzvimbo dzedata, uye mienzaniso yakawanda muindasitiri - machira, simbi, chikafu, makemikari, pulp. uye mapepa, mainjiniya, nezvimwewo .P.
Semuenzaniso, ini ndichapa chimwe chezvinhu izvo kambani "Β»yakagadzira pfungwa ye trigeneration simba centre.
Kana simba remagetsi richidiwa pabhizimusi reindasitiri rinenge 4 MW (inogadzirwa nemaviri egasi piston units (GPU)), inotonhorera inokwana 2,1 MW inodiwa.
Iyo inotonhora inogadzirwa neabsorption imwe chete lithium bromide firiji muchina unomhanya pamagasi ekuburitsa egasi turbine unit. Panguva imwecheteyo, imwe GPU inovhara zvizere zana rekuda kwekupisa kweABHM. Nekudaro, kunyangwe kana imwe GPU iri kushanda, chirimwa chinogara chichipihwa huwandu hunodiwa hwekutonhora. Uye zvakare, kana ese maviri gasi piston mayuniti abviswa kunze kwekushanda, iyo ABKhM inoramba ichikwanisa kugadzira kupisa uye kutonhora, sezvo iine chekuchengetedza kupisa sosi - gasi rechisikigo.
Trigeneration Energy Center
Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemutengi, chikamu chayo uye kudzokororwa zvinodiwa, chirongwa chetrigeneration (inoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi) chinogona kunge chakaomarara uye chinogona kusanganisira simba uye mvura inopisa boilers, tsvina inopisa boilers, steam kana gasi turbines, yakazara mvura kurapwa, etc.
Asi kune zvidiki zvidiki, iyo huru yekugadzira unit inowanzoita gasi turbine kana piston unit (gasi kana dhiziri) ine yakaderera magetsi simba (1-6 MW). Vanogadzira magetsi uye kupisa kwemarara kubva kuneta uye mvura inopisa, iyo inoshandiswa zvakare muABHM. Iyi ishoma uye yakakwana seti yemidziyo yekutanga.
Hongu, haugone kuita pasina masystem ekubatsira: shongwe inotonhorera, pombi, reagent yekurapa nzvimbo yekutenderedza mvura kuti igadzikane, otomatiki system uye midziyo yemagetsi inobvumidza iwe kushandisa magetsi anogadzirwa kune zvaunoda iwe pachako.
Kazhinji, trigeneration centre chivakwa chakaparadzana, kana midziyo yemidziyo, kana musanganiswa wemhinduro idzi, sezvo zvinodiwa pakuiswa kwemagetsi nemidziyo yekugadzira kupisa zvakati siyanei.
Midziyo yekugadzira magetsi yakamisikidzwa, kusiyana neABHM, kunyangwe tekinoroji yakanyanya kuoma. Nguva yekugadzirwa kwayo inogona kubva kumwedzi mitanhatu kusvika ku6 kana kupfuura.
Ivhareji yenguva yekugadzira yeABHM ndeye 3-6 mwedzi (zvichienderana nekutonhodza simba, nhamba uye marudzi ezvitubu zvekupisa).
Sezvo mutemo, kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekubatsira hakuzopfuure nguva imwechete, saka iyo yakazara nguva yeprojekiti yekuvakwa kweiyo trigeneration simba centre iri paavhareji makore 1,5.
mugumisiro
Kutanga, iyo trigeneration centre inoderedza huwandu hwevanopa simba kune imwe - iyo gasi mutengesi. Nekubvisa kutengwa kwemagetsi uye kupisa, iwe unogona, kutanga, kubvisa chero njodzi dzine chekuita nekukanganisa mukupihwa kwesimba.
Kupisa-kupisa uchishandisa zvisingadhure "surplus energy" kunoderedza mutengo wemagetsi anogadzirwa uye kupisa zvichienzaniswa nekuitenga. Uye gore-kutenderera kupisa kukwanisa kurodha (munguva yechando yekupisa, muzhizha kune air conditioning uye zvido zvetekinoroji) inobvumira kushanda kwakanyanya. Ehe, semamwe mapurojekiti, mamiriro makuru ndiko kuvandudzwa kweiyo pfungwa uye kugona kwayo kudzidza.
Chimwe chakanakira kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekushandisa exhaust magasi kugadzira simba rinobatsira, tinoderedza kuburitswa mumhepo. Mukuwedzera, kusiyana nemaitiro echinyakare ekugadzira kutonhora, uko mafiriji ari ammonia uye freons, ABKhM inoshandisa mvura sefiriji, iyo inoderedzawo mutoro wezvakatipoteredza kusvika kushoma.
Source: www.habr.com