Hakuna sinou yakakwana pakati peRussia munguva ino yechando. Yakawira mune dzimwe nzvimbo, hongu, asi muna Ndira munhu aigona kutarisira mamwe mazaya echando uye echando. Kusviba kuchena uye kusingafadzi slush kunokudzivirira kubva pakunzwa mufaro wekunakidzwa kwenguva yechando. Ndokusaka Cloud4Y ichikurudzira kuwedzera chando chidiki muhupenyu hwedu nekutaura nezve ... mazaya echando.
Zvinotendwa kuti kune marudzi maviri chete echando chechando. Uye imwe yemasayendisiti, dzimwe nguva inonzi "baba" yefizikiki yechando, ine dzidziso itsva yekutsanangura chikonzero cheizvi. munhu anoshamisa akagadzirira kubva kuSouthern California achidziya zuva pakati pechando kuti asvike kuFairbanks (Alaska), akapfeka bhachi rinodziya uye ogara mumunda wakaoma nekamera uye chidimbu chefuro mumaoko ake. .
Yechii? Anotarisa sparkliest, most textured, most beautiful snowflakes ayo zvisikwa zvinogona kugadzira. Sekureva kwake, sampuli dzinonakidza dzinowanzo kuumba munzvimbo dzinotonhora - iyo ine mukurumbira wakashata Fairbanks uye ine chando kuchamhembe kweNew York. Sinou yakanakisisa yakanga yamboonekwa naKenneth yaiva muCochrane, nzvimbo iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweOntario, uko mhepo shoma yaivhuvhuta zvimedu zvemazaya echando pazvaidonha kubva kudenga.
Achifadzwa nemamiriro ekunze, Libbrecht anodzidza foam board yake nekutsunga kweanochera matongo. Kana pane chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ipapo, ziso richanyatsobata pairi. Kana zvisina kudaro, chando chinotsvairwa kubva pabhodhi, uye zvinhu zvose zvinotanga zvakare. Uye izvi zvinotora maawa.
Libbrecht inyanzvi yefizikisi. Sezvineiwo zvinosetsa, rabhoritari yake paCalifornia Institute of Technology iri kuita tsvagiridzo yemukati meZuva uye yakatogadzira zviridzwa zvemazuva ano zvekuona masaisai esimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Asi kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, chido chechokwadi cheLibbrecht chave chiri chando-kwete chete chitarisiko chayo, asi chii chinoita kuti iite saizvozvo. βMubvunzo wekuti rudzii rwezvinhu zvinodonha kubva mudenga, kuti zvinoitika sei uye nei zvichiratidzika zvakadaro, unonditambudza nguva dzose,β anobvuma kudaro Kenneth.
Kwenguva yakareba, zvaive zvakakwana kuti nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzizive kuti pakati pemakristasi madiki echando, marudzi maviri akatanhamara aigona kusiyaniswa. Imwe yacho inyeredzi yakati sandara ine maoko matanhatu kana gumi nemaviri, rimwe nerimwe rakashongedzwa nedzungu rakanaka. Imwe yacho imhando yekoramu diki, dzimwe nguva yakasungirirwa pakati pe "chifukidziro" chakafuratirwa, uye dzimwe nguva yakafanana neyakajairwa bhaudhi. Aya maumbirwo anogona kuonekwa patembiricha uye hunyoro hwakasiyana, asi chikonzero chekuumbwa kwechimwe chimiro chave chakavanzika. Makore aLibbrecht ekutarisa akabatsira kunzwisisa zvirinani maitiro ekristalllization yechando.
Basa raLibbrecht munzvimbo ino rakabatsira kugadzira modhi itsva inotsanangura kuti sei mazaya echando nemamwe makristasi echando achiumba zvatakajaira kuona. Maererano nedzidziso yake, online muna Gumiguru 2019, inotsanangura mafambiro emamorekuru emvura padyo nenzvimbo yechando (crystallization) uye mafambiro chaiwo emamorekuru aya anogona kupa muunganidzwa wemakristasi anoumba pasi pemamiriro akasiyana. Mune yake Mumapeji 540, Libbrecht inotsanangura ruzivo rwese nezvemakristasi echando.
Nyeredzi dzine nhanhatu
Iwe, hongu, unoziva kuti hazvigoneke kuona maviri akafanana echando echando (kunze kwekunge padanho rekutanga). Chokwadi ichi chine chekuita nemaumbirwo anoita makristasi mudenga. Sinou muunganidzwa wemakristasi echando anoumba mumhepo uye anochengeta chimiro chawo paanowira pamwechete kuNyika. Dzinoumbwa kana mhepo yakapoteredza pasi ichitonhora zvakakwana kudzivirira kusangana kana kunyunguduka kuita chando kana kunaya.
Kunyangwe tembiricha zhinji nehunyoro hunogona kurekodhwa mukati megore rimwe chete, kune kamwe chete chando chechando izvi zvinosiyana zvicharamba zviripo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chando chechando chinowanzokura symmetrically. Kune rumwe rutivi, chando chega chega chinoratidzwa nemhepo, chiedza chezuva uye zvimwe zvinhu. Chaizvoizvo, kristaro yega yega inotarisana nemhirizhonga yegore, uye saka inotora maitiro akasiyana.
Zvinoenderana netsvagiridzo yaLibbrecht, kufunga kwekutanga nezve mafomu akatetepa aya akanyorwa muna 135 BC. muChina. βMaruva emiti nemiti anowanzova akanongedza zvishanu, asi maruva echando anogara akanongedza matanhatu,β yakanyora kudaro nyanzvi Han Yin. Uye musayendisiti wekutanga akaedza kufunga kuti nei izvi zvichiitika angangove Johannes Kepler, musayendisiti weGermany uye polymath.
Muna 1611, Kepler akapa chipo cheGore Idzva kumubatsiri wake, Mambo Mutsvene weRoma Rudolf II: ine musoro unoti "About Hexagonal Snowflakes".
"Ndinoyambuka zambuko, ndichitambudzwa nenyadzi - ndakakusiya usina chipo cheGore Idzva! Uye ipapo mukana wakauya kwandiri! Mvura yemvura, yakakora kubva kunotonhora ikava chando, inowira sechando pahembe dzangu, dzose, seimwe, hexagonal, ine fluffy rays. Ndinopika naHercules, heino chinhu chidiki pane chero donhwe, chine chimiro, chinogona kushanda sechipo cheGore Idzva chakamirirwa kwenguva refu kune anoda Hapana uye chakakodzera nyanzvi yemasvomhu isina chinhu uye isingagamuchire Chinhu, kubvira pairi. inodonha kubva kudenga uye inovanza mukati maro mufananidzo wenyeredzi ine makona matanhatu!
βPanofanira kuva nechikonzero nei sinou yakaumbwa senyeredzi ine makona matanhatu. Iyi haigoni kuva tsaona,β Johannes Kepler aiva nechokwadi. Zvimwe akayeuka tsamba yaakararama panguva imwe chete naye Thomas Harriot, musayendisiti wechiRungu uye nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga uyo akakwanisawo kushanda somufambisi wengarava nokuda kwomunzveri Sir Walter Raleigh. Munenge muna 1584, Harriot yaitsvaga nzira yakanyatsoshanda yekuisa mabhomba emakona pazvikepe zveRaleigh. Harriot akawana kuti maitiro ane hexagonal aiita seyo nzira yakanakisa yekuronga mativi, uye akakurukura nyaya iyi mukunyorerana naKepler. Kepler akashamisika kana chimwe chinhu chakafanana chikaitika mumazaya echando uye chii chinokonzeresa kuti maranzi matanhatu aya agadzirwe uye achengetedzwe.
Snowflake maumbirwo
Tinogona kutaura kuti uku ndiko kwaiva kunzwisisa kwekutanga kweatomic physics, iyo ichakurukurwa makore 300 chete gare gare. Chokwadi, mamorekuru emvura, ane maatomu awo maviri ehydrogen uye okisijeni imwe, anowanzobatana kuti aumbe mitsara ine hexagonal. Kepler nevaairarama navo vakanga vasingazive kuti izvi zvakanga zvakakosha sei.
Sekutaura kunoita mafizikisi, nekuda kwehydrogen bonding uye kudyidzana kwemamorekuru kune mumwe nemumwe, tinogona kuona yakavhurika crystalline chimiro. Pamusoro pekugona kwayo kukura mazaya echando, iyo hexagonal chimiro inobvumira aizi kuti ive shoma pane mvura, iyo ine mhedzisiro yakakura pane geochemistry, geophysics uye mamiriro ekunze. Nemamwe mashoko, dai aizi isina kuyangarara, hupenyu hwePasi hungadai husingakwanisi.
Asi mushure mekunyora kwaKepler, kutarisa mazaya echando kwaive chinhu chinonakidza kupfuura sainzi yakakomba. Mumakore ekuma1880, mumwe mutori wemifananidzo wokuAmerica ainzi Wilson Bentley, aigara mudhorobha diki reJeriko (Vermont, USA), kwaitonhora, nguva dzose kuine sinou, akatanga kutora mapikicha ezvimedu zvechando achishandisa ndiro dzemifananidzo. Akakwanisa kugadzira mifananidzo inodarika zviuru zvishanu asati afa nemabayo.
Kunyangwe gare gare, muma1930, muongorori wechiJapan Ukichiro Nakaya akatanga kudzidza zvakarongeka marudzi akasiyana emakristaro echando. Pakati pezana ramakore, Nakaya akarima zvimedu zvemazaya echando murabhoritari achishandisa mvere dzetsuro dzega dzakaiswa mukamuri ine firiji. Akatarisa humidity uye tembiricha marongero, achikura emhando mhando dzemakristasi, uye akagadzira yake yekutanga katalog yezvimiro zvinogoneka. Nakaya akawana kuti nyeredzi dzemazaya echando dzinowanzoita -2Β°C uye pa -15Β°C. Makoramu anoita pa -5 Β°C uye pakusvika -30 Β°C.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza pano kuti pakupisa kweanenge -2 Β°C matete-mapepa-akaita semazaya echando anoonekwa, pa -5 Β°C vanogadzira makoramu matete netsono, kana tembiricha yadonha kusvika -15 Β°C vanove vatete chaizvo. ndiro, uye patembiricha pazasi - Pa 30 Β°C vanodzokera kune makoramu makoramu.
Mumamiriro ekunze ekunyorova, nyeredzi dzechando dzinoumba matavi akati wandei uye dzinofanana nehexagonal mahwendefa, asi muhunyoro hwepamusoro dzinowedzera kuomarara uye lacy.
Maererano naLibbrecht, zvikonzero zvekuonekwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemazaya echando zvakava pachena nekuda kwebasa raNakai. Zvakaonekwa kuti makristasi echando anokura kuita nyeredzi dzakati sandara uye mahwendefa (panzvimbo pezvikamu zvitatu-dimensional) apo mipendero inokura nekukurumidza kunze uye zviso zvinokura zvishoma nezvishoma zvichikwira. Makoramu matete anokura zvakasiyana, ane mipendero inokura nekukurumidza uye inononoka kukura.
Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro ekutanga anopesvedzera kuti snowflake ikava nyeredzi kana mbiru zvinoramba zvisina kujeka. Zvichida chakavanzika chakanga chiri mumamiriro ekushisa. Uye Libbrecht akaedza kuwana mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu.
Snowflake recipe
Pamwe chete nechikwata chake chidiki chevaongorori, Libbrecht akaedza kuuya neresipi yechando chechando. Ndokunge, imwe seti yemaequation uye ma paramita anogona kutakurwa mukombuta uye kuwana yakanakisa akasiyana echando mazaya echando kubva kuAI.
Kenneth Libbrecht akatanga tsvakiridzo yake makore makumi maviri apfuura mushure mekudzidza nezve chimiro chechando chechando chinonzi mbiru yakavharwa. Zvinoita sechidziva cheshinda kana mavhiri maviri neekisero. Akaberekerwa kuchamhembe kwenyika, akakatyamadzwa nechokwadi chokuti akanga asati amboona chando chakadaro.
Achishamiswa nekusingaperi zvimiro zvemakristaro echando, akatanga hunhu hwavo nekugadzira rabhoritari yekukura mazaya echando. Zvigumisiro zvemakore akawanda ekucherechedza zvakabatsira kugadzira muenzaniso uyo munyori pachake anoona kubudirira. Akataura pfungwa yekupararira kwema molecular yakavakirwa pamusoro pesimba repamusoro. Iyi pfungwa inotsanangura kuti kukura kwekristaro yechando kunoenderana nemamiriro ekutanga uye maitiro emamorekuru anoiumba.
Fungidzira kuti mamorekuru emvura anowanikwa zvakasununguka sezvo mhute yemvura ichangotanga kuoma. Kudai waigona kuva mukati menzvimbo diki yokucherekedza wotarisa maitirwo aya, waigona kuona kuti mamorekuru emvura akaomeswa nechando anotanga sei kuumba raitisi yakaoma, apo atomu rimwe nerimwe reokisijeni rinopoteredzwa nemaatomu mana ehydrogen. Aya makristasi anokura nekubatanidza mamorekuru emvura kubva kumhepo yakapoteredza muchimiro chawo. Vanogona kukura mumativi maviri makuru: kumusoro kana kunze.
Nyeredzi yakatetepa, yakatsetseka (lamellar kana nyeredzi-yakaumbwa) inoumbwa kana mipendero ichiita nekukurumidza kupfuura zviso zviviri zvekristaro. Iyo crystal inokura ichapararira kunze. Zvisinei, apo zviso zvayo zvinokura nokukurumidza kupfuura mativi ayo, kristaro inokura kureba, ichiita tsono, mbiru isina mhango, kana kuti tsvimbo.
Rare mafomu echando
Imwe nguva zvakare. Ziva mufananidzo wechitatu, wakatorwa naLibbrecht kuchamhembe kweOntario. Iyi ikristaro "yakavharwa" - mahwendefa maviri akabatanidzwa kumigumo yegobvu columnar crystal. Muchiitiko ichi, ndiro imwe neimwe yakakamurwa kuita mahwendefa akawanda akaonda. Tarisa zvakanyanya kumicheto, iwe uchaona kuti ndiro yakakamurwa sei kuita maviri. Micheto yendiro mbiri idzi dzakatetepa dzinenge dzakapinza sebadza. Hurefu hwakazara hwechando mbiru inenge 1,5 mm.
Maererano nemuenzaniso weLibbrecht, mhute yemvura inotanga kugara pamakona ekristaro uye yobva yapararira (inopararira) pamwe chete nepamusoro pepamusoro pekona kana kune zviso zvayo, zvichiita kuti kristaro ikure kunze kana kumusoro. Ndeipi yeiyi nzira "inokunda" inoenderana zvakanyanya nekupisa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyo modhi ndeye "semi-empirical". Ndiko kuti, yakarongeka zvishoma kuti ienderane nezviri kuitika, uye kwete kutsanangura misimboti yekukura kwechando. Kusagadzikana uye kudyidzana pakati peasingaverengeki mamorekuru akaoma kunzwisisa kuti anyatsozarurwa. Nekudaro, tariro inoramba iripo yekuti pfungwa dzeLibbrecht dzichashanda sehwaro hwemhando yakazara yesimba rekukura kweaizi, iyo inogona kutsanangurwa kuburikidza neyakadzama kuyerwa uye kuyedza.
Mumwe haafaniri kufunga kuti izvi zvinoonekwa zvinofadza kune denderedzwa rakamanikana revasayendisiti. Mibvunzo yakafanana inomuka mune yakapfupikiswa nyaya fizikisi uye mune mamwe minda. Mamorekuru ezvinodhaka, semiconductor machipisi emakomputa, maseru ezuva uye mazhinji emamwe maindasitiri anovimba nemakristasi emhando yepamusoro, uye zvikwata zvese zvakatsaurirwa kukura. Saka Libbrecht's anodikamwa mazaya echando anogona kubatsira rubatsiro rwesainzi.
Ndezvipi zvimwe zvaungaverenga pane blog?
β
β
β
β
β
Nyorera kune yedu -chiteshi kuti usapotsa chinyorwa chinotevera! Isu tinonyora kwete kanopfuura kaviri pavhiki uye chete pabhizinesi. Nenzira, kana iwe usati watoziva, vanotanga vanogona kugamuchira zviuru gumi zvemadhora kubva Cloud10Y. Mamiriro uye fomu rekunyorera kune avo vanofarira rinogona kuwanikwa pane yedu webhusaiti:
Source: www.habr.com