Elon Musk () kuburikidza nevhidhiyo musangano ( tracker 11:25) mukuita kwekutora chikamu mubhizinesi foramu , Krasnodar 18/19.10.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX yakati (shanduro ):
"Zvinoita sekuti dzidzo muRussia yakanaka kwazvo. Uye zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti muRussia mune tarenda rakawanda uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza kubva pakuona tekinoroji. "
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutongi weConstitutional Court Aranovsky K.V. mune maonero akasiyana mu maererano nekunyunyuta kwemugari MV Tchaikovsky, muna Gumiguru 8, 2019, akataura zvakanyanya:
"Zvino zvingave zvichikwanisika kukurukura zvakare kuti dzidzo yebasa remaoko inobvumidza sei kuwana hunyanzvi uye kana kushandiswa kwedzimwe kodzero kunofanirwa kunge kwakabatana nemadiploma."
Panguva iyoyowo, Aranovsky K.V. inokurudzira kubatana kwekodzero idzi dzebumbiro nemamiriro ezvinhu:
"Kana dzidzo yebasa yakavimbisa zvikwaniriso zvevane diploma, saka mubumbiro uye mutemo chiyero chezvido uye hunhu izvi zvingave zvine huremu hwakasiyana, izvo zvaizopa zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekutsigira chiremera chediploma, kuitira kuti ivepo. chingava chimiro chekushandiswa kwerusununguko rwebasa uye kodzero ine hukama."
Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva mumashoko aAranovsky K.V. kune hukama hwakananga nehunyanzvi certification uye chiyero chekodzero dzevanhu. Uye kubatana kwakadaro, kunosimbiswa nechinzvimbo chemutongi weDare reBumbiro reMitemo, kunogona kuva nharo yekusimbisa nzvimbo pakaitika kutanga kwekutonga kuchengetedza kodzero dzemunyori. Ini ndichaedza kuburitsa chikamu ichi mune ino chinyorwa.
Kukosha kwechinzvimbo chemutongi kunogona kusimbiswa nemashoko emunhu anobudirira kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwenyika, Jack Ma ():
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Ini ndinofungidzira kuti vavariro dzemaonero emutongi Aranovsky K.V. vari kunetseka nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino nedzidzo yepamusoro muRussia uye kutaura ne "kirasi yekutonga" nechikumbiro, panzvimbo yevanhu vazhinji, iyo , munyaya yake , yakapfekedzwa nezvinhu zvinotevera:
"Nehukuru hwayo hwepamusoro-soro, vanhu vakadzama vanogadzira simba risingadzivisiki resimba rinokwevera retsika, rinobatanidza nyika uye rinokwevera (kutsikirira) kupasi (kunyika yavo yekuzvarwa) vepamusoro, avo nguva nenguva vanoedza kubhururuka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana."
Ndichatsanangura mumufananidzo wakapfava musimboti wedambudziko rakatariswa nedare reConstitutional Court (Constitutional Court) muchirongwa ichi. Mugari M.V. Tchaikovsky akatendeukira kunzvimbo yebasa nechikumbiro chekumuziva seasina basa. Nzvimbo yebasa yakaramba kumupa chimiro ichi, zvichibva pakuti haana kupa makopi anodiwa ezvinyorwa kubva kune yakasimbiswa rondedzero: gwaro remari uye magwaro anosimbisa zvikwaniriso. Mugari wacho akaenda kumatare uye matare ekutanga nemamwe akazotevera akaona kuramba uku sekwaibvumirwa nomutemo. Akabva aenda kuConstitutional Court yeRussian Federation. Dare, raongorora mamiriro enyaya yacho, rakaona kuti zvaidiwa nenzvimbo yebasa zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo.
Pfungwa yehukama pakati peDare reConstitutional Court yakakakavadzana nenyaya yekuti madhipuroma ekufanirwa haasungirwe, sezvo nyika ichizvipira kuona vangangove vagari vese veRussian Federation sevasina mabasa, kusanganisira avo vasina chero zvikwaniriso.
Mutongi Aranovsky K.V. vakafunga kuti hurongwa hwakadai hwekukakavadzana hauna kukwana munyaya iyi uye kuti pfungwa yekuzivikanwa inofanira kunge iri inotevera. Kusiyanisa muhuwandu hwekodzero iyo nyika inovimbisa kune nyanzvi yakagadziriswa inofanira kuitika munyaya iyo nyika yakapa mikana yakazara yekuwana matarenda emunhu mumunda wemabasa anobatsira munharaunda. Uye zvichibva pakubudirira kwemunhu uyu, kusiyanisa kunogoneka. Asi panguva ino izvi hazvisi, uye hazvigoni kuva nedzidziso, sezvo dzidzo yepamusoro muRussian Federation, nokuda kwe "boka rekutonga," rinotevera nzira isingateereri ruzivo rwese rwevanhu.
Kuti vaKhabrovites vanyatsonzwisisa zvinonzwisisika zvemutongi, ndinofunga kuti zvakakosha kujekesa kuti mutongi haashande nemaitiro ehutsika uye maitiro anogamuchirwa munharaunda. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyatsonaka mubhuku rakanyorwa naA.N. Golovistikova, Yu.A. Dmitriev. Matambudziko edzidziso yehurumende uye mutemo: Textbook. – M.: EKSMO, 2005.:
"Tsika nemutemo zvine maitiro akasiyana ekuongorora maitiro evanhu. Mutemo unoshandisa maitiro akadai semutemo - zvisiri pamutemo, zviri pamutemo - zvisiri pamutemo, ane kodzero - ane basa, nezvimwe. Pakuongorora tsika, kune mamwe maitiro: hunhu - hunzenza, kutendeseka - kusavimbika, kunorumbidzwa - zvinonyadzisa, zvinokudzwa - zvakashata, zvichingodaro.
Aya misimboti akaiswa mutsika dzezvinyorwa:
1) Code of Civil Procedure yeRussian Federation.
3) ari pachedu, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga anofarira mugumisiro wenyaya, kana kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pechinangwa chake uye kusarerekera.
2) Arbitration Procedure Code yeRussian Federation Article 21. Recusal of a judge
7) akaita zvirevo zveveruzhinji kana kupa ongororo pane zvakanakira nyaya iri kutariswa
3) Code of Criminal Procedure yeRussian Federation Article 61. Mamiriro ezvinhu asingabatanidzi kubatanidzwa mukupomerwa mhosva
2. Vanhu vanotsanangurwa muchikamu chimwe chechinyorwa ichi havagone kutora chikamu mukutonga kwemhosva zvakare mune zviitiko apo kune mamwe mamiriro anopa chikonzero chekutenda kuti ivo pachavo, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, vanofarira mugumisiro wemhosva iyi.
Bvumiranai kuti zvakaomesesa kusimbisa chimiro chenyu kuti magariro anoramba achienderera mberi anozotungamira kune yakaipa hunhu nehunhu munzvimbo yemitemo.
Zvadaro, ndinopa pfungwa yakanyorwa yomutongi zvizere.
Pfungwa dzemutongi weConstitutional Court K.V. ARANOVSKYZvinoenderana neChisarudzo munyaya yekuongorora kuenderana kwebumbiro remitemo yendima 1 uye 2 yeChikamu 3 cheMutemo weRussian Federation "Pamabasa muRussian Federation" maererano nekunyunyuta kwemugari M.V. Tchaikovsky, ndinotenda. zvakakosha kucherechedza zvinotevera.
Kana achigamuchira chinzvimbo chekurovha, mugari haachadikanirwi kupa dhipuroma redzidzo yepamusoro, kunyanya dzidzo, sehumbowo hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi. Aka hakasi kekutanga kuti Dare reConstitutional Court reRussian Federation rakamisa kutsamira kwakananga kwekushandiswa kwekodzero pakupa diploma. MuChisarudzo Nhamba 14-P yaNovember 2018, 41, Dare reBumbiro reMitemo reRussian Federation rakagumisa kuti kuvapo kwedhipuroma hakugoni kunyatsoona kunyange kodzero yekuita basa rekudzidzisa (mamwe marudzi), kana rikabudirira kuitwa nemunhu. uyo anoenderana nechinzvimbo chake.
Mutongo weConstitutional Court weRussian Federation ungangove wakaitika mune zvakati siyanei zvishoma dai magwaro edzidzo aive aine mukurumbira wakasiyana nezvaave iye zvino. Kana dzidzo yebasa yakavimbisa zvikwaniriso zvevane diploma, saka mubumbiro remutemo uye pamutemo chiyero chezvido uye hunhu izvi zvingave zvine huremu hwakasiyana, izvo zvaizopa zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekutsigira chiremera chedhipuroma, kuitira kuti hupfumi hwayo huve. ive chisungo chekushandiswa kwerusununguko rwebasa uye kodzero dzakabatana .
Zvakaoma kusabatanidza kunyimwa kweropafadzo kuhurongwa hwedzidzo yekupihwa zvitupa zvehunyanzvi nenyika yayo, kana paine masimba masimba mauri zvekuti munhu haakwanise kuvimba nemhando yakagadzikana yechigadzirwa chedzidzo. Saka, imwe nguva yapfuura, boka remadhipatimendi riri pasi peHurumende yeRussia rakatanga basa, izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakatungamirira kune imwe kudzokororwa kwemitemo yekubvumirwa kwemayunivhesiti uye kugoverwa kwavo muzvikamu zvitatu: zvakakosha, zvepamusoro uye zvinotungamirira. Mayunivhesiti ekutanga aifanira kuchinjika kumakosi epamhepo, izvo zvaizovaita nzvimbo dzedzidzo uye dzekubvunzana nekudzidza kure, sezviri pachena, zvakafanana nemapoinzi eInternet, uko mutengo webasa ungasanganisira diploma. Aya mayunivhesiti-masero aipinda muzvimiro zvepiramidhi senhengo dzakajairwa uye ikoko vaizodzidzira kudzidzisa, kudzidzisa "kugona", sezvinongoita hutungamiriri uye kutevedza kunoiswa pamakirasi ehunyanzvi uye kudzidziswa mumweya wekushambadzira network. Mayunivhesiti anotungamira, kana zvese izvi zvikaitika, aifanira kugadzirira zvigadzirwa zvedzidzo kuti zviwedzere kuparadzirwa mukati metiweki kuburikidza ne "advanced" yepakati-level mayunivhesiti. Zvino, hongu, mayunivhesiti aizodzikisa mutengo nekuda kwehukuru uye zviwanikwa zvetiweki uku achidzikisa vashandi vevadzidzisi. Zviitiko zvakadaro zvinogara zvichinakidzwa nerutsigiro mukirasi yekutonga uye pakati pevaratidziri; vanogara vachikura ipapo uye dzimwe nguva vanogamuchira kuitiswa.
Haasi munhu ari wose, zvisinei, anoona mavari fambiro mberi yokuvhenekerwa. Mumwe munhu achasarudza kuti kuenderera mberi kwengozi yekuchinja kwemaitiro, tisingatauri kushandiswa kwavo chaiko, kunotadzisa sainzi uye dzidzo yehunyanzvi mukana wekuchengetedza hutano padanho rakanaka. Nokudaro, havasi vose vanofunga nezvekutanga kweBologna system inobatsira, uye vazhinji vangada kuita pasina iyo, semuenzaniso, mayunivhesiti eGermany akaita. Haasi munhu wese ane chokwadi chekuti kuiswa kweBachelor's uye master's madhigirii maererano neBologna zviyero kwakawedzera kunaka kwedzidzo uye kuti madhipuroma echiRussia ave kuzivikanwa maererano nemaitiro epasi rose, sezvaitarisirwa. Zviwanikwa zvisingaverengeki zvakashandiswa pane izvi zvingadai zvakashandiswa kubatsira sayenzi uye kuti vawane mubayiro wakanaka webasa rokudzidzisa. Kuvandudzwa kwedzidzo kwakagara kwemakore makumi matatu, uye migumisiro yavo ichiri kukakavara, saka ikozvino, apo yakawanda yakashandiswa, uye chivimbo mumadiploma hachina kuwedzera, hapana chikonzero chekuramba uchivimba nezvisarudzo zvevashumiri, kutanga kwevatongi. uye kufarira kwevashandi.
Zvinogoneka kuti isu zvino tichafanira kumirira kusvikira madhipuroma emayunivhesiti mazhinji uye zvikoro zvehunyanzvi (lyceums, makoji, nezvimwewo) ave anogutsa. Ipapo zvichida zvichave zvichibvira kukurukurazve tambanuko iyo dzidzo yebasa rinopa chibvumikiso chokuwanwa kumabasa uye kana kushandiswa kwedzimwe kodzero kuchifanira kubatanidzwa namadiploma. Parizvino, zvisinei, zviyero zvedzidzo zvakapihwa neBumbiro reRussian Federation pachayo (Chikamu 5 cheChikamu 43), vatariri nevaratidziri havagone kupa neimwe nzira kunze kwemumagwaro nemishumo yakatemwa nedhipatimendi ravo, kunyangwe kuzvitonga kweyunivhesiti uye rusununguko rwezvidzidzo zvichireva mipimo, panzvimbo pezvo, yakasimbiswa patani yokunongedzera.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, rombo rekuburitsa madhipuroma rakavimbisa hurongwa hwedzidzo yehunyanzvi hwakachengetedzwa zviri pamutemo mari, kusanganisira mari yebhajeti. Zvimwe hakusi kuchenjera kusiya vimbiso dzakadaro pasina chokwadi chokuti dzichabatsira dzidzo pachayo. Munguva yekuchinja, hurongwa hwakagovera zviwanikwa nenzira iyo yakanga isingakwanisi kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka kune unyanzvi, hutano uye chiremera chevadzidzisi, i.e. pamhando yekudzidziswa. Iyo sisitimu inobhadhara zvishoma kunze kwekunge mudzidzisi apihwa basa rinobhadharwa muchikamu chayo chekutungamira semaneja, muiti, kana muratidziri ane shungu. Dzimwe nguva zvinobvumira mudzidzisi kuti awedzere zvishoma mari yake yaanowana, asi kwete yebasa, asi yehuwandu hwakanaka uye kushuma, yekuratidzira nzira ine hunyanzvi panzvimbo yenzira dzedzidzo, yekunyorera mibairo uye yezviyero, kutarisa nemagirafu uye nezvimwe zvese izvo. inodiwa kune manejimendi masevhisi nemadhipatimendi. Kuti aite izvi, mudzidzisi anofanirwa kuvandudza hunyanzvi uye kugona kunyora tsvakiridzo uye kunyorera, kuzviisa mumari nemadhipatimendi, kuburitsa zvitupa, uye kugadzira indices.
Munzvimbo yakadai, izvo zvinokosheswa hazvisi kudzidzisa kana kudzidza, asi dzidzo uye nzira dzakaoma izvo zvinodiwa kwete nevadzidzi nevadzidzisi, asi nemasevhisi, kuitira kuti vanzwe zvakanaka uye varambe vari munzvimbo dzinobatsira muzvinhu zvakakosha. Hazvigoneki, zvisinei, kuti nekuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuchengetedza ropafadzo dzehurongwa, hunosimbiswa nekumanikidzirwa kwemadiploma. Zvazvinofarira uye hunhu hwayo hazvigoneki, uye nekuda kwavo hazvibviri kudzikamisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo, mikana yehukama hwemagariro, zvinopesana nezvinodiwa zveChinyorwa 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 34, 37. , Chikamu 3 cheChikamu 55 cheBumbiro reMitemo yeRussian Federation.
Kuzviisa pasi uye kuzvidavirira pasi pevatariri kunodzvinyirira kudzidzisa uye kudzidza apo mayunivhesiti anosiya kuzvitonga kwavo, rusununguko rwedzidzo, maitiro uye kushandira hurongwa hunopa mvumo yebasa racho. Kuzvimiririra chinhu chinodiwa pamabasa eyunivhesiti, uye kana tikafunga kuti mayunivhesiti eRussia haakwanise, zvino tarisiro yedzidzo yakanaka uye madhipuroma, hongu, hazvigoneke.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation anoona kuzvitonga mumayunivhesiti musimboti musimboti mabasa avo, iyo anosarudza ukama hwavo nehurumende uye mamiriro mutemo mumunda dzidzo (Resolution No. 27-P yaDecember 1999, 19); anotaura kuti kuzvitonga kwakazviruramisa munhoroondo mupan-European yunivhesiti tsika, uye inoibatanidza nezvinangwa zvemagariro evanhu, rusununguko rwesainzi, tekinoroji uye mamwe marudzi ekugadzira, kudzidzisa, nekodzero yemunhu wese yedzidzo uye nezvimwe. hunhu hweBumbiro reMitemo hunotevera kubva kune zviga zveChikamu 7, 17, 18, 43 (zvikamu 1 ne5), 44 (chikamu 1) cheBumbiro reRussian Federation; inobvumira zvirambidzo pakuzvimiririra kwemayunivhesiti ehurumende nemakanzuru nevakuru vehurumende chete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakakosha uye sekunge masangano aya, ane kodzero dzemuvambi, anodzora kutevedza kwezviitiko zveyunivhesiti nezvinangwa zvayo zvemutemo ( Tsanangudzo yaChikumi 7 , 2011 No. 767-О-О). Kuzvimiririra kwezvikoro zvedzidzo - nerusununguko rwezvidzidzo mukutsvaga chokwadi, nekupa kwacho pachena uye kuparadzira pasi pebasa rehunyanzvi revadzidzisi pasina kutarisirwa nevakuru - kwakacherechedzwa neChinyorwa 3 cheFederal Law "Pamusoro uye Postgraduate Professional Dzidzo" . Chisungo 3 cheFederal Law "PaDzidzo muRussian Federation" chinobva pane imwecheteyo, kuverenga pakati pemisimboti yedzidzo rusununguko rwemudzidzisi pakusarudza mafomu uye nzira dzekudzidzisa nekurerwa, kuzvitonga kwemasangano edzidzo, dzidzo. kodzero uye rusununguko rwevadzidzisi nevadzidzi (ndima 7, 8, 9) . Kuitwa kwezvisungo izvi kunopokana kana sisitimu ichiisa vatori vechikamu mubhizinesi redzidzo pabasa rezvido zvavo. Kunyange Peter I ndakanga ndisina mubvunzo kuti "sainzi yekuzviisa pasi haigone kushivirirwa," uye N.I. Pirogov akatosimbisa kuti kufanana kwekutonga hakuenderane ne "yunivhesiti yakazvimirira,"[1] kuti "kuzvimiririra uye hutungamiri hahuenderani." uye kuti “sainzi ine hutungamiri hwayo; Sezvo ave mukuru, anorasikirwa nekukosha kwake ”[2].
Iye zvino pane zvakawanda zvinokurudzira kuti munguva pfupi, zvichida mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehukama hwepamutemo, tichazofanira kumbomira kusungirirwa kwakasimba kwemadiploma kusvikira pane uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti mayunivhesiti ari kudzorera kuzvitonga. Asi izvi hazvigoneke kana chikamu chekutonga chehurongwa hwedzidzo chikasava nevanhu vashoma nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwevashandi nemabasa, kutsakatika kwemabasa avo uye nzira dzemaitiro. Izvo zvinodiwawo kuve nechokwadi chekuti shanduko yezvimiro mudzidzo inodzika zvakanyanya mukumiswa kwezvikoro zviri kufa, uye kuti masangano aripo akarasa kufarira kurongeka patsva nekuchinja mazita, uye kuti vanofarira havachabudirira muhurongwa hwavo hwekugadzira madhipatimendi saizi. wedhipatimendi kana kutanga “zvikoro” munzvimbo yavo.
Nepo chikamu chekutonga, pamwe chete nevaratidziri, vanoita semurongi uye tenzi wedzidzo, vanosarudza mavakirwo ayo uye magumo, hapana tarisiro uye hapana chikonzero chekuparadza simba remutemo pamadiploma anomanikidza, ayo munyaya iyi anorasikirwa nebumbiro remutemo. uye hwaro hwepamutemo. Izvo zviri pamusoro hazvisiyane neChisarudzo chakagamuchirwa munyaya iyi.
[1] Ona: Mubvunzo weYunivhesiti // Bulletin yeEurope. T. 1(237). Petersburg, 1906. S. 1, 15.[2] Ona: Kropotova N.V. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov payunivhesiti tsika: Chii chakachinja muzana remakore nehafu? // Tsvakurudzo yemazuva ano yesainzi uye hunyanzvi. 2016. No7 // .
Mumamiriro ezvinhu api maonero anopokana eMutongi K.V. Aranovsky akataurwa muChisarudzo cheDare reConstitutional reRussian Federation panyaya yekuongorora kupindirana kwebumbiro remitemo yendima 1 ne2 yeChikamu 3 cheMutemo weRussian Federation " Pamusoro peBasa reVagari muRussian Federation” maererano nechichemo chemugari M.V. Tchaikovsky? inogona kushandiswa kururamisa huremu hwechinzvimbo cheimwe yemapato?
Sekuona kwangu, kufunga kwemutongi weDare reConstitutional Court kunogona kushandiswa kana, zvichibva pane fungidziro yekuti mhedziso yenyanzvi yakasimbiswa inorema kupfuura mhedzisiro yenyanzvi isina diploma, imwe yemapato inoda. shanduko mumashoko echibvumirano akakodzera, mumaonero ayo. Muenzaniso wakapfava ungave mamiriro ezvinhu apo kumwe kusimudzira kwakaitwa nenyanzvi isina diploma mumunda weinjiniya software. Bato rinopikisa rakapa mhedziso kubva kune nyanzvi ine diploma inoenderana, uye kubva pamhedziso iyi zvinotevera kuti hutano hwebasa rakaitwa hahuenderani nechiyero chinodiwa. Somugumisiro, zvingada kuchinja kwakakodzera kubva kumuiti. Uye chokwadi chekuti nyanzvi yekontrakiti, semuenzaniso, ave achiita izvi kwemakore akawanda uye akaita mapurojekiti akawanda, mumaonero emutengi, hazvina kukosha.
Panguva ino, zvinofanirwa kujekesa kuti dare rinogara richitarisa kuenzana kwemuripo uye kubvumirana nedanho riripo mudunhu iri. Uye, nekudaro, bato rinopa masevhisi ebudiriro rinofanira kuratidza kunzwisisika kwemitengo, kusarudzika kwavo kwesevhisi, nezvimwewo, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo bato rinopikisa rinoedza kudzidzikisa. Mhinduro yakakwana ndeyekukamura huwandu hwese kuita zvikamu, sezvo dare richifanirwa kutsvaga akapatsanurwa maalgorithms ekudzikisa zvichemo mune yega yega.
Muenzaniso wakanaka weiyi michina ndiyo mhinduro . Muchiitiko ichi, mumhan'ari, nokuda kwekushandiswa pawebsite yemhosva yemufananidzo wepanorama chirongwa cheSt. Dare rakasarudza kudzosa 5 zviuru rubles uye mutengo.
Zvinogara zvakakosha kuti titarise kuti chinzvimbo chakaiswa muConstitutional Court Resolution hachisi mutemo wakananga wemutemo. Uye kuvimba nayo kumhanyira "ne saber pamatangi" hazvizobatsiri. Nzira dzekubatanidza nharo kubva muConstitutional Court Resolution dzinofanirwa kutorwa tichinzwisisa mamiriro echiremera ichi. Kuti ndijekese chikamu ichi, ndichashandisa makotesheni kubva muzvinyorwa zvesainzi kudzivirira kupomerwa kwekurerekera.
Wedzera"Kuyera kwehutongi hwebumbiro (mutemo) munharaunda yayo inongosvika chete kunharaunda inoumbwa nebato rehurumende rinoenderana nekushanda, mumashoko makuru - kuchikamu chakakosha chehukama hwepamutemo neruzhinji maererano" nekutora chikamu muhurongwa hwese. Kudzora kwebumbiro "MuRussia Federation".
Krapivkina O.A. Chimiro chesangano rekupikisa maonero emutongi mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana ISTU Bulletin No. 2(97) 2015
Wedzera“Bato revanhu vanopokana rinoiswa mumutemo munyika dzakawanda dzegutsaruzhinji, kusanganisira USA, Russia, Canada, Germany, England, nezvimwewo. Mune dzimwe nyika, pfungwa dzinopikisa dzinoburitswa pamwe nemutongo wedare (USA, Russia), mune dzimwe. inosanganisirwa muzvinyorwa zvechikamu chekufunga chechisarudzo (Germany). Asi kune nyika dzedemocracy dzine hurongwa hwekutonga hwakagadziridzwa, uko pasina dare rekutonga rakadai. Pakati pavo pane, semuenzaniso, France, Belgium uye Italy. Chikonzero chikuru chekusavapo kwesangano rekupokana kwemaonero, zviri pachena, kutya kunoramba kuripo kwekuburitsa chakavanzika chekamuri yekutaurirana uye kukanganisa chiremera chechisarudzo chedare. Kusavapo kwesangano iri mune akati wandei ekutonga kunotsanangurwawo netsika dzemutemo dzehurumende. "
"Kune magweta eAnglo-America, kukwikwidzwa kwemaonero anopokana hunhu hwemaitiro ekutonga. Uyezve, iye anodada nekururamisira kweAmerica. Maonero anopokana eMutongi weDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States O. Holmes anotariswa nenzira kwayo, seizvo muongorori weAmerica E. Dumbold anoti, “pfuma yokufunga zviri pamutemo” [7]. Mutongi Mukuru weU.S. A. Scalia anocherekedza kuti mifungo inopokana ichibereko chekufunga kwakazvimirira uye kwakadzama; ivo vanofarira kune mutongi nokuda kwemaitiro avo uye kutarisa kune nuances yenyaya yacho, inoshanda seuchapupu hwekuoma kwezvinhu zvepamutemo zviri kuongororwa, zvinoda nzira yakaenzana; nenzira yomuzvarirwo inoshandura dare kuva dare umo nharo dzapamutemo dzinoitwa, uye mufungo wapamutemo unokudziridzwa.”
“Muchivanhu cheAnglo-Saxon, maonero anopokana inzvimbo inoshanda nenzira nhatu - chiporofita, nhaurirano, uye mupi wevimbiso yekuvimbika [6]. Kunyangwe, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti maitiro ekutanga kusangano rekupokana kwemaonero muUnited States aive asina kunaka. Munyori weimwe yemaonero ekutanga aipikisa, Mutongi William Johnson, akanyorera Mutungamiriri weAmerica panguva iyoyo, Thomas Jefferson, kuti mushure mekunge ataura maonero ake aipikisa, akanzwa dzidziso dzetsika dzakataurirwa kwaari pamusoro pehunhu husina kunaka hwevatongi vachirwisa mumwe nemumwe [10. ]. Zvisinei, chikamu chezvisarudzo zvakaitwa neDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States izvo zvaisanganisira pfungwa imwe chete yaipikisa zvakabva zvawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma [8]. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso webasa rouporofita romufungo unopokana, munhu anogona kuyeuka murangariro unopokana waJustice Laskin weDare Rapamusoro reCanada, uyo muMurdoch v. Murdoch akashora muitiro wekare wemutemo wepfuma, uchitsigira kodzero yevakadzi vakarambana avo vaiita basa repamba uye kurera vana kumugove wepfuma. Gare gare, munyaya yaRathwell v. Dare reRathwell, rinotungamirirwa naDixon, rakapa mutongo umo rakatsigira maonero aLaskin anopikisa. Saka, rakava rudzi rwekutanga shanduko mumutemo wakanangana nekuchengetedza kodzero dzevakadzi."
“MuChina, maonero akasiyana akatanga kubatanidzwa nechisarudzo cheShanghai Court of Arbitration Nhamba 2 muna Gunyana 2003. Iri sangano ragara risinganzwisisike kune kururamisira kweChinese. Vatongi veChinese vakajaira kuita zvipfupi, "zvisina hwaro" zviito.
...
Iko mukana wekubatanidza maonero anopokana evatongi mumatare edzimhosva anoratidza maitiro ekuchinja muChinese Justice system, inoita kuti vatongi vatore mutoro, uye inobatsirawo pakuchinja kwemaitiro ekunyora sarudzo dzematare. Kutozosvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvisarudzo zvematare eChina zvakanga zviri zviitwa zvipfupi zvinosvika pamapeji matanhatu, umo bedzi rutivi rwechokwadi rwenyaya yacho nechisarudzo chedare pachacho chaitaurwa nenzira pfupi. Chikamu chekukakavara chakanga chisipo, hwaro hwepamutemo hwechisarudzo, kuongororwa kweuchapupu, uye nharo dzemapato hazvina kutaurwa mumagwaro echisarudzo. Pakati pezvakashata zvechimiro ichi chesarudzo, vatsoropodzi veChinese vakataura kusajeka kwemaitiro ekutonga. Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira mukupera kwema1990 apo inoda kuvandudzwa yakatanga kushanda. Matare ematunhu akasiyana siyana, kusanganisira dare repamusorosoro reSupreme People’s Court, anoda kuti vatongi vatsigire mitongo yavo mumagwaro emutongo wavo. Saka, muna July 2004, Foshan Arbitration Court yeGuangdong Province yakabudisa mutongo wemapeji anopfuura 100.”
Wedzera"Kodzero yekupikisa maonero anoita munhu mumwe mutongi, anomusiyanisa seanozvimiririra uye ane mutoro wenyaya yedare rekutonga [3]. Kuumbwa kwemaonero anopikisa kunokanganisa hutongi hwejekerere nekusatendera pfungwa dzeruzhinji kuti dzishande senzira chete yekududzira zviga zvebumbiro remutemo. Sokutaura kwakaita A. Scalia, “gadziriro yemifungo inopokana yakachinja Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States kuva nhandare huru yegakava repamutemo razvino uno, uye zvisarudzo zvaro kubva muchinyorwawo zvacho chezvisarudzo zvomutemo zvine mufungo kuva chimwe chinhu chakafanana ne“Nhoroondo yeAmerican Legal Philosophy ine Commentary. .”
Wedzera"Zvakakosha zvemaonero anopokana uye zvikonzero zvekuzvidhirowa nemutongi akaramba ari mukubatana panguva yekuvhota zvakanyanyogadzirwa naA. L. Kononov: "... kutaura nekudzivirira maonero emunhu ibasa rakaoma mupfungwa uye mupfungwa, nguva dzose. kurwisana kwakakomba kwemukati. Zvakaoma kwazvo kukunda kusava nechokwadi uye kudzivirira pesvedzero yezviremera, uchiramba uri muvashoma pakati pevamwe vako vatongi, mumwe nemumwe wavo, netsanangudzo, inyanzvi yezvidzidzo zvepamusoro. Maonero anopesana, zvechokwadi, shanduro yakanyanyisa yechigaro chemutongi, apo mari yechisarudzo iri pachena yakakwirira, kana kukanganisa kwemukati kusingabviri, uye kutongerwa kwekukanganisa kwekutonga kwakanyanya "[7, p. 46]. Chikonzero chakakonzera "kukonana kwakakomba kwemukati" kuziva kwemutongi pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvakaitwa panhau dzinogadziriswa pakutaura mutongo uye izvo zvinova zvakakosha kune ramangwana remupomerwi.
Kubva pane zviri pamusoro apa zviri pachena kuti kukwidza kwakananga kupfungwa dzinopikisa hazvigoneke uye imwe yenharo ndeyokuti kukwidza uku kuchaita kuti dare riite mutongo wakanangana nezvakaitika, izvo zvingaonekwa nedare sekumanikidza. it. Nekune rumwe rutivi, zvinodikanwa kuvaka hurongwa hwakabatana, hunonzwisisika hwakabatana hwezvinhu zvezvinzvimbo zvepamutemo zvebato kune mhosva. Uye munyaya yekudzivirira kodzero yekodzero uye kodzero dzakabatana, tichifunga nezvekusavimbika kwemaitiro akawanda, izvi zvakaoma. Pane chinyorwa paHabré uye iye, semaonero angu, akanyatso kurongeka mapoinzi ebazi anofanirwa kuverengerwa kana achipinda mumamiriro ekudzivirira kwekodzero dzekodzero. Iyo posvo yakaburitswa muna 2013 uye, sezvo ini pachangu ndisina kutarisa kukosha kweongororo yakaitwa mairi, ndinokupa zano kuti uzviite usati washandisa zvirimo. Ichi chinodiwa chinobva pakuti kuvandudzwa kwenyaya yemutemo kunoitika nguva dzose, imwe tsika yekutonga inokura, uye tsananguro dzeDare Repamusorosoro dzinoonekwa.
Ndichapa mienzaniso miviri yekuti chiyero chehunyanzvi chingashandiswa sei kuchengetedza kodzero dzenjere.
Mamiriro ekutanga uye achiri akakodzera ane chekuita nemamiriro ezvinhu apo mushandi, atora mhedzisiro yese, anoenda kumutengi uye anosiya kontrakiti pasina mubairo. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anotsanangurwa mune post kubva ku2013 , uye chokwadi chekuti chikamu ichi hachina kurasikirwa nehukoshi hwacho chinogona kuoneka kubva kune yazvino positi . Zvinyorwa zve 2013, maitiro ekutanga, anotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu apo boka revanyori vakagadzira purogiramu sechikamu chekushanda kwemabasa avo ndeye software chigadzirwa chine kodzero dzesangano. Uye, zvakazoitika, mumwe wevashandi vechikwata chakataurwa, atamira kune imwe sangano, akagadzira chimwe chigadzirwa achishandisa kuvandudzwa kwechikwata kubva panzvimbo yapfuura yebasa. Icho chinongedzo kumutongo wedare rekupokana mune izvo zvinyorwa hazvisisiri kushanda, asi mushure mekutsvaga, chinongedzo chekushanda kune , izvo zvinopa chikonzero chekushandisa zvinhu kubva papositi paHabré.
Muzhinji, mutongo wedare wakaitwa uchifarira mumhan'ari, uyo uyo purogiramu yakabiwa, zvichienderana nemafungiro enyanzvi, iyo, nekuenzanisa purogiramu yepurogiramu yemamodules, quote:
"Maererano nemhedziso yenyanzvi, pakuongorora zvimedu zvezvinyorwa zveOpenSky-2 uye Meridian software zvigadzirwa, mutsauko (mitsara miviri) wakawanikwa muzita rebazi registry rinoshandiswa kuchengetedza marongero anotaridza nzira dzekushanda. chirongwa, uko panzvimbo yebazi "SoftwareRIVC_PULKOVOAS_RDS (Spp ) Zviziviso", iyo inoshandiswa ne "OpenSky-2", nechinangwa chimwe chete, neyakafanana kuumbwa kwema tag uye nemafomati akafanana ehunhu hwakachengetwa mavari. , "SoftwareAeronavigator Meridian Alerts" bazi rinoshandiswa mu "Meridian".
Sezvandinogona kufunga, munyaya dzakadai, mumhan'ari ari kuedza kuratidza zvaanogona. Mibvunzo isati yaitwa forensic bvunzo yakagadzirwa nemazvo uye mhedzisiro inodiwa yakawanikwa. Zvichida dai mushandi akaba purogiramu akanga akanyatsochenjerera mukuvhara makwara ake, mugumisiro wakadaro ungadai usina kuitika. Ipapo taizofanira kuvimba nemisiyano padanho reunyanzvi.
Mubvunzo unomuka: sei kuziva chiyero chekugona? Panyaya inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, ini ndingapa zano rinotevera. Izvo zvakataurwa pamusoro apa kuti chigadzirwa chakasikwa neboka revanyori. Kazhinji, muzvikwata zvakadaro, munhu wese anoita zvaanoziva uye, semhedzisiro, akamboshandisa mhinduro dzakafanana mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Unganidza mienzaniso miviri kana mitatu yemhinduro dzakamboshandiswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe wevanyori uye bvunza mubvunzo kubvunzo, ingangoita mune inotevera fomu: ita mhinduro dzinoshandiswa muchigadzirwa chakabiwa, mune imwe module kana imwe, inopindirana muchimiro, tekinoroji, fomati. , kuumbwa neaya akagadzirwa nesarudzo dzebasa remumwe munyori mune zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kare. Kubva pamusimboti wekuzivikanwa kwekunyora. Ini ndinofungidzira kuti kana zvinhu zvinoumba zvichienderana, hazvizonetsa kubatanidza izvi nekwakabva chigadzirwa.
Muenzaniso unotevera waizova .
Hunhu hwenyaya yacho hwakagadzirwa seizvi: mugari, achishanda kuVodokanal LLC, akagadzira faira reExcel umo zvaigoneka kuita otomatiki data processing uchishandisa tekinoroji yeGOST R 50779.42-99 (ISO 8258-91) " Statistical nzira. Shewhart's control charts." Vazhinji veKhabrovite vakaona, mumasangano mazhinji, aya mafaira eExcel akachengetwa seapuro reziso ravo, anopfuudzwa kubva kumushandi kuenda kumushandi seanonyanyo ziva. Hapana chikonzero chekukakavadzana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, sezvo chaizvoizvo vanoponesa vashandi nguva yakawanda. Mushure mekudzingwa kwake, kambani yakaramba ichishandisa kusimudzira kweaimbova mushandi. Akafunga kuti kushandiswa kwakadaro kwekukura kwake kwaimukuvadza uye akamhan'arira mhosva kwaakafungidzira huwandu hwezvikumbiro pa100 zviuru zveRubles.
Mukadzi akarambwa nechikonzero chinotevera:
Tichifunga nezve:
"Chirongwa chekombuta seti yedata uye mirairo inounzwa mune chinangwa fomu, yakanangana nekushanda kwekombuta uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvekombuta kuitira kuti iwane imwe mhedzisiro, kusanganisira zvinhu zvekugadzirira zvakawanikwa panguva yekugadzira chirongwa chekombuta, uye zviratidziro zveaudiovisual zvinogadzirwa nazvo."
...
Saka, panguva yekutongwa mumhan'ari Proskurina S.V. hapana humbowo hwakapihwa hwekodzero dzemumhan'ari dzega kuchinhu chinoenderana chepfungwa uye chokwadi chekushandiswa kwekodzero idzi nemupomeri, sezvo pamagetsi enhau "SanDisk" (m/o <nhamba>) yakapihwa nemumhan'ari, mu iyo faira "kadhi-xls", iri mufaira "doc. Excel", hapana chinhu chepfungwa chepfungwa nenzira yepurogiramu yekombiyuta yekushanda nematafura uye kugadzira magirafu anorongwa eShewhart Charts.
Nekuda kwekuti mumhan'ari akaita zvichemo zvekucherechedzwa kwemvumo yakasarudzika yechirongwa chekombuta yekushanda nematafura uye kugadzira magirafu anorongwa eShewhart Charts, dare rinosvika pamhedzisiro yekuti rinoramba kuvagutsa, sezvo panguva yekutongwa mamiriro aya. hazvina kusimbiswa uye zvinorambwa nezvakanyorwa zvenyaya yacho. "
Ndiko kuti, bvunzo haina kuwana chirongwa chekombuta mune yakatarwa faira. Kubva pakuona kwemaitiro, ichi ichokwadi, sezvo faira reExcel pachayo haigone kuita kuti hardware ishande (basa). Ndiko kuti, kana pasina purogiramu yepakombiyuta, saka hapagoni kuva nezvikwereti. Pfungwa iyi iri nyore uye inonzwisisika.
Zvinonzwisisika, ichi chikanganiso chakajeka kune chikamu chemurevereri. Nenzira, inogona kugadziriswa nekuisa chikumbiro chitsva, umo iyo nyaya nyowani yekuda kunoratidzwa uye chinodiwa chinozadzikiswa, quote:
"Maererano neArt. No. kutepfenyura kana kuunza basa rakadaro kuruzhinji, pamwe nenhamba dzipi nedzipi nemakodhi ane ruzivo rwakadaro. "
Ini ndinofungidzira kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, chirevo chekukosha kwehunyanzvi chinogona kushandiswa pakusarudza zvichemo. Ndiko kuti, munhu akakwanisa kugadzira module nebasa rake rekugadzira rinochengetedza nguva yakawanda yekushanda yevashandi vebhizinesi rekutengesa. Izvo zvakasarudzika, sezvo pasina munhu akashanda pamberi pake akakwanisa kuita izvi uye munyori ane kodzero yekubhadhara mari kubva mumhedzisiro yehupfumi.
Mukupedzisa, ndinoda kuona kuti nzanga yedu iri kuenda kunzwisiso yekuti zita, chinzvimbo, kana kuve werimwe boka revanhu mhedzisiro yekukosha kwemunhu munharaunda uye kukosha uku kunotarwa nedanho rekushandisa, ndiko kuti. , mwero wehunyanzvi hwake uye kugona kwake pakuona kodzero yekushanda.
Source: www.habr.com