Paunoshanyira chero nyika, zvakakosha kuti usapesanisa kushanya nekutama.
Uchenjeri hwevanhu
Nhasi ndinoda kufunga pamwe nyaya inonyanya kunetsa - chiyero chemari kana uchidzidza, uchigara uye uchishanda kunze kwenyika. Kana muzvikamu zvina zvakapfuura (, , , ) Ndakaedza kunzvenga nyaya iyi nepandaigona napo, zvino muchinyorwa chino tichadhirowa mutsara wakakora pasi pezviverengero zvenguva refu zvechiyero chemuhoro nemari.
Disclaimer: Musoro wacho unonetsa, uye vashoma vanoda kuuvhara pachena, asi ini ndichaedza. Zvose zvakataurwa pasi apa kuedza kufungisisa nezvechokwadi chakapoteredza, kune rumwe rutivi, pamwe nekugadzirisa mamwe mazano kune avo vanoda kuSwitzerland, kune rumwe rutivi.
Nyika senzira yemutero
Iyo mutero sisitimu muSwitzerland inoshanda nenzira imwechete neyeSwiss wachi: zvakajeka uye nenguva. Zvakaoma kusabhadhara, kunyangwe paine zvirongwa zvakasiyana. Pane zvakawanda zvakabviswa mutero uye zvibvumirano (somuenzaniso, kune kuderedzwa kwekushandisa zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, kudya kwemasikati kubasa, kutenga zvinhu zvekuvaraidza kana zvichidikanwa kubasa, nezvimwewo).
Sezvandambotaura mu , kuSwitzerland kune nzira yemitero yakatsika yemazinga matatu: federal (mutero wakafanana wevose), cantonal (yakafanana kune wese ari mukati mecanton) uye communal (yakafanana kune wese ari mukati memunharaunda). aka misha/mataundi). Muchidimbu, mitero yakaderera kupfuura munyika dzakavakidzana, asi kuwedzera, chaizvoizvo zvinosungirwa, kubhadhara kunodya musiyano uyu, asi zvakanyanya pane izvo pamagumo echinyorwa.
Asi izvi zvose zvakanaka kusvikira wafunga kutanga mhuri - pano mitero inokwira zvakanyanya, asi kwete zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti iwe zvino uri "chikwata chevanhu", mari yako inopfupikiswa (hello, progressive scale), kuti mhuri ichadya zvakawanda, uye mwana achiri kuda kuberekwa, uye ipapo kindergartens, zvikoro. , mayunivhesiti, mazhinji ayo ari pachiyero chehurumende, asi izvo zvauchazofanira kubhadhara kune imwe nzvimbo zvakanyanya, kumwe kushoma. Vagari venzvimbo vanowanzogara mumichato yevagari vemo, nekuti hupfumi hunofanirwa kuve hwehupfumi, kana kuti vanogara mumacanton ane mutero wakaderera (semuenzaniso, ), asi vanoshanda mu "mafuta" cantons (semuenzaniso, Zurich - maminitsi makumi matatu nechitima kubva Zug). Makore akati wandei apfuura pakanga paine kuyedza kugadzirisa mamiriro uye, zvirinani, kusakwidza mutero wemhuri zvichienzaniswa nevanhu vasina kuroora - hazvina kushanda.
Kuchinja kwemareferendamuKazhinji, pasi pekunyepedzera kwemareferendamu anobatsira, vanoyedza kusundira kune dzimwe sarudzo dzakashata uye zvikumbiro. Chaizvoizvo, ipfungwa yakanaka kuderedza mitero yevanhu vakaroorana, uye kunyanya vaya vane vana; tsigiro yeiyi pfungwa pakutanga yaive yakakwirira kwazvo. Zvisinei, bato rechiKristu rakatanga referendamu rakasarudza panguva imwe chete kuti risundire tsanangudzo yewanano seβkubatana kwemurume nemukadziβ - maiwe, vakarasikirwa netsigiro yeruzhinji. Kushivirira.
Zvisinei, kana wava nomwana, kana kunyange vaviri, mitero yako yakati dererei, sezvo wava nenhengo itsva yenzanga yaunovimba nayo. Uye kana mumwe chete wevakaroorana achishanda, saka iwe unogona kuvimba nerubatsiro rwakasiyana-siyana uye zvibvumirano, kunyanya maererano neinishuwarenzi yehutano.
Kana iwe uchida kunyengera uye - Mwari arege - kunzvenga mitero, saka muhupenyu pane imwe chete mukana wekubatwa mukubiridzira mutero uye kuregererwa. Kureva, unogona retroactively kururamisa mamiriro uye kusvibisa zita, nomuzvarirwo, nokubhadhara yose isina kubhadharwa mutero. Inotevera - dare, urombo, mwenje, tende rinopisa pamberi peRyumin Palace muLausanne.
"Lumpen-tende": nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa dzenzvimbo "intelligentsia" - pakatarisana nemuseum uye raibhurari ...
Kune avo vanoronga kufamba uye kubhadhara mutero vari voga (semuenzaniso, nekuvhura kambani yavo), Chewed in more details.
Chinhu chakanaka ndechokuti haufaniri kuzadza mutero kusvikira mari yako inopfuura ~ 120k pagore, uye kambani inotsigira tsika ye "taxe a la source", uye mvumo ndeye B (yenguva pfupi). Paunenge wangogamuchira C, kana muhoro wako wakapfuura ~ 120k, unogamuchirwa kubhadhara mutero iwe pachako (pamwe muCanton yeVaud unofanirwa kuzadza chiziviso). Sezvaanonyora , mumakatoni anotaura chiGermany akadai seZurich, Schwyz, Zug kana St. Galen, izvi zvinofanira kuitwa. Kana kana iwe uchida kuendesa magwaro ekubvisirwa (ona pamusoro + yechitatu mbiru yemudyandigere), iwe unofanirwawo kuzadza chiziviso (unogona kushandisa chirongwa chakarerutswa).
Zviri pachena kuti zvakaoma kuzviita iwe pachako kekutanga, saka kune 50-100 francs ane mutsa babamunini-fudussier (aka triplehander, germ. TreuhΓ€nder, kune rumwe rutivi ) ichazadza iwe nekufamba kwakanatswa (chinhu chikuru ndechekuvimba, asi tarisa!). Uye gore rinotevera iwe unogona kuzviita iwe pachako mumufananidzo wako uye kufanana.
Zvisinei, Switzerland conmubatanidzwa, uye naizvozvo mitero, inosiyana kubva kuguta neguta, kubva muguta neguta uye pamusha nemusha. IN Ndakataura kuti unogona kubatsirwa nemitero nokutamira kumaruwa. Pane a , iyo inoratidza zvakajeka kuti munhu achachengetedza kana kurasikirwa zvakadini nekubva kuLausanne kuenda, toti, Ecoublan (sabhubhu uko EPFL iripo).
Panorama yeLake Leman pedyo neVevey kujekesa mutero weblues
Mitero yemhepo
MuSwitzerland kune-in-kind mitero "pamhepo".
kana kubva 01.01.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX. Uyu ndiwo mutero "unonyanya kufarirwa" nevakawanda - mutero pa mukana unogona ona terevhizheni uye teerera redhiyo. Kureva, munyika yedu - mumhepo. Zvechokwadi, Indaneti inosanganiswawo pano, uye sezvo anenge munhu wose ane foni (verenga: smartphone) mazuva ano, zvakaoma zvikuru kuibvisa.
Pakutanga, pakanga paine kupatsanurwa kuita redhiyo (~ 190 CHF pagore) uye TV (~ 260 CHF pagore) yega yega. mhuri (hongu, imwe nyika chalet imba yakasiyana), zvino mushure mereferendamu ichangopfuura mari yacho yakabatanidzwa (~ 365 CHF pagore, franc zuva rega rega), pasinei neredhiyo kana TV, uye panguva imwe chete mhuri dzose dzaisungirwa kubhadhara, zvisinei nekuvapo kweanogamuchira. Mukururamisira, zvakakosha kuziva kuti vadzidzi, vakasiya basa uye - kamwe kamwe - mushandi mutero uyu haubhadharwe. Nenzira, kune kusabhadhara mubhadharo unosvika ku5000 francs, iyo inonyanya kushungurudza. Kunyangwe ini ndichiziva mienzaniso miviri apo munhu asina kubhadhara mutero uyu pamusimboti kwemakore akati wandei uye haana kubhadhariswa.
Zvakanaka, iyo cherry pakeke: kana iwe uchida kubata hove, bhadhara rezinesi, pane zvirambidzo zvakasimba panguva yekubata hove, kana iwe uchida kuvhima, bhadhara rezinesi, chengetedza chombo chako nemazvo, uye kunyange kupinda muchikamu che. kupfura mhuka dzesango. Imwe shamwari yeSwitzerland yakataura nezvekuvhima kuti kubata kunozopihwa kuhurumende.
Kana iwe uchida kuva nemhuka, bhadhara mutero (kusvika 100-150 francs muguta uye inenge zero kumaruwa). Kana iwe usingabhadhari, kana iwe usina microchipped mhuka, iwe ucharipiswa! Zvinova zvisina musoro: mapurisa, paanenge achitenderera mumigwagwa, anomisa vakadzi vechiPutukezi nembwa uye vanoedza kuvaripisa.
Uye zvakare, dialectically, ndinocherechedza kuti mari iyi inosanganisira mabhegi umo varidzi vemhuka vanofanirwa kubvisa tsvina yemhosva dzavo, nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekufamba nembwa huru dzine zvivako zvakakodzera, pamwe nekuchenesa migwagwa uye kusavapo zvachose kwemhuka dzinovaraidza. mumaguta (hongu nemisha futi). Zvakachena uye zvakachengeteka!
Kazhinji, zvakaoma kufunga nezverudzi rwechiito chisingazove pasi pemutero, asi mitero inoenda kune zvinangwa zvavanenge vaunganidzirwa: zvemagariro evanhu - zvemagariro, imbwa - imbwa, uye marara - marara. ... Nenzira, pamusoro pemarara!
Kuronga tsvina
Ngatitangei nenyaya yekuti imba yega yega muSwitzerland inobhadhara mari yekuunganidza marara (iyi muripo wekutanga, semutero). Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi zvachose kuti wava kukwanisa kurasa chero marara chero kwaunoda. Kuti uite izvi, iwe uchafanirwa kutenga mabhegi akakosha paavhareji mutengo we1 franc pa17 litres. Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, vanga vasiri mumakonti eGeneva neValais chete, asi kubvira 2018 vakabatanawo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero vese veSwitzerland "rudo" kuronga tsvina: bepa, plastiki (kusanganisira PET), girazi, manyowa, mafuta, mabhatiri, aluminium, iron, nezvimwe. Akanyanya kukosha ndiwo mana ekutanga. Kuronga kunobatsira kuchengetedza zvakanyanya pamabhegi emarara.
Kune mapurisa anorasa marara anogona kungotarisa zvaunorasa nebepa, manyowa kana marara emazuva ese. Kana pane kukanganisa (somuenzaniso, vakarasa mapurasitiki epurasitiki nepepa kana Li-bhatiri mumarara enguva dzose), zvino zvichibva pauchapupu huri mumarara pachawo, munhu anogona kuwanikwa uye akabudiswa mubhadharo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iwe unogona zvakare kugamuchira risiti yekubhadhara kweawa yebasa revanochera marara ivo pachavo, ndiko kuti, kuwana zvizere. Chiyero chiri kufambira mberi, uye mushure mekubhadhara 3-4 munhu anogona kunyorwa, iyo yatove yakazara.
Saizvozvo, kana iwe uchida kurasa marara mubhegi renguva dzose munzvimbo yeruzhinji kana kuisa mugaba remumwe munhu.
Inishuwarenzi - semitero, asi inishuwarenzi chete
MuSwitzerland mune akawanda marudzi ese einishuwarenzi: kushaikwa kwemabasa, nhumbu, kurapwa (yakafanana neyedu yekumanikidzwa inishuwarenzi yekurapa uye yekuzvidira inishuwarenzi yekurapa), pakushanya kunze kwenyika (kunowanzoitwa neOMC), inishuwarenzi yemazino, kuremara, tsaona, inishuwarenzi yepenjeni, moto uye Njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga (), yekurenda imba yekurenda (RCA), yekudzivirira kubva mukukuvadzwa kwezvinhu zvevamwe vanhu (hongu, izvi zvakasiyana neRCA), inishuwarenzi yehupenyu, (kubuda kubva kumakomo, kwakakodzera muzhizha pakufamba uye munguva yechando pane skis), zviri pamutemo (kuti zvive nyore uye zvakasununguka kutaurirana mumatare) uye iyi haisi rondedzero yakakwana. Kune avo vane mota, kune huwandu hwakazara hwedzimwe sarudzo: yemuno MTPL, CASCO, kufona rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi () Zvichingoenda zvakadaro.
Mugari wepakati anofunga kuti inishuwarenzi imba yevarombo umo zvinhu zvese zvakasununguka. Ini ndinokurumidza kuodza moyo: inishuwarenzi ibhizinesi, uye bhizinesi rinofanira kuunza mari, mungave muAfrica kana Switzerland. Zvichienderana: huwandu hwemubhadharo - huwandu hwekubhadhara - huwandu hwemuhoro uye mutengo wepamusoro, izvo, sezvazviri, zvakakura kupfuura 0 (kunyanya kushambadzira kwakafanana uye kubhadhara mabhonasi kune vamiriri veinishuwarenzi kune vatengi vatsva), inofanirwa kuve inooneka. kukosha kwakanaka. Cherechedza, kwete kuenzana, kwete zvishoma, asi zvakanyanya.
Zvimwe zvishoma zveSwiss nature: tarisa kuMontreux kubva kune yakatarisana nebhangi
Heino muenzaniso weakavimbika scammer kunze kwebhuruu.
CSS yakabiridzira sei vadzidzi muna 2014Saka, aive 2014, handina kunetsa munhu. Zviremera zveSwitzerland, sechikamu chekuongorora, zvakaratidza kuti imwe yemakambani makuru einishuwarenzi, CSS, yakagamuchira zvisiri pamutemo 200-300k francs mubhadharo kubva kubhajeti gore rega rega kubhadhara mutengo weinishuwarenzi yekurapa inomanikidza yevadzidzi. Kukuvadzwa kwemakore gumi kwakasvika kumamiriyoni matatu emafranc. Wow, bhizinesi rakakura!
Panguva ino chete, vadzidzi vePhD vakabviswa pakuvhara kweinishuwarenzi yevadzidzi uye vakamanikidzwa kubhadhara zvizere, senge munhu mukuru anoshanda (chiyero chinoenderana nemari yegore chakaunzwa).
CSS yakaita sei?! Wakapfidza here, kutsiva chimwe chinhu, kubatsira neimwe nzira? Aiwa, vakangotumira chiziviso chekuti sezuva rakadaro uye rakadaro, mudzidzi anoremekedzwa haasati afukidzwa neinishuwarenzi yavo, uye kanenge uswa hahungakuri. Zvimwe zvese idambudziko renyu machinda!
Ona zvakadzama .
Inishuwarenzi yezvokurapa: kana yakurumidza kufa, asi yanonoka kurapa
Uye, sezvo hurukuro yakatendeukira kuinishuwarenzi yehutano, zvakakodzera kumira pano zvakasiyana, sezvo musoro wacho wakaoma zvakanyanya uye unopokana.
MuSwitzerland, kune hurongwa hwekubhadhara mari yehutano hwehutano, ndiko kuti, mwedzi wega wega munhu ane inshuwarisi anobhadhara imwe mari, ipapo mutengi anobhadhara akazvimirira kusvika kumari yakabviswa. Iyo sisitimu inogadzirwa nenzira yekuti nekuwedzera iyo inobviswa, mupiro wepamwedzi unoderera zvakaenzana, saka kana iwe usingaronge kurwara uye iwe usina mhuri / vana, saka inzwa wakasununguka kutora iyo yakanyanya deductible. Kana kurapwa kunodhura kupfuura iyo yakabviswa, ipapo kambani yeinishuwarenzi inotanga kuibhadhara (mune dzimwe nguva, mutengi achafanirwa kubhadhara imwe 10%, asi kwete kupfuura 600-700 pagore).
Pakazara, iyo yakawanda iyo munhu ane inshuwarisi anobhadhara kubva muhomwe yake ndeye 2500 + 700 + ~ 250-300 Γ 12 = 6200-6800 pagore kune munhu mukuru anoshanda. Ndinodzokorora: izvi ndizvo chaizvo muhoro wepasi hapana rubatsiro.
Kutanga, kana uchizokwira maamburenzi kana kupedza nguva yakareba muzvipatara, ndinokupa zano kuti utarisire imwe inishuwarenzi yakasiyana inobhadhara mari idzi.
Somuenzaniso, imwe shamwari yangu yakafenda kubasa, vandaishanda navo vaiva netsitsi vakafonera amburenzi. Kubva kunzvimbo yebasa kuenda kuchipatara - maminitsi gumi nemashanu netsoka (sic!), asi ambulensi inoda kutora nzira mumigwagwa, iyo inotorawo anenge 10-15 maminetsi. Pakazara, maminetsi gumi nemashanu mumutengo weamburenzi ~ 750-800 mafranc (chimwe chinhu chakaita se50k huni) pane dambudziko. Saka, kunyange kana iwe uchisununguka, zviri nani kutora tekisi, inodhura zvakapetwa makumi maviri. Ambulance iri pano chete kune nyaya dzakaoma chaizvo.
Zvekutaura: zuva muchipatara rinodhura kubva ku1 francs (zvichienderana nemaitiro uye dhipatimendi), izvo zvinofananidzwa nekugara muMontreux kana Lausanne Palace (000-nyeredzi mahotera +).
Chechipiri, vanachiremba ndeimwe yemabasa anobhadharwa zvakanyanya, kunyangwe vasina chavanomboita. 1 miniti yenguva yavo inodhura x makiredhiti (chiremba wega wega ane "rating" yake zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwake uye hunyanzvi hwake), chikwereti chega chega chinodhura 4-5-6 mafranc. Iyo yakajairwa kugadzwa maminetsi gumi nemashanu, ndosaka munhu wese aine hushamwari uye achibvunza nezve mamiriro ekunze, kugara zvakanaka, zvichingodaro. Uye sezvo kuporesa ibhizinesi (zvakanaka, kuburikidza nekambani yeinishuwarenzi, hongu), uye bhizinesi rinofanira kuita purofiti - zvakanaka, unonzwisisa, handiti?! - mutengo weinishuwarenzi unokura neavhareji ye15-5% pagore (kune inenge isina inflation muSwitzerland, unogona kuwana chikwereti pa10-1%). Semuenzaniso, kubva 2 kusvika 2018 musiyano waive 2019-306 = 285 francs kana 7.3% kubva kuAssura yeinishuwarenzi yakapusa.
Uye seimwe cherry pakiki, kuhwina gakava nevarapi veko vakakonzera kukuvadza kuhutano hwemurwere makwikwi emagariro anodhura uye ane dambudziko. Chaizvoizvo, nekuda kwezvinangwa izvi kune inishuwarenzi yayo - yepamutemo, isingadhuri, asi inovhara zvizere mutengo wemagweta nematare. Kumashure Iwe haufanirwe kuenda kure: ini handitomboziva kuti iwe ungavhiringidza sei 98% acetic acid uye diluted vhiniga (edza kungovhura ese mabhodhoro panguva yako yekuzorora).
pamusoro (kuzvitaura zvinyoro, kwete murume murombo) muZurich mushure mekuvhiyiwa kudiki, ini ndinogara ndakanyarara.
Maapuro muchando: kukwira kumwe chete uku patakanga tatotanga kuverenga kuti kubviswa kwedu, uye kune vamwe, rubatsiro rwekurapa, rwaizodhura. Zvakadaro, 32 km pachinzvimbo che16 - yaive setup
Chechitatu, zviri nani zvemhando yepakati yemishonga yakakosha (izvi hazvisi zvekuisa maoko nemakumbo pamwechete mumuviri mumwe mushure metsaona, asi nezvekuita kuongororwa uye kuraira kurapwa kwekutonhora). Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti kutonhora hakufungidzirwe chirwere pano - vanoti ichaenda pachayo, asi panguva ino, tora paracetamol.
Iwe unofanirwa kutsvaga vanachiremba vakangwara kuburikidza neshamwari dzako (vanachiremba vakangwara vanoita nguva yekuona mwedzi 2-3 pachine nguva), uye kutakura mishonga kubva kuRussian Federation. Semuenzaniso, painkiller/anti-inflammatory Nimesil kana Nemulex irimo 5 nguva zvinodhura, uye kazhinji mupakiti 2 times mapiritsi mashoma, nezve mamwe Mezim ekugaya fondue kana raclette, ini ndinogara ndakanyarara.
Chechina, nyaya dzemitsetse mirefu yakamirira rubatsiro rwekurapa inyanzvi yehupenyu kupfuura chimwe chinhu chisingadaviriki. Mune chero chipatara / urzhans (inofananidzwa nekamuri yekukurumidzira) kune hurongwa hwezvakakosha, ndiko kuti, kana uine kucheka kwakadzika pamunwe wako, asi pasina litre reropa rinobuda paawa, ipapo unogona kumirira imwe. awa, kana maviri, kana matatu, kana kuti mana kana mashanu nokuda kwamaawa okusonanidza! Mupenyu, kufema, hapana chinotyisidzira hupenyu hwako - gara uye umirire. Saizvozvowo, X-ray yemunwe wakatyoka inogona kumirira kusvika 3-4 maawa, pasinei nokuti iyi nzira inotora 1-2 maminetsi (kupfeka vheti yekutungamirira, mukoti anogadzira kurekodha, kudzvanya uye x-ray yatove inoratidzwa nedhijitari pahwindo).
Sezvineiwo, izvi hazvishande kuvana. Zvose "kuputsika" kwevana zvinowanzogadziriswa kunze kwekutendeuka, uye inishuwarenzi pachayo inodhura kakawanda kupfuura yevakuru.
Muenzaniso chaiwoMwana mudiki akatyoka mhino ndokupinzwa muchipatara. Pakazara, kurapwa (kusanganisira mishonga) kunodhura 14 francs, iyo inenge yakavharwa zvachose neinishuwarenzi, nepo vabereki vakabhadhara 000 francs kubva muhomwe dzavo. Inodhura here kana kuti kwete? Nyora mumashoko!
Chipunu cheuchi. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti inishuwarenzi iyi inofanirwa kuunza purofiti kune varidzi vayo, nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti muSwitzerland inoita basa rayo nemazvo. Semuenzaniso, manheru chaiwo eGore Idzva, njodzi yakaitika - ndakanamatira munwe wangu pagirazi rakaputsika. Takanga tichienda kunopemberera Gore Idzva kuFrance, saka takanga tichisona muAnnecy. Takamirira ~ maawa 4, 2 maawa kuwadhi uye maawa maviri pa "tafura yekushanda". Cheki yakatumirwa kukambani yeinishuwarenzi ine tsananguro pfupi yemamiriro ezvinhu (EPFL ine fomu yakakosha). Pakare, 2 izuva rekushanda Β½, iro purofesa anotipa sezuva rekuzorora, i.e. Inishuwarenzi yenjodzi inovhara zvizere.
Collage kubva kushamwari. Ngwarira, wakaoma - ndakuyambira
Pension system
Ini handisi kuzotya izwi iri uye ndichadaidza iyo Swiss pension inishuwarenzi system imwe yeanonyanya kufunga uye akanaka munyika. Iyi imhando yeinishuwarenzi yenyika yose. Inobva pa , kana mbiru.
Mbiru yekutanga - rudzi rweanalogue yemagariro. penjeni muRussian Federation, iyo inosanganisira penjeni yekuremara, penjeni yemupukunyuki, zvichingodaro. Mipiro kurudzi urwu rwepenjeni inobhadharwa nemunhu wose ane mari inopfuura 500 francs pamwedzi. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kune asiri kushanda mukadzi ane vana vadiki, makore embiru yekutanga anotariswa, zvakafanana kune anoshanda.
Mbiru yechipiri - chikamu chinotsigirwa nevashandi chepenjeni. Yakabhadharwa motier-motier (50/50) nemushandi uye mushandirwi kumihoro inotangira pa20 kusvika ku000 francs pagore. Yemihoro inopfuura 85 francs ( iyi 85 francs 320 centimes) mari yeinishuwarenzi haibhadharwe otomatiki uye mutoro unochinjirwa kumushandi pachake (semuenzaniso, anogona kupa mari kumbiru yechitatu).
Mbiru yechitatu - basa rekuzvidira kuunganidza mari yepenjeni. Anosvika mazana mashanu emafranc pamwedzi anogona kubviswa pamutero nekuisa muakaundi yakakosha.
Zvinotaridzika seizvi:
Mbiru nhatu dzeSwiss pension system.
Nhau dzakanaka kune vatorwa: kana uchisiya nyika kuti ugare zvachose kune imwe nyika isina kusaina chibvumirano neConfederation pamusoro pehurongwa hwemudyandigere, unogona kutora mbiru yechipiri neyechitatu zvakazara, uye yekutanga zvishoma. Uyu mukana mukuru kune vashandi vekunze zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika.
Nekudaro, izvi hazvishande pakusimuka kuenda kunyika dzeEU kana nyika dzakasaina chibvumirano nemubatanidzwa pahurongwa hwepenjeni. Naizvozvo, kana uchibva kuSwitzerland, zvine musoro kutamira kumusha kwako kwemwedzi mishoma.
Zvakare, mbiru yechipiri neyechitatu inogona kushandiswa kana uchitanga bhizinesi, kutenga real estate uye sekubhadhara kwechikwereti. A zvikuru nyore michina.
Sekune imwe nzvimbo pasirese, zera rekurega basa muSwitzerland rakaiswa pa62/65, kunyange hazvo pamudyandigere zvichibvira kubva pamakumi matanhatu kusvika makumi matanhatu neshanu nekudzikiswa kwakafanana kwemabhenefiti. Zvisinei, pari zvino pave kutaura nezvekubvumidza mushandi kuti asarudze nguva yekuenda pamudyandigere pakati pemakore 60 ne65. Semuenzaniso, Gratzel achiri kushanda kuEPFL, kunyangwe aine makore makumi manomwe nemashanu.
Kupfupisa: mushandi anobhadhara chii mumitero?
Pazasi ini ndinopa mihoro mitsara inoratidza izvo chaizvo uye kusvika papi zvakanyimwa kubva kune anoshanda mushandi, semuenzaniso, mumasangano ehurumende (EPFL):
Nhoroondo: AVS - Assurance-vieillesse et vapukunyuki (inishuwarenzi yezera rekare) aka mbiru yekutanga), AC - inishuwarenzi yekusashanda, CP - caisse de pension (homwe yepenjeni aka mbiru yechipiri), ANP/SUVA - vimbiso yetsaona (inishuwarenzi yetsaona), AF - migove yemhuri (mutero unobva wabhadharwa mhuri).
Pakazara, mutero wemutero unosvika 20-25%. Inochinja zvishoma kubva pamwedzi kuenda kumwedzi (kunyanya muEPFL). Imwe shamwari yekuArgentina yakaedza kutsvaga (muArgentina ane midzi yechiJudha π) uye kuverenga kuti izvi zvinoitika sei, asi hazvizivikanwe kune chero munhu kunze kweavo vanoshanda muEPFL accounting system. Nekudaro, zvirinani mutero wemutero wepagore uye kuongororwa kweyero inofambira mberi inogona kuwanikwa muchikamu chechipiri .
Uyezve, usakanganwa kuwedzera inishuwarenzi yesarudzo yako, asi kubhadhara kunosungirwa kuchawedzera imwe 500-600 francs. Ndiko kuti, "yakazara" mutero, kusanganisira yese inosungirwa inishuwarenzi uye kubhadhara, yakatopfuura 30%, uye dzimwe nguva inosvika makumi mana muzana, semuenzaniso, kune vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza. Kurarama pamuhoro wepostdoc, hongu, kwakawanda mahara, kunyangwe muhuwandu hwemashoko postdoc inobhadhara zvakanyanya.
Chimiro chemari yemudzidzi wePhD uye Post-Doc kuEPFL
Dzimba: rendi uye mortgage
Ini ndinoiisa mune imwe nyaya yakaparadzana, sezvo chinhu chikuru chinodhura muSwitzerland kuroja imba. Nehurombo, kushomeka kwemusika wedzimba kwakakura, imba pachayo haina kudhura, saka mari yaunofanirwa kubhadhara rendi dzimwe nguva inongori yenyeredzi. Nekudaro, mutengo pa square mita unowedzera zvisingaite nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yedzimba.
Semuenzaniso, situdiyo ye30-35 m2 iri pakati peLausanne inogona kuita 1100 kana 1300 francs, asi avhareji kukosha ingangoita 1000 francs. Ndakatoona studio mugaraji, asi rakagadzirwa, mukati (kwete nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa, ngatitarisei) ye1100 francs. NeZurich kana Geneva zvakatonyanya kuipa, saka vanhu vashoma vanogona kutenga imba kana studio pakati.
Iyi yakanga iri imba yangu yokutanga yokufuratira pandakatanga kutamira kuSwitzerland
Izvi ndizvo zvinoita studio nyowani muLausanne
Imba ine kamuri imwe (1.0 kana 1.5 makamuri ndipo apo kicheni inoparadzaniswa zviri pamutemo kubva munzvimbo yekugara, uye 0.5 inoonekwa seyainzi imba yekutandarira kana yekutandarira) yenzvimbo yakafanana inodhura ingangoita 1100-1200, maviri-. kamuri yekamuri (2.0 kana 2.5 makamuri mu40-50 m2) - 1400-1600, makamuri matatu uye pamusoro - paavhareji 2000-2500.
Nomuzvarirwo, zvinhu zvese zvinoenderana nenzvimbo, zvivakwa, kuswededza kwekutakura, kana paine muchina wekuwachisa (kazhinji pane muchina mumwe wemusuwo wese, uye dzimwe dzimba dzekare hadzina kana izvi!) . Kune imwe nzvimbo kunze, imba inogona kudhura 200-300 francs, asi kwete kakawanda yakachipa.
Izvi ndizvo zvinoita imba yekurara miviri muMontreux
Ndosaka dzimba dze βcommunalβ, sezvatingazvidaidza, dzinowanzo zivikanwa muSwitzerland, apo munhu mumwe kana vaviri vakarenda 4-5 kamuri furati kune yakajairika 3000 francs, uyezve 1-2 vavakidzani vanopinda muimba ino, pamwe chete. kamuri imwe - imba imwe chete Zvose zvakachengetwa: 200-300 francs pamwedzi. Uye kazhinji, dzimba huru dzine muchina wavo wokuwachisa.
Zvakanaka, kuzvitsvakira imba yako irotari. Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvemihoro, mvumo (mvumo yekugara munyika) uye kutsvaga (kusavapo kwechikwereti chero chipi zvacho), unofanirwawo kusarudzwa nemuridzi wemba (kazhinji kambani), iyo ine mutsara wese wevanorwara, kusanganisira Swiss. . Ndinoziva vanhu avo, sepakutsvaga basa, vanonyora tsamba dzekukurudzira varidzi vemba. Kazhinji, sarudzo yekushandisa imba yemunharaunda kuburikidza neshamwari uye vanozivana inoshanduka kuve isina kushata.
Muchidimbu nezvekutenga imba. Zvakangojairika kuti haungatomborota zvekutenga imba yako muSwitzerland kudzamara wava purofesa akazara, nekuti zvivakwa zvinogona kudhura mari yenyeredzi. Uye, maererano, zvachose mvumo C. Kunyange inogadzirisa: "L - chete kutengwa kweimba huru, iyo yauchanyatsogara (iwe haugone kunyoresa uye wobva wabuda kunze - vanoongorora). B - imwe huru unit uye imwe "dacha" unit (chalet mumakomo, nezvimwewo). Ne kana chizvarwa - kutenga pasina zvirambidzo. Mari yemba paB permit inopihwa pasina matambudziko kana uine basa rakanaka rekugara."
Somuenzaniso, imba iri pamhenderekedzo mumusha wakapfuma ichaita 1.5-2-3 mamiriyoni francs. Mukurumbira uye kushamisira zvakakosha kupfuura mari! Nekudaro, imba mune mumwe musha padyo neMontreux yakatarisana nedhamu uye 100 metres kubva pairi i300 - 000 (studio inogona kuwanikwa inosvika mazana matatu ezviuru). Uye zvakare tinodzokera kune , kwandakataura kuti misha yeSwitzerland iri mune imwe nzvimbo inodiwa, apo kune imwe chete 300-400-500k francs iwe unogona kuwana imba yose ine chirongwa chakabatana.
Panguva imwecheteyo, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, unogona kushandisa mari yepenjeni kutenga real estate, uye "inofadza" bhonasi kune iyi ndiyo mari yekubhadhara chikwereti, iyo inogona kuva 500, 1000, kana 1500 francs pamwedzi, i.e. kufananidzwa nerendi. Izvo zvinobatsira kuti mabhangi ave - mune yese pfungwa yeshoko - muridzi wemba, sezvo pfuma muSwitzerland iri kungokura mumutengo.
Kugadzirisa furati uchishandisa mitemo yeRussia (kuhaya vashandi kungave kubva paInternet kana kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekuvaka yakavakidzana) hazvikwanisike, sezvo vanhu vakanyatsodzidziswa chete ndivo vanogona kuwana magetsi, mhepo yekufema, uye kupisa. Zvingangodaro, izvi zvose zvichava vanhu vakasiyana, uye mubhadharo weawa kune mumwe nomumwe wavo ndeye 100-150 francs paawa. Uyezve, zvinodikanwa kuwana mvumo uye mvumo kubva kune vanotonga uye zviremera zvinodzora, semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa imba yekugezera kana kutsiva mabhatiri. Kazhinji, iwe unogona kubhadhara imwe hafu yemutengo weimba chete nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwayo.
Kuti ive neruvara zvishoma uye zvakajeka kuti inzvimbo yepi yavanogara, ndakagadzira vhidhiyo pfupi ine nyaya yekwavaigara.
Chikamu chekutanga nezveLausanne:
Chikamu chechipiri nezve Montreux:
Zvakanaka, kutaura chokwadi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti vadzidzi vanowanzopihwa dzimba dzekugara payunivhesiti. Mutengo wekurenda uri pakati nepakati; kune studio unogona kubhadhara 700-800 francs pamwedzi.
Oo hongu, uye pakupedzisira, usakanganwa kuwedzera 50-100 francs pamwedzi nokuda kwezvikwereti zvekushandisa kune mari yekurenda pachayo, iyo inosanganisira magetsi (anenge 50-70 per quarter) uye kupisa nemvura inopisa (zvimwe zvose). Kunyangwe kudziyisa nemvura inopisa, kazhinji, magetsi mamwe chete kana dzimwe nguva gasi, ayo anoshandiswa mumaboiler akaiswa mudzimba dzese.
Mhuri uye kindergartens
Zvekare, mhuri haisi chinhu chakachipa muSwitzerland, kunyanya kana paine vana. Kana zvose zviri zviviri zvichishanda, mutero unotorwa kubva pamari yose yemhuri, i.e. kumusoro, hupenyu mufurati ine makamuri maviri inoshanduka kuve yakachipa, unogona kuchengetedza zvishoma pane chikafu uye varaidzo, asi zvakazara inoshanduka kuita bash ye bash.
Zvose zvinoshanduka zvikuru kana vana vachionekwa mumhuri, sezvo kindergarten muSwitzerland inofadza zvikuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuti upinde mairi (tiri kutaura pamusoro pezvizhinji kana zvisingasviki zvehurumende kindergartens), unoda kunyora munenge mumavhiki ekutanga ekuzvitakura. Uye tichifunga nezvekuti zororo rekusununguka pano rinotora mwedzi mitanhatu : kazhinji mwedzi (masvondo mana) pamberi uye mwedzi 4 mushure mekusununguka, ipapo kindergarten inova chinhu chinokosha kana vabereki vose vachida kuenderera mberi nemabasa avo.
Kuti zvive zvakanaka, zvakakosha kuziva kuti anenge makambani ose anopa zvikomborero, mari yenguva imwe chete, basa renguva pfupi (80% yemaawa 42 pavhiki, somuenzaniso) uye zvimwe zvakanaka kutsigira vabereki vatsva. Kunyange rubatsiro rweSNSF runopa iyo inonzi mhuri yemvumo uye mari yevana, kureva, mubhadharo wekuwedzera wekuchengetedza mhuri nevana, pamwe chete nepurogiramu ye120%, apo maawa makumi mana nemazana emubereki anoshanda anoonekwa se42% yenguva yekushanda. Zviri nyore kushandisa rimwe zuva pavhiki nemwana wako.
Zvisinei, kireshi yakachipa, sekuziva kwangu, inodhura vabereki 1500-1800 francs pamwedzi pamwana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvichida, vana vachadya, kurara uye kutamba muimba imwe chete, vachichinja nharaunda, sokunge zvakadaro. Uye hongu, kindergarten muSwitzerland inowanzovhurwa kusvika mazuva mana, i.e. mumwe wevabereki achatofanira kushanda nguva isina kuzara.
Kazhinji, kuputsa-kunyange chikumbaridzo chiri ~ 2-2.5 vana, i.e. kana pane vana vatatu kana kupfuura mumhuri, saka zviri nyore kuti mumwe mubereki agare pamba pane kushanda uye kubhadhara kindergarten uye / kana nanny. Bhonasi yakanaka yevabereki: mari yekireshi inoderedzwa kubva kumitero, iyo inopa mupiro wakakosha kune bhajeti. Uyezve, hurumende inobhadhara 3-200 francs pamwedzi kumwana mumwe nomumwe (zvichienderana nekanton), kubva pamakore matatu kusvika ku300. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune vekunze vanosvika nevana.
Uye kunyangwe Switzerland ine zvakawanda zvakanaka zvemhuri dzine vana, senge mabhenefiti, zororo remutero, zvikoro zvemahara zvedzidzo, rubatsiro (rweinishuwarenzi yehutano kana mabhegi emarara kubva kunharaunda), iyo yekupedzisira. anotaura pachake.
Kupfupikisa zvine hungwaru
Zvinoita sekunge takagadzirisa chiyero chemari uye mari, ikozvino yave nguva yemamwe manhamba zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yeanoda kusvika 6 makore ekugara muSwitzerland.
Panguva yekupedza chikoro, ini ndakanga ndisina chinangwa chekurarama nekusagadzikana sezvinobvira kuitira kuchengetedza mafuta angu emari pane imwe nzvimbo yakadzika yemabhangi eSwitzerland. Zvisinei, ndinofunga kuti zvokudya zvinogona kuderedzwa nechetatu kana chechina.
Chimiro chemutengo wevadzidzi vakapedza dhigirii paEPFL
Post-doc mutengo wechimiro paEPFL
Pakutanga kwa2017, mushure mekudzivirira dissertation yangu, ndakamanikidzwa kuenda kune chimwe chikumbiro chekuverenga mari, uye saka zvikamu zvakachinja, asi pamagirafu ane mavara akafanana. Semuyenzaniso, mapoka epekugara, mari yemumba uye zvekutaurirana zvakabatanidzwa kuita "Mabhiri" (kana maakaundi).
Nezve mobile Internet uye trafficChikamu cheBhiri chaisanganisirawo mabhiri eInternet nharembozha, iyo pane imwe nguva yakatanga kubhururuka mumugwagwa chete (tariff ine prepaid traffic). Ndinowanzo shandisa iyi Internet kubasa ndichifamba muzvitima zvakabatikana zvikuru muSwitzerland. Pane imwe nguva nenguva: nhamba dzemapaketi emigwagwa pahwendefa: 01 - 1x, 02 - 2.5x, 03-3x, 04 - 2x, 05 -2x, apo x = 14.95 CHF pa1 Gb yemotokari. Ndakaona izvi pane imwe nzvimbo munaKurume-Kubvumbi uye ndikadzora zvishoma kudya kwangu.
Kudzokera kumushonga uye inishuwarenzi, unogona kuona zvakajeka kuti kana mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza akashandisa anenge 4-5% yemari yake painishuwarenzi yehutano, saka postdoc inotoshandisa 6%, nepo muhoro wake wakakwira.
Pamusoro pezvo, nekuwedzera kwemuhoro (mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza -> postdoc), muyero wechikamu chezvikamu zviviri zvekutanga zvemubhadharo wakaramba wakafanana - ~ 36% uye 20%, zvichiteerana. Chokwadi, kunyangwe ukawana marii, ucharamba uchiishandisa yese!
Zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji zvakanyanya chiratidzo chemitengo yematekisi nendege, nekuti kwemakore mana EPFL yakabhadhara kunyoreswa muSwitzerland yese, iyo yakanyora nezvayo mukati. .
Zvimwe zvinonakidza chokwadi:
- Ndakatenga komputa yangu huru, pamwe nelaptop, kumashure muna 2013, zvisinei, mari yekutenga michina pamakore maviri epostdoc yangu yakawedzera muhuwandu hwematemu, uye nekudaro mumashoko chaiwo. Zvingangove, kwaive kutengwa kwe2K yekutarisa uye vhidhiyo kadhi yaive nemhedzisiro yakadaro, uye kana pakutanga waigona kuunganidza yakajairika komputa ye ~ 4 francs uye izvi zvaionekwa sekudhura, nhasi yepamusoro-yekupedzisira hardware inogona kudhura 1000, 2000, kana kunyange zviuru zvishanu. Uye, hongu, Aliexpress inoita basa rayo: zvakawanda zviduku zvinotenga - uye voila, chikwama chako hachina chinhu!
- mari pakutenga yakawedzera zvinooneka (aka zvipfeko). Mukuona kwangu, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwehutano hwezvinhu, sekutengesa kwezvinhu (zvikamu, mavhoriyamu, nezvimwewo). Kana pakutanga iwe waigona kutenga bhutsu nekupfeka 2-3, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange 4 makore, ikozvino zvese zvave kungoraswa (muenzaniso wekupedzisira mabhutsu kubva kune inozivikanwa kambani yeGerman iyo "yakapunzika" muzvikamu zviviri.sic!) mwedzi).
- Zvipo zvakaderera nepakati, i.e. kutaura zvazviri, mari inoshandiswa mumashoko chaiwo yakaramba iri padanho rimwe chete - nhamba yeshamwari/zviitiko zvakapindwa zvinenge zvisingachinji.
Ndizvozvo zvese vanhu! Ndinovimba kuti zvinyorwa zvangu zvichapindura chikamu cheshumba chemibvunzo pamusoro pekufamba uye kugara muSwitzerland. Ini ndicharatidza uye kutaura nezve zvimwe zvinhu uye nguva pa .
KDPV yakatorwa
PS: Sezvo ichi chiri chinyorwa chekupedzisira cheiyi nhevedzano, ndinoda kusiya pano zvinhu zviviri pamusoro peSwitzerland izvo zvisina kubatanidzwa mune zvakapfuura zvinyorwa:
- MuSwitzerland, unogona kuwana nyore mari kusvika 1968, apo shanduko yemari yakaitika, uye yekare, ichiri sirivha mafranc yakatsiviwa nemari yakajairika nickel.
- Mafeni ekudyara kweapocalyptic vanotenga goridhe renyama vanosarudza yakakosha goridhe mari yeSwitzerland - ivo vanobatana nekuvimbika.
PPS: Nekuverenga zvinyorwa, mhinduro dzakakosha uye nhaurirano, ndinotenda zvikuru uye ndinotenda kushamwari dzangu uye vandinoshanda navo Anna, Albert (), Anton (), Stas, Roma, Yulia, Grisha.
Maminiti ekushambadzira. Nezvemafashoni ezvino fashoni, ndinoda kutaura kuti Moscow State University iri kuvhura kembasi yechigarire gore rino (uye yave iri kudzidzisa kwemakore maviri!) Yeyunivhesiti yakabatana neBeijing Polytechnic University muShenzhen. Pane mukana wekudzidza chiChinese, pamwe nekugamuchira 2 madhipuroma kamwechete (IT nyanzvi kubva kuMoscow State University Computer Science Complex iripo). Iwe unogona kuziva zvakawanda nezveyunivhesiti, mafambiro uye mikana yevadzidzi .
Usakanganwa kunyoresa kune : Hazvina kuoma kwauri - ndinofara!
Uye hongu, ndapota nyorera kwandiri nezve chero kukanganisa kwakaonekwa murugwaro.
Source: www.habr.com