Cherechedza. transl.: Chinyorwa ichi, icho chakazonyanya kurova paMedium, chitarisiko chekiyi (2010-2019) shanduko munyika yemitauro yehurongwa uye yakabatana tekinoroji ecosystem (iine yakanyanya kutariswa paDocker neKubernetes). Munyori waro wepakutanga ndiCindy Sridharan, anoita zvekuvandudza maturusi uye masisitimu akagoverwa - kunyanya, akanyora bhuku rinonzi "Distributed Systems Observability" - uye rinonyanya kufarirwa munzvimbo yeInternet pakati penyanzvi dzeIT, kunyanya kufarira musoro wegore.
Sezvo gore ra2019 rasvika kumagumo, ndaida kugovera pfungwa dzangu pane dzimwe dzakanyanya kukosha tekinoroji uye hunyanzvi hwemakore gumi apfuura. Mukuwedzera, ini ndichaedza kutarisa zvishoma mune ramangwana uye kurondedzera matambudziko makuru nemikana yemakore gumi ari kuuya.
Ndinoda kujekesa kuti munyaya ino handivharidzi kuchinja munzvimbo dzakadai se data science (data science), hungwaru hwekugadzira, engineering yepamberi, nezvimwe, sezvo ini pachangu ndisina ruzivo rwakakwana mazviri.
Typification Inorova Back
Imwe yemaitiro akanaka kwazvo ema2010 yaive kumutsiridzwa kwemitauro yakadhindwa. Nekudaro, mitauro yakadai haina kumbobvira yanyangarika (C ++ neJava zviri kudiwa nhasi; ivo vakatonga makore gumi apfuura), asi mitauro yakanyorwa zvine simba (dynamics) yakawana kuwedzera kukuru mukuzivikanwa mushure mekubuda kweRuby on Rails movement muna 2005. . Uku kukura kwakakwira mu2009 neyakavhurika sosi yeNode.js, iyo yakaita Javascript-on-the-server chokwadi.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mitauro ine simba yakarasa kumwe kukwezva kwayo mumunda wekugadzira server software. Mutauro weGo, wakakurumbira panguva yeshanduko yemidziyo, wairatidzika kunge wakakodzera kugadzira yakakwirira-inoshanda, maseva-anoshanda anoshanda nemasevhisi akafanana musiki weNode.js pachake).
Rust, yakaunzwa muna 2010, yaisanganisira kufambira mberi mukati mukuedza kuve mutauro wakachengeteka uye wakanyorwa. Muhafu yekutanga yemakore gumi, kugamuchirwa kweindasitiri yeRust kwaive kwakadziya, asi mukurumbira wayo wakawedzera zvakanyanya muhafu yechipiri. Zvinozivikanwa zvekushandisa kesi dzeRust dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwayo , (takataura nezvazvo mukati - approx. transl.), yekutanga WebAssembly compiler kubva Kukurumidza (ikozvino chikamu chebytecodealliance), nezvimwewo. NeMicrosoft ichifunga nezve mukana wekunyorazve zvimwe zvikamu zveWindows OS muRust, zvine njodzi kutaura kuti mutauro uyu une ramangwana rakajeka muma2020s.
Kunyangwe mitauro ine simba yakawana zvinhu zvitsva senge (mhando dzesarudzo). Iwo akatanga kushandiswa muTypeScript, mutauro unokutendera kuti ugadzire kodhi yakanyorwa uye kuiunganidza muJavaScript. PHP, Ruby nePython vane yavo yekusarudza typing masisitimu (, ), izvo zvinobudirira kushandiswa mukati .
Kudzorera SQL kuNoSQL
NoSQL imwe tekinoroji yainyanya kufarirwa pakutanga kwemakore gumi kupfuura pakupera. Ndinofunga kuti pane zvikonzero zviviri zveizvi.
Chekutanga, iyo NoSQL modhi, nekushaikwa kwayo kwe schema, kutengeserana, uye isina kusimba vimbiso, yakazove yakaoma kuita kupfuura iyo SQL modhi. IN ine musoro unoti "Nei uchifanira kuda kusimba kwakasimba pese pazvinogoneka" (Nei uchifanira kusarudza kusimba kwakasimba, pese pazvinogoneka) Google inonyora kuti:
Chimwe chezvinhu zvatakadzidza kuGoogle ndechekuti kodhi yekushandisa iri nyore uye nguva yekuvandudza ipfupi kana mainjiniya achigona kuvimba nekuchengetedza kwagara kuripo kubata kutengeserana kwakaoma uye kuchengetedza data rakarongeka. Kutora zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveSpanner, "Tinotenda kuti zviri nani kuti vanogadzira zvirongwa vagadzirise matambudziko ekuita kwekushandisa nekuda kwekushungurudzwa kwekutengeserana sezvo mabhodhoro achimuka, pane kugara uchifunga kusavapo kwekutengeserana."
Chikonzero chechipiri chiri nekuda kwekusimuka kwe "scale-out" yakagoverwa SQL dhatabhesi (senge ΠΈ ) munzvimbo yeruzhinji gore, pamwe neOpen Source dzimwe nzira seCockroachDB (tiri kutaura nezvake zvakare - approx. transl.), iyo inogadzirisa akawanda ematambudziko ehunyanzvi ayo akakonzeresa echinyakare SQL dhatabhesi kuti "kwete kuyera." Kunyangwe MongoDB, yaimbova epitome yeNoSQL kufamba, ikozvino kutengeserana kwakagoverwa.
Pamamiriro ezvinhu anoda kuverenga kweatomu uye kunyora pamagwaro akawanda (pamwe chete kana kupfuura muunganidzwa), MongoDB inotsigira akawanda-magwaro ekutengeserana. Panyaya yekutengeserana kwakagoverwa, kutengeserana kunogona kushandiswa pamabasa akawanda, kuunganidza, dhatabhesi, zvinyorwa, uye shards.
Total streaming
Apache Kafka pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yezvakanyanya kukosha zvigadzirwa zvemakore gumi apfuura. Yayo kodhi kodhi yakavhurwa muna Ndira 2011, uye nekufamba kwemakore, Kafka yakashandura nzira iyo mabhizinesi anoshanda nedata. Kafka yakashandiswa mukambani yese yandakashandira, kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kumakambani makuru. Zvivimbiso uye makesi ekushandisa aanopa (pub-sub, hova, zvivakwa zvinofambiswa nezviitiko) anoshandiswa mumabasa akasiyana siyana, kubva kuchengetedzo yedata kusvika pakutarisisa nekutepfenyura analytics, mukudiwa munzvimbo zhinji dzakadai semari, hutano hwehutano, nharaunda yeruzhinji, retail uye etc.
Kuenderera mberi Kubatanidzwa (uye kune zvishoma Kuenderera mberi Kuendeswa)
Continuous Integration haina kuonekwa mumakore gumi apfuura, asi mumakore gumi apfuura yapararira kusvikira kutambanuko yakadaro, iyo yakava chikamu cheiyo standard workflow (mhanya bvunzo pane zvese zvikumbiro zvekudhonza). Kumisikidza GitHub sepuratifomu yekugadzira nekuchengetedza kodhi uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kugadzira kufambiswa kwebasa kunoenderana. zvinoreva kuti kumhanya bvunzo usati wabvuma chikumbiro chekudhonza kuna tenzi ndiko ivo chete kufambiswa kwebasa mukusimudzira, kujaira kune mainjiniya vakatanga mabasa avo mumakore gumi apfuura.
Kuenderera mberi Deployment (kutumira imwe neimwe kuita uye painorova tenzi) haina kupararira sekuenderera mberi kwekubatanidzwa. Nekudaro, nehuwandu hweakasiyana makore APIs ekuendesa, kukura kuri kuita mukurumbira kwemapuratifomu seKubernetes (iyo inopa yakamisikidzwa API yekutumirwa), uye kubuda kweakawanda-chikuva, akawanda-makore maturusi seSpinnaker (akavakirwa pamusoro peaya akamisikidzwa. APIs), nzira dzekuendesa dzawedzera otomatiki, dzakagadziridzwa, uye, kazhinji, dzakachengeteka.
Containers
Containers ingangove ndiyo yakanyanya hyped, yakakurukurwa, yakashambadzirwa uye isinganzwisisike tekinoroji ye2010s. Nekune rumwe rutivi, ndechimwe chezvakanyanya kukosha zvitsva zvemakore gumi apfuura. Chikamu chechikonzero cheiyi cacophony chiri mumasaini akasanganiswa ataigamuchira kubva kunenge kwese kwese. Ikozvino kuti hype yadzikira zvishoma, zvimwe zvinhu zvapinda mukutarisa kwakanyanya.
Containers yave yakakurumbira kwete nekuti ndiyo yakanakisa nzira yekumhanyisa application inogutsa zvinodiwa nenharaunda yepasi rose yekuvandudza. MaContainer akave akakurumbira nekuti akabudirira kupinda muchikumbiro chekushambadzira chechimwe chishandiso chinogadzirisa dambudziko rakasiyana zvachose. Docker zvakazoitika fantastic chishandiso chekusimudzira chinogadzirisa kudzvanya kuenderana nyaya ("inoshanda pamushini wangu").
Zvikurukuru, chimurenga chakaitwa Docker mufananidzo, nekuti yakagadzirisa dambudziko rekuenzana pakati penzvimbo uye yakapa kutakurika kwechokwadi kwete kwefaira rekushandisa chete, asiwo yesoftware yayo yese uye zvinoenderana nekushanda. Icho chokwadi chekuti chishandiso ichi chakakurudzira mukurumbira we "midziyo," inova yakaderera-danho rekuita ruzivo, inoramba iri kwandiri zvimwe chakavanzika chikuru chemakore gumi apfuura.
serverless
Ini ndinobheja kuti kuuya kwe "serverless" komputa kwakatonyanya kukosha kupfuura midziyo nekuti inonyatsoita kuti kurota kwe-inoda komputa kuve chokwadi. (pakuda). Kwemakore mashanu apfuura, ndakaona iyo serverless nzira ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma muchikamu nekuwedzera rutsigiro rwemitauro mitsva uye nguva dzekumhanya. Kubuda kwezvigadzirwa zvakaita seAzure Durable Functions zvinoita sekunge iri nhanho chaiyo yekumisikidzwa kwemabasa ane hunyanzvi (panguva imwe chete sarudzo. zvine chekuita neFaaS zvisingakwanisi). Ini ndichatarisa nekufarira kuti iyi paradigm itsva inokura sei mumakore anotevera.
Kuzvishandura
Zvichida mubatsiri mukuru weiyi maitiro ndeye mashandiro einjiniya nharaunda, sezvo yagonesa pfungwa senge zvivakwa sekodhi (IaC) kuita chokwadi. Pamusoro pezvo, kuda kweautomation kwakabatana nekusimuka kwe "SRE tsika," iyo ine chinangwa chekutora imwe software-centric maitiro ekushanda.
Universal API-fication
Chimwe chinonakidza chemakore gumi apfuura chave chiri API-fication yeakasiyana mabasa ebudiriro. Akanaka, anochinjika APIs anobvumira mugadziri kugadzira hunyanzvi hwekufambiswa kwebasa uye maturusi, ayo anozobatsira nekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa ruzivo rwemushandisi.
Mukuwedzera, API-fication ndiyo nhanho yekutanga yakananga kuSaaS-fication yeimwe mashandiro kana chishandiso. Iyi maitiro zvakare yakabatana nekukwira kwekuzivikanwa kwemamicroservices: SaaS yangova imwe sevhisi inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza neAPI. Ikozvino kune akawanda maSaaS uye FOSS maturusi anowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaita sekutarisa, kubhadhara, kuyera mitoro, kuenderera kusanganisa, ziviso, chimiro chekuchinja. (feature flagging), CDN, traffic engineering (e.g. DNS), nezvimwewo, izvo zvakabudirira mumakore gumi apfuura.
Kucherechedzwa
Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nhasi tine mukana zvakanyanya kufambira mberi zvishandiso zvekutarisa uye kuongorora maitiro ekushandisa kupfuura nakare kose. Iyo Prometheus yekutarisa system, iyo yakagamuchira Open Source chimiro muna 2015, inogona kudanwa zvakanakisa monitoring system kubva kune vandakashanda navo. Izvo hazvina kukwana, asi huwandu hwakakosha hwezvinhu hunoitwa nenzira chaiyo (semuenzaniso, tsigiro yezviyero. [dimensionality] kana iri metrics).
Distributed tracing yaive imwe tekinoroji yakapinda mainstream muma2010s, nekuda kwezvirongwa zvakaita seOpenTracing (uye mutsivi wayo OpenTelemetry). Kunyangwe kutsvaga kuchiri kunetsa kushandisa, zvimwe zvezvichangobva kuitika zvinopa tariro yekuti tichavhura kugona kwayo kwechokwadi muma2020s. (Cherechedza: Verenga zvakare mublog redu kududzirwa kwechinyorwa ""nemunyori mumwe chete.)
Tichitarisa kune ramangwana
Nehurombo, kune akawanda marwadzo mapoinzi akamirira kugadziriswa mumakore gumi ari kuuya. Heano mafungiro angu pamusoro pavo uye mamwe mazano angangove ekuti ungaabvisa sei.
Kugadzirisa Dambudziko reMutemo weMoore
Kupera kwemutemo weDennard wekuyera uye kusarira kuseri kwemutemo waMoore kunoda hutsva hutsva. John Hennessy mukati inotsanangura chikonzero nei vakapindwa muropa nechinetso (domain chaiyo) zvivakwa zvakaita seTPU inogona kunge iri imwe yemhinduro kudambudziko rekusara kumashure kweMutemo waMoore. Toolkits like kubva kuGoogle yatoita seyakanaka nhanho yekumberi munzira iyi:
MaCompilers anofanirwa kutsigira maapplication matsva, kutakurwa nyore nyore kune nyowani Hardware, kubatanidza akati wandei akaturikidzana kubva kune ane simba, anogadziriswa mitauro kusvika kune vector accelerators uye software-inodzorwa kuchengetedza zvishandiso, uku ichipa yakakwirira-level switch ye auto-tuning, ichipa chete- mukushanda-nguva, diagnostics, uye kugovera debugging ruzivo pamusoro pekushanda uye kushanda kwemasisitimu mukati mestack, nepo kazhinji ichipa mashandiro ari padhuze nemaoko-akanyorwa assembler. Isu tinoda kugovera chiono chedu, kufambira mberi, uye zvirongwa zvekusimudzira uye kuwanikwa kweveruzhinji kwezvivakwa zvekuunganidza zvakadaro.
CI / CD
Nepo kusimuka kweCI kwave kumwe kwemaitiro makuru e2010s, Jenkins ichiri chiyero chegoridhe cheCI.
Iyi nzvimbo inoda zvakanyanya kuvandudzwa munzvimbo dzinotevera:
- mushandisi interface (DSL ye encoding bvunzo yakatarwa);
- ruzivo rwekuita izvo zvinozoita kuti ive scalable uye nekukurumidza;
- kubatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana (staging, prod, nezvimwewo) kuita mamwe emhando yepamusoro mafomu ekuyedza;
- kuenderera mberi kwekuedza uye kutumira.
Developer Tools
Seindasitiri, takatanga kugadzira software iri kuwedzera kuoma uye inoshamisa. Nekudaro, kana zvasvika kune edu maturusi, mamiriro acho anogona kunge ari nani.
Kudyidzana uye kure (kuburikidza ne ssh) kugadzirisa kwakawana kumwe kukurumbira, asi hakuna kumbove nzira nyowani yekusimudzira. Kana iwe, seni, uchiramba pfungwa chaiyo yekuti zvinodiwa kubatanidza zvachose kuInternet kuti ungokwanisa kuita programming, wobva washanda ne ssh pamushini uri kure haugone kuenderana newe.
Mamiriro ebudiriro enzvimbo, kunyanya kune mainjiniya anoshanda pazvivakwa zvakakura zvebasa, zvichiri dambudziko. Mamwe mapurojekiti ari kuyedza kugadzirisa izvi, uye ndingafarire kuziva kuti iyo yakanyanya ergonomic UX ingaite sei kune yakapihwa kesi yekushandisa.
Zvingave zvakare zvinonakidza kuwedzera iyo pfungwa ye "inotakurika nharaunda" kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebudiriro senge bug kubereka (kana ) zvinoitika pasi pemamwe mamiriro kana marongero.
Ini ndodawo kuona humwe hutsva munzvimbo dzakaita semantic uye mamiriro-anoteerera kodhi yekutsvaga, maturusi ekubatanidza zviitiko zvekugadzira nezvikamu zvakati zvecodebase, nezvimwe.
Computing (ramangwana rePaaS)
Kutevera hype yakatenderedza midziyo uye isina server muma2010s, huwandu hwemhinduro munzvimbo yeruzhinji makore hwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore mashoma apfuura.
Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda inofadza. Chekutanga pane zvese, rondedzero yezvisarudzo zviripo mune yeruzhinji gore iri kuramba ichikura. Cloud sevhisi vanopa vane vashandi uye zviwanikwa zvekufambirana zviri nyore nezviri kuitika muOpen Source world uye kuburitsa zvigadzirwa se "serverless pods" (Ini ndinofungidzira nekungoita yavo yeFaaS runtimes OCI inoenderana) kana zvimwe zvakafanana zvinhu zvakasarudzika.
Munhu anogona chete kugodora avo vanoshandisa idzi cloud solutions. Mune dzidziso, Kubernetes gore rinopa (GKE, EKS, EKS paFargate, nezvimwewo) inopa gore rinopa-rakazvimiririra APIs ekufambisa mabasa. Kana iwe ukashandisa zvigadzirwa zvakafanana (ECS, Fargate, Google Cloud Run, zvichingodaro), unenge uchitoita zvakanyanya zvezvinonyanya kufadza zvinopihwa nemupi webasa. Pamusoro pezvo, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvitsva kana maparadigms ekombuta zvinobuda, kutama kunogona kuve kuri nyore uye kusanetsekana.
Tichifunga nezvekukasira kuri kuita huwandu hwemhinduro dzakadai (ndichashamisika zvikuru kana dzimwe sarudzo nyowani dzikasaonekwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera), zvikwata zvidiki zve "puratifomu" (zvikwata zvine chekuita nezvivakwa uye zvine basa rekugadzira pa-nzvimbo mapuratifomu kumhanya makambani anoremerwa nebasa) kuchave kwakaoma zvakanyanya kukwikwidza maererano nekushanda, nyore kushandisa uye kuvimbika kwese. I2010s yakaona Kubernetes sechigadziro chekuvaka PaaS (platform-as-a-service), saka zvinoratidzika sezvisina maturo zvachose kwandiri kuvaka chikuva chemukati pamusoro peKubernetes iyo inopa sarudzo imwechete, nyore uye rusununguko runowanikwa muruzhinji. cloud space. Kugadzira midziyo-yakavakirwa PaaS se "Kubernetes zano" zvakangofanana nekudzivisa nemaune kugona kwegore.
Kana ukatarisa zviripo nhasi kugona komputa, zvinova pachena kuti kugadzira yako PaaS yakavakirwa chete paKubernetes kwakafanana nekuzvipenda iwe mukona (kwete nzira yekumberi yekufunga, huh?). Kunyangwe kana mumwe munhu afunga kuvaka PaaS yemidziyo paKubernetes nhasi, mumakore mashoma inotaridzika seyechinyakare kana ichienzaniswa nekugona kwegore. Kunyangwe Kubernetes akatanga seyakavhurika sosi purojekiti, tateguru wayo uye kurudziro chishandiso chemukati cheGoogle. Nekudaro, iyo yakatanga kugadzirwa mukutanga / pakati pe2000s apo komputa mamiriro aive akasiyana zvachose.
Zvakare, mupfungwa yakafaranuka, makambani haafanire kuve nyanzvi pakumhanyisa Kubernetes cluster, uye haavake nekuchengetedza ega nzvimbo dzedata. Kupa yakavimbika computing hwaro idambudziko guru Cloud service providers.
Chekupedzisira, ndinonzwa sekunge tadzokera kumashure zvishoma seindasitiri maererano ruzivo rwekudyidzana () Heroku yakatangwa muna 2007 uye ichiri imwe yeakanyanya nyore kushandisa platforms. Hapana kuramba kuti Kubernetes ine simba rakawanda, rinowedzera, uye rinorongeka, asi ndinosuwa kuti zviri nyore sei kutanga uye kuendesa kuHeroku. Kuti ushandise iyi chikuva, iwe unongoda kuziva Git.
Zvese izvi zvinonditungamira kune inotevera mhedziso: isu tinoda zvirinani, zvepamusoro-nhanho yekubvisa kushanda (izvi ndezvechokwadi kune yepamusoro-soro abstractions).
Iyo API yakakodzera padanho repamusoro
Docker muenzaniso wakanaka wekudiwa kwekuparadzaniswa kuri nani kwekunetseka panguva imwe chete kuita kwakaringana kweyepamusoro nhanho API.
Dambudziko neDocker nderekuti (zvirinani) pakutanga chirongwa chaive nezvinangwa zvakawandisa: zvese nekuda kwekugadzirisa dambudziko rekuenderana ("inoshanda pamushini wangu") uchishandisa mudziyo tekinoroji. Docker yaive chimiro chemufananidzo, nguva yekumhanya ine yayo chaiyo network, chishandiso cheCLI, daemon rinomhanya semidzi, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Chero zvazvingava, kuchinjana kwemashoko kwaiva Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ kuvhiringa, tisingataure nezve "lightweight VMs", mapoka, nzvimbo dzezita, nyaya dzakawanda dzekuchengetedza uye maficha akasanganiswa nerunhare rwekushambadzira ku "kuvaka, kuburitsa, mhanyisa chero application chero kupi".
Sezvinei zvese zvakanaka zvinobvisa, zvinotora nguva (uye ruzivo uye kurwadziwa) kuputsa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana muzvikamu zvine musoro zvinogona kusanganiswa. Nehurombo, Docker asati asvika pakukura kwakafanana, Kubernetes akapinda mumakwikwi. Yakadzora iyo hype kutenderera zvekuti munhu wese akange ave kuyedza kuenderana neshanduko muKubernetes ecosystem, uye mudziyo ecosystem wakatora chinzvimbo chechipiri.
Kubernetes anogovera akawanda ematambudziko akafanana neDocker. Kune zvese zvekutaura nezve inotonhorera uye composable abstraction, kupatsanura mabasa akasiyana kuita zvidimbu isina kunyatsoputirwa. Pakati payo, iine orchestrator yemidziyo inomhanyisa midziyo pachikwata chemichina yakasiyana. Iri ibasa rakaderera-pamwero, rinoshanda chete kune mainjiniya anoshanda sumbu. Kune rimwe divi, Kubernetes zvakare kubviswa kwepamusoro-soro, chishandiso cheCLI icho vashandisi vanodyidzana nacho kuburikidza neYAML.
Docker aive (uye achiripo) kutonhora chishandiso chekuvandudza, kunyangwe paine zvikanganiso zvayo zvese. Mukuedza kuenderana ne "hares" dzese kamwechete, vagadziri vayo vakakwanisa kuita nemazvo abstraction pamwero wepamusoro. Nekubvisa padanho repamusoro ndinoreva a subset mashandiro ayo vateereri vakanangwa (mune iyi nyaya, vagadziri vakashandisa yakawanda yenguva yavo munzvimbo dzebudiriro yenzvimbo) vaifarira chaizvo uye zvakashanda zvakanaka kunze kwebhokisi..
Dockerfile uye CLI utility docker inofanira kuva muenzaniso wekuvaka yakanaka "yepamusoro-soro mushandisi ruzivo". Munhuwo zvake anovandudza anogona kutanga kushanda neDocker asingazive chero chinhu pamusoro pezvakaoma kushandiswa kunobatsira kune ruzivo rwekushandasenge nzvimbo dzemazita, mapoka, ndangariro uye CPU miganhu, nezvimwe. Pakupedzisira, kunyora Dockerfile hakuna kunyanya kusiyana nekunyora shell script.
Kubernetes inoitirwa mapoka akasiyana anotariswa:
- cluster administrator;
- software mainjiniya anoshanda pazvinhu zvezvivakwa, kuwedzera kugona kweKubernetes uye kugadzira mapuratifomu akavakirwa pairi;
- vashandisi vekupedzisira vanodyidzana neKubernetes kuburikidza
kubectl.
Kubernetes's "one API inokodzera zvese" nzira inopa isina kukwana yakavharirwa "gomo rekuomarara" pasina gwara rekuti rikwire sei. Zvose izvi zvinotungamirira kune imwe nzira yekudzidza kwenguva refu. Sei Adam Jacob, "Docker akaunza shanduko yemushandisi iyo isati yambopfuura. Bvunza chero munhu anoshandisa K8s kana achida kuti ishande seyekutanga docker run. Mhinduro ichave hongu":
Ndingapokana kuti tekinoroji yakawanda yezvivakwa nhasi yakanyanya kuderera (uye nekudaro inoonekwa se "yakaoma kwazvo"). Kubernetes inoitwa pamwero wakaderera. Distributed tracking mukati maro (zvakawanda zvakasonanidzwa pamwechete kuti zvigadzire traceview) inoitiswa zvakare yakaderera mwero. Zvishandiso zvekugadzira zvinoshandisa "yepamusoro nhanho yekubvisa" inowanzova yakabudirira zvakanyanya. Mhedziso iyi ine chokwadi munhamba inokatyamadza yezviitiko (kana tekinoroji yakanyanya kuomarara kana kunetsa kushandisa, saka "yepamusoro nhanho API/UI" yeiyo tekinoroji haisati yawanikwa).
Parizvino, iyo cloud native ecosystem iri kuvhiringa nekuda kweiyo yakaderera-chikamu chekutarisa. Seindasitiri, tinofanira kuvandudza, kuedza, uye kudzidzisa kuti nhanho chaiyo ye "yakanyanya, yepamusoro-soro" inoita sei.
Retail kutengeserana
Muma2010, ruzivo rwekutengesa kwedhijitari rwakaramba rusina kushanduka. Kune rimwe divi, kusununguka kwekutenga online kunofanirwa kunge kwarova zvitoro zvechinyakare, kune rimwe divi, kutenga online kwakaramba kusingashanduke mumakore gumi.
Kunyange ndisina pfungwa dzakananga dzekuti indasitiri iyi ichashanduka sei mumakore gumi anotevera, ndingaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru kana tikatenga muna 2030 sezvatinoita muna 2020.
Zvezvenhau
Ndiri kuramba ndichiodzwa mwoyo nemamiriro ezvenhau pasi rose. Zviri kuramba zvichioma kuwana zvinyorwa zvenhau zvisina tsarukano zvinoshuma zvine mufungo uye zvine hungwaru. Kazhinji kazhinji musiyano uripo pakati penhau pachawo nemafungiro pamusoro pawo hauna kujeka. Sezvo mutemo, ruzivo runoratidzwa nenzira yakarerekera. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mune dzimwe nyika umo kare kwave kusina kupatsanurwa pakati penhau nemafungiro. Muchinyorwa chazvino chakaburitswa mushure mesarudzo dzekupedzisira dzeUK, Alan Rusbridger, aimbova mupepeti weThe Guardian, :
Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti kwemakore akawanda ndakatarisa mapepanhau eAmerica uye ndakanzwira tsitsi kune vandaishanda navo ikoko, avo vaingova nebasa renhau, vachisiya mhinduro kune vanhu vakasiyana zvachose. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, tsitsi dzakachinja kuva shanje. Ini zvino ndinofunga kuti mapepanhau ese emunyika yeBritish anofanira kupatsanura mutoro wavo wenhau kubva kune yavo yekutsanangura. Nehurombo, zvakanyanya kuomera muverengi wepakati-kunyanya vaverengi vepamhepo-kuti vaone mutsauko.
Tichifunga nezveSilicon Valley ine mukurumbira unokahadzika kana zvasvika kune tsika, ini handifi ndakavimba tekinoroji "kuchinja" utori venhau. Izvo zviri kutaurwa, ini (uye dzakawanda dzeshamwari dzangu) ndingafara kana paine kusarura, kusafarira uye kuvimbika kwenhau sosi. Kunyange ndisingazive kuti chikuva chakadaro chingataridzika sei, ndine chivimbo chekuti munguva iyo chokwadi chiri kuramba chichioma kuona, kudiwa kwekutapa nhau kwechokwadi kwakakura kupfuura nakare kose.
Social network
Nhau dzezvemagariro evanhu uye mapuratifomu enhau dzenharaunda ndiwo musimboti weruzivo rwevanhu vazhinji pasirese, uye kushaikwa kwechokwadi uye kusada kwemamwe mapuratifomu kuita kunyange chechokwadi chekuongorora kwakonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa senge kuponda, kupindira kwesarudzo, nezvimwe. .
Zvemagariro ezvenhau ndiyo zvakare ine simba kwazvo media mudziyo yakambovapo. Vakachinja zvikuru maitiro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Vakachinja kushambadza. Vakachinja pop tsika (semuenzaniso, mupiro mukuru mukusimudzira iyo inonzi inodzima tsika [Tsika dzeOstracism - approx. transl.] masocial network anobatsira). Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti nhepfenyuro yemagariro yakaratidza kuva nzvimbo yakaorera yekuchinja nekukurumidza kwetsika, asi zvakare yakapa nhengo dzemapoka akashongedzwa mukana wekuronga nenzira dzavasati vamboita. Muchidimbu, nhepfenyuro yemagariro yakashandura nzira iyo vanhu vanotaurirana uye vanozviratidza nayo muzana remakore rechi21.
Nekudaro, iniwo ndinotenda kuti social media inoburitsa zvakaipisisa zvinofungwa nevanhu. Kurangarira nokufunga kazhinji kazhinji zvinoregeredzwa nokuda kwomukurumbira, uye kunova kunodokuva kusingabviri kuratidza kusabvumirana kune mufungo nemirangariro yakati nezvinzvimbo. Polarization inowanzobuda kunze kwekutonga, zvichikonzera kuti veruzhinji vasangonzwa pfungwa dzemunhu nepo absolutist vachidzora nyaya dzehutsika hwepamhepo uye kugamuchirwa.
Ndinoshamisika kana zvichikwanisika kugadzira "zviri nani" chikuva chinosimudzira nhaurirano dzemhando yepamusoro? Mushure mezvose, ndizvo zvinotyaira "kubatana" izvo zvinowanzounza purofiti huru kumapuratifomu aya. Sei Kara Swisher muNew York Times:
Zvinogoneka kugadzira kudyidzana kwedhijitari pasina kumutsa ruvengo uye kusashivirira. Chikonzero iyo nzvimbo zhinji dzesocial media dzinoita kunge dzine chepfu imhaka yekuti dzakagadzirirwa kumhanya, hutachiona, uye kutarisisa, pane zvirimo uye chokwadi.
Zvingave zvinosuruvarisa chaizvo kana, mumakumi mashoma emakore, iyo yega nhaka yesocial media yaive kukukurwa kwehunyoro uye kukodzera muhurukuro yeruzhinji.
PS kubva kumushanduri
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Source: www.habr.com