Imwe yezvisinganzwisisike uye zvisinganzwisisike zvizere "zviitiko" uropi hwemunhu. Mibvunzo mizhinji inotenderera panhengo iyi yakaoma: sei tichirota, manzwiro anoita sei kuita sarudzo, ayo masero etsinga ane basa rekuona kwechiedza uye ruzha, nei vamwe vanhu vachifarira sprats vamwe vachinamata maorivhi? Yese iyi mibvunzo ine chekuita nehuropi, nekuti ndiyo yepakati processor yemuviri wemunhu. Kwemakore, masayendisiti akateerera zvakanyanya kune huropi hwevanhu vakamira kunze kweboka revanhu (kubva kuvadzidzisi vakazvidzidzisa kusvika pakuverenga psychopaths). Asi pane chikamu chevanhu vane maitiro asina kujairika anoenderana nezera ravo - vechidiki. Vechidiki vazhinji vane pfungwa yakawedzera yekupokana, mweya weAdventurism uye chishuwo chisingadzivisiki chekuwana rwendo rwekunakira kwavo. Masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yePennsylvania vakasarudza kunyatsotarisisa huropi husinganzwisisike hwevechiri kuyaruka uye maitiro anoitika mavari. Tinodzidza nezve zvavakakwanisa kuwana kubva mushumo yavo. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Chero mudziyo mune tekinoroji uye chero nhengo iri mumuviri ine yavo yekuvakisa inovabvumira kushanda nemazvo. Iyo cerebral cortex yemunhu yakarongwa zvinoenderana neiyo inoshanda hierarchy, kubva kune unimodal. sensory cortex* uye kupera ne transmodal mubatanidzwa cortex*.
Sensory cortex* chikamu checerebral cortex chinotarisirwa kuunganidza nekugadzirisa ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa kubva kumanzwiro (maziso, rurimi, mhino, nzeve, ganda uye vestibular system).
The association cortex* chikamu cheparietal cortex yeuropi inobatanidzwa mukushandiswa kwemafambiro akarongwa. Kana tava kuda kuita chero kufamba, uropi hwedu hunofanira kuziva kuti muviri nenhengo dzawo dzichafamba dziri papi pasekondi iyoyo, uyewo kuti zvinhu zvemhoteredzo yekunze yatinoronga kusangana nazvo zviri papi. Semuenzaniso, iwe unoda kutora mukombe, uye uropi hwako hunotoziva kuti ruoko uye mukombe pachayo zviri kupi.
Uhwu hunoshanda hwehumambo hunotsanangurwa neanatomy yenzira zvinhu zvichena*, iyo inobatanidza synchronized neural chiitiko uye kuziva*.
White nyaya* - kana grey nyaya ine neuroni, ipapo chena nyaya ine myelin-yakafukidzwa axons, pamwe chete nemafungiro ayo anotapurirwa kubva muchitokisi kune mamwe masero uye nhengo.
Kuziva* (cognition) - seti yemaitiro ane chekuita nekutorwa kweruzivo rutsva pamusoro penyika yakatitenderedza.
Iko kushanduka kwecerebral cortex mumaprimates uye kukura kwehuropi hwemunhu kunoratidzwa nechinangwa-chinotungamirirwa nekuwedzera uye kugadziriswa kwe transmodal associative nzvimbo, iyo ndiyo nheyo yemaitiro ekumiririra kwekunzwa kwemashoko uye abstract mitemo yekuzadzisa zvinangwa.
Maitiro ekukura kwehuropi anotora nguva yakawanda, panguva iyo akawanda maitiro ekuvandudza uropi sehurongwa anoitika: miyelination*, synaptic pruning* uye zvakadaro.
Myelination* - oligodendrocytes (rudzi rwemasero anobatsira enheyo system) inoputira imwe kana imwe chikamu cheaxon, semugumisiro weiyo oligodendrocyte inotaurirana nemaneuroni akawanda panguva imwe chete. Iyo inonyanya kushanda iyo axon, iyo inowedzera myelinated iyo, sezvo izvi zvinowedzera kushanda kwayo.
Synaptic pruning* - kuderedza nhamba ye synapses / neurons kuwedzera kushanda kweiyo neuro-system, i.e. kubvisa zvisungo zvisingakoshi. Mune mamwe mazwi, uku ndiko kuitwa kweiyo musimboti "kwete nehuwandu, asi nemhando."
Munguva yekukura kwehuropi, hunyanzvi hwekuita hunoumbwa mu transmodal association cortex, iyo inokanganisa zvakananga kuvandudzwa kwepamusoro-soro mabasa ekutonga, senge. kushanda ndangariro*, kugona kuchinjika* и inhibitory control*.
Kushanda ndangariro* - hurongwa hwekuziva hwekuchengetedza kwenguva pfupi ruzivo. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro rwunoitwa panguva yekuenderera mberi kwekufunga uye inobatanidzwa mukuita sarudzo uye kugadzira maitiro emhinduro.
Cognitive flexibility* - kugona kushandura kubva kune imwe pfungwa kuenda kune imwe uye / kana kufunga nezve akati wandei zvinhu panguva imwe.
Inhibitory control* (inhibition response) ibasa rekutonga rinotarisa kukwanisa kwemunhu kudzvinyirira maitiro ake (yakasikwa, tsika kana kutonga) maitiro kune zvinokurudzira kuitira kuti aite mhinduro yakakodzera kune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu (kunze kwekukurudzira).
Chidzidzo chekubatanidza-chinoshanda chekubatana kwehuropi chakatanga kare kare. Nekuuya kwetiyori yetiweki, zvakave zvinogoneka kufungidzira zvimiro-zvinoshanda zvinongedzo mune neurobiological masisitimu uye kuzvipatsanura muzvikamu. Pakati payo, chimiro-basa rekubatanidza ndiro dhigirii iro kugoverwa kweatomical yekubatanidza mukati medunhu rehuropi kunotsigira synchronized neural chiitiko.
Ukama hwakasimba hwakawanikwa pakati pezviyero zvezvimiro uye zvinoshanda zvekubatanidza pane akasiyana spatiotemporal zviyero. Mune mamwe mazwi, nzira dzemazuva ano dzekutsvagisa dzakaita kuti zvikwanisike kurongedza dzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi zvinoenderana nemaitiro adzo anoshanda ane chekuita nezera renzvimbo uye saizi yayo.
Nekudaro, masayendisiti anoti parizvino pane humbowo hushoma hwekuti shanduko mukuvakwa kwezvinhu zvichena panguva yekusimudzira kwehuropi hwemunhu tsigiro yakarongedzerwa kushanduka kwechiitiko cheneural.
Structural-functional yekubatanidza ndiyo hwaro hwekutaurirana kunoshanda uye inoitika apo iyo yepakati chena nyaya yekubatanidza profiles yenzvimbo yecortical inofanotaura kusimba kweiyo interregional inoshanda yekubatanidza. Ndiko kuti, basa rechinhu chichena chicharatidzwa mukushandiswa kwemabasa makuru ehuropi, nokudaro zvichave zvichibvira kuongorora chiyero chesimba rehutano-hunoshanda.
Kuti utsanangure hukama-hunoshanda, masayendisiti akaisa pfungwa nhatu dzakaedzwa panguva yekudzidza.
Yekutanga hypothesis inotaura kuti chimiro-basa rekubatanidza rinoratidza hunyanzvi hwekuita kweiyo cortical dunhu. Ndokunge, chimiro-basa rekubatanidza richava rakasimba mune somatosensory cortex, nekuda kwemaitiro anotarisisa kusimudzira kwekutanga kwehunyanzvi hwekunzwa hierarchies. Kusiyana neizvi, chimiro-basa rekubatanidza richave rakaderera mu transmodal association cortex, uko kutaurirana kunoshanda kunogona kuderedzwa nemajini uye anatomical zvipingamupinyi nekuda kwekukurumidza kushanduka kwekuwedzera.
Yechipiri hypothesis inobva pakushanda kwenguva refu-inotsamira myelination panguva yekuvandudzwa uye inotaura kuti kukurudzirwa kwekugadzirisa-kushanda kwekubatanidza kuchave kwakaiswa mu transmodal association cortex.
Yetatu hypothesis: iyo dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza inoratidza kushanda kwehunyanzvi hweiyo cortical dunhu. Naizvozvo, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti yakasimba dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza mu frontoparietal association cortex ichabatanidzwa mukuverenga kwakakosha kunodiwa pakuitwa kwemabasa makuru.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Kuratidzira kuvandudzwa kwechimiro-basa rekubatanidza muvachiri kuyaruka, masayendisiti akayera mwero wekuti kubatana kwezvimiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehuropi kunotsigira kuchinjika kwakarongeka muchiitiko cheneural.
Kushandisa multimodal neuroimaging data kubva kuvatori vechikamu 727 vane makore 8 kusvika kumakore 23, probabilistic diffusion tractography yakaitwa uye yakaongororwa kushanda kwekubatana pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvecortical panguva yekushanda. n-back mabasa*yakabatana nebasa rekuyeuka.
Dambudziko n-back* - hunyanzvi hwekukurudzira chiitiko chedzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi uye kuyedza kushanda ndangariro. Musoro wacho unopihwa nehuwandu hwekusimudzira (kuona, odhiyo, nezvimwewo). Anofanira kuona uye kuratidza kana ichi kana icho chinokurudzira chaivepo n zvinzvimbo zvapfuura. Semuenzaniso: TLHCHSCCQLCKLHCQTRHKC HR (dambudziko re-3-shure, apo imwe tsamba yakaonekwa panzvimbo ye3 kare).
Kuzorora-nyika inoshanda yekubatanidza inoratidza kungoerekana kushanduka mune neural chiitiko. Asi panguva yekushanda yekurangarira basa, kushanda kwekubatanidza kunogona kusimudzira chaiyo neural yekubatanidza kana vanhu vanobatanidzwa mumabasa ekutonga.
Mufananidzo #1: Kuyera kuumbwa-kushanda kwekubatana kwehuropi hwemunhu.
Manodhi muhutano uye anoshanda ehuropi network akaonekwa achishandisa 400-area cortical parcellation yakavakirwa pane inoshanda homogeneity muMRI data yevatori vechikamu. Kune mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu muchidzidzo, maprofile ekubatanidza edunhu akatorwa kubva mumutsara wega wega weiyo dhizaini kana inoshanda yekubatanidza matrix uye inomiririrwa sevheji yesimba rekubatanidza kubva kune imwe neural network node kuenda kune mamwe manode ese.
Kutanga, masayendisiti akaongorora kana kugovaniswa kwenzvimbo yezvimiro-zvinoshanda zvinopindirana neiyo yakakosha zvimiro zvecortical organisation.
Mufananidzo #2
Izvo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti hukama pakati pedunhu dhizaini uye inoshanda yekubatanidza profiles yakasiyana zvakanyanya kuyambuka cortex (2A) Kubatana kwakasimba kwakaonekwa mune yekutanga sensory uye medial prefrontal cortices. Asi munzvimbo dzepashure, dzenguva uye dzepamberi, kubatana kwacho kwaive kwakashata.
Kuti uwane ongororo inonzwisisika yehukama pakati pechimiro-chinoshanda chekubatanidza uye hunyanzvi hwekuita, iyo "kutora chikamu" coefficient yakaverengerwa, inova mufananidzo unomiririra wehuwandu hwekutsunga kwekubatana pakati penzvimbo dzehuropi dzinoshanda. Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzehuropi yakagoverwa kune manomwe echinyakare anoshanda neural network. Neuronal nodes yehuropi ine yakakwira coefficient yekutora chikamu inoratidza akasiyana intermodular kubatana (kubatanidzwa pakati penzvimbo dzehuropi) uye, nekudaro, inogona kupesvedzera maitiro ekufambisa ruzivo pakati pematunhu, pamwe nekuchinja kwavo. Asi node dzine mwero wakaderera wekutora chikamu dzinoratidza hukama hwemunharaunda mukati medunhu rehuropi pachayo, pane pakati pematunhu akati wandei. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kana iyo coefficient yakakwira, nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehuropi dzinoshanda pamwe chete; kana iri yakaderera, chiitiko chinoitika mukati menzvimbo pasina kubatana nevavakidzani.2C).
Zvadaro, hukama huri pakati pekusiyana kwehutano-hunoshanda yekubatanidza uye macro-scale functional hierarchy yakaongororwa. Structural-functional yekubatanidza inopindirana neiyo iri pasi peiyo gradient yekushanda kwekubatanidza: unimodal sensory nzvimbo dzinoratidza yakasimba dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza, nepo transmodal nzvimbo dziri pamusoro peiyo inoshanda hierarchy inoratidza kusimba kwekubatana (2D).
Zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti kune kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pehukama-hunoshanda uye nekuwedzera kwekushanduka kwenzvimbo ye cortex (2E) Nzvimbo dzakachengeterwa zvakanyanya dzekunzwa dzaive dzakasimba dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza, nepo nzvimbo dzakawedzerwa zvakanyanya transmodal dzaive nekubatana kudiki. Kucherekedza kwakadaro kunotsigira zvizere fungidziro yekuti chimiro-basa rekubatanidza chiratidzo cheiyo cortical hierarchy yehunyanzvi hwekuita uye nekuwedzera kwekushanduka.
Mufananidzo #3
Masayendisiti anoyeuchidza zvakare kuti tsvakiridzo yapfuura yainyanya kutarisisa kudzidza kurongeka-kushanda kwekubatana muhuropi hwevakuru. Mune basa rimwechete, kusimbiswa kwakaiswa pakudzidza kweuropi, iyo ichiri muhutano hwekuvandudza, i.e. pakudzidza uropi hwevechiri kuyaruka.
Yakawanikwa kuti muhuropi hwevechiri kuyaruka, misiyano inoenderana nezera muhukama-inoshanda yakagovaniswa zvakanyanya kuyambuka lateral temporal, inferior parietal, uye prefrontal cortices (3A) Kuwedzeredzwa kwekubatanidza kwakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana munzvimbo dzese dzecortical, semuenzaniso. vaivepo mune yakasarudzika subset ye inoshanda yakaparadzaniswa nzvimbo dzecortical (3B), iyo yakanga isina kuonekwa muuropi hwevakuru.
Ukuru hwekusiyana kwezera muhutano-hunoshanda hwekubatanidza hwakanyatsoenderana nehuwandu hwekuita basa (3С) uye gradient inoshanda (3D).
Kugoverwa kwepakati kwekusiyana kwezera muhutano-kushanda kwekubatana kwaienderanawo nekushanduka-shanduka kwekuwedzera kwe cortex. Kuwedzera kwakabatana nezera mukubatana kwakaonekwa mune yakawedzera kushamwaridzana cortex, nepo kuderera kwakabatana nezera mukubatana kwakaonekwa mune yakanyanya kuchengetedzwa sensorimotor cortex (3E).
Muchikamu chinotevera chechidzidzo, vatori vechikamu 294 vakaita ongororo yechipiri yehuropi makore 1.7 mushure mekutanga. Nenzira iyi, zvaive zvichigoneka kuona hukama pakati pekuchinja kwakabatana nezera muhutano-kushanda kwekubatanidza uye intra-yega yekuvandudza shanduko. Nechinangwa ichi, longitudinal shanduko mukuumbwa-inoshanda yekubatanidza yakaongororwa.
Mufananidzo #4
Paive nekunyorerana kwakakosha pakati pe-cross-sectional uye longitudinal zera-ane hukama shanduko mukuumbwa-inoshanda yekubatanidza (4A).
Kuedza hukama pakati pekuchinja kwenguva refu mukuumbwa uye kushanda kwekubatana (4B) uye longitudinal shanduko muhuwandu hwekuita basa (4С) kudzokororwa kwemutsara kwakashandiswa. Kuchinja kwenguva refu mukubatana kwakawanikwa kuchienderana nekureba kwekuchinja kwekushanda kwekuita chikamu munzvimbo dzakaparadzirwa dzepamusoro-soro dzekubatana, kusanganisira dorsal uye medial prefrontal cortices, inferior parietal cortex, uye lateral temporal cortex (4D).
Mufananidzo #5
Masayendisiti akabva atsvaga kunzwisisa mhedzisiro yekusiyana kweumwe neumwe mukuumbwa-kushanda kwekubatana kwemaitiro. Kunyanya, ingave dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza panguva yekushanda yekurangarira basa inogona kutsanangura kuita kwekuita. Kuvandudzwa mukushanda kwepamusoro kwakawanikwa kuve kwakabatana nekubatana kwakasimba kwemaitiro-inoshanda mune rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, uye medial occipital cortex (5A).
Huwandu hwezvakacherechedzwa zvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa hunotungamirira kumhedziso huru dzinoverengeka. Chekutanga, shanduko yedunhu mukubatana-inoshanda inoenderana neyakaomarara kuoma kwebasa iro dunhu rehuropi rine basa. Yakasimba dhizaini-inoshanda yekubatanidza yakawanikwa muzvikamu zvehuropi zvinonyanya kugadzirisa ruzivo rwakareruka rwekunzwa (senge masaini ekuona). Uye matunhu ehuropi anosanganisirwa mune zvakanyanya kuomarara maitiro (executive basa uye inhibitory control) yaive yakaderera-inoshanda yekubatanidza.
Structural-functional yekubatanidza yakawanikwa zvakare inopindirana nekuwedzera kwekushanduka kwehuropi kunoonekwa mumaprimates. Zvakapfuura kuenzanisa zvidzidzo zvehuropi hwevanhu, primate, uye tsoko zvakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzekunzwa (senge yekuona system) dzakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya pakati pemhando dzeprimate uye hadzina kuwedzera zvakanyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura. Asi nzvimbo dzekubatana dzehuropi (semuenzaniso, iyo prefrontal cortex) yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Zvichida kuwedzera uku kwakapesvedzera zvakananga kubuda kwehunyanzvi hwekuziva hwakaoma muvanhu. Zvakaonekwa kuti nzvimbo dzehuropi dzakawedzera nekukurumidza panguva yekushanduka-shanduka dzaive dzisina kusimba uye inoshanda yekubatanidza, nepo nzvimbo dzakareruka dzekunzwa dzaive nekubatana kwakasimba.
Muvana nevechiri kuyaruka, hukama-hunoshanda hunowedzera zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzepamberi dzehuropi, idzo dzinoita basa rekudzivirira (kureva, kuzvidzora). Nokudaro, kuvandudzwa kwenguva refu kwehutano-hunoshanda hwekubatanidza munzvimbo idzi hunogona kuvandudza basa rekutonga uye kuzvidzora, maitiro anoenderera mberi kusvika pakukura.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nuances yechidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa и kwaari.
Epilogue
Uropi hwemunhu hwagara huri uye hucharamba huri chimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru zvevanhu. Iyi inzira inoshamisa yakaoma iyo inofanirwa kuita mabasa mazhinji, kudzora maitiro mazhinji uye kuchengetedza huwandu hukuru hweruzivo. Kuvabereki vakawanda, hapana chinhu chisinganzwisisiki kupfuura pfungwa dzevana vavo vachiri kuyaruka. Maitiro avo dzimwe nguva anonetsa kudaidza kuti ane musoro kana anovaka, asi izvi zvinotsanangurwa nemaitiro ekukura kwavo kwebhayoloji uye kuumbwa kwevanhu.
Hongu, shanduko mukubatana kwemaitiro uye kushanda kwedzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi uye pesvedzero yekuchinja kwehomoni kunogona kuve kururamisa kwesainzi kwemaitiro akasiyana evechidiki, asi izvi hazvireve kuti havadi kutungamirwa. Munhu haasi nemasikirwo aanoita munhu asocial. Kana mumwe munhu akanzvenga vamwe vanhu, hazvisirizvo nekuda kwehunhu hwedu hwekuzvarwa. Naizvozvo, kutora chikamu nesimba kwevabereki muhupenyu hwevana vavo chinhu chakakosha zvikuru mukukura kwavo.
Zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa kuti kunyange pazera remakore matatu, mwana atova munhu ane unhu hwake, zvido zvake uye maonero ake enyika yakamupoteredza. Mubereki haafaniri kuva asingaoneki kumwana wake, achimurega achienda akasununguka, asi haafaniri kutendeuka kuva rusvingo rwekongiri rwakasimbiswa, runomudzivirira kubva pazivo yenyika. Pane imwe nzvimbo yaunoda kusundira, pane imwe nzvimbo iwe unoda kuzvidzora, pane imwe nzvimbo yaunoda kupa rusununguko rwakakwana, uye pane imwe nzvimbo, kuratidza chiremera chevabereki, unoda kutaura zvakasimba "kwete", kunyange kana mwana asina kufara neizvi.
Kuva mubereki kwakaoma, kuva mubereki akanaka kwakatooma. Asi kuva wechiduku hakusi nyore. Muviri unoshanduka kunze, uropi hunochinja, nharaunda inoshanduka (kwaive nechikoro, uye ikozvino yunivhesiti), rhythm yehupenyu inoshanduka. Mazuva ano, hupenyu hunowanzofanana neFormula 1, umo pasina nzvimbo yekunonoka. Asi kumhanya kwakanyanya kunouya nenjodzi huru, saka mutasvi asina ruzivo anogona kukuvara. Basa remubereki nderekuva mudzidzisi wemwana wake kuitira kuti amusunungure munyika mune ramangwana, asingatyi ramangwana rake.
Vamwe vabereki vanozviona sevakangwara kupfuura vamwe, vamwe vakagadzirira kuita chero zano ravanonzwa paInternet kana kubva kune muvakidzani, uye vamwe vanongori "violet" pane zvese zvakaomarara zvekurera vana. Vanhu vakasiyana, asi sezvo kurukurirano pakati pemativi ayo ichikosha muuropi hwomunhu, kurukurirano pakati pavabereki navana vavo inoita rimwe rebasa rinokosha zvikurusa mudzidzo.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com