Unopinda mumukoto une chiedza chisina kujeka, kwaunosangana nemweya yevarombo inotambudzwa nemarwadzo nekutambura. Asi havazove nerunyararo pano, nekuti kuseri kwemasuo ega ega zvakavamirira zvakanyanya kurwadzisa uye kutya, kuzadza masero ese emuviri uye kuzadza pfungwa dzese. Unoswedera kune rimwe remasuo, shure kwaro unonzwa kurira kwegehena uye kurira kunopisa iwe kusvika pabhonzo. Kuunganidza ushingi hwako hwasara muchibhakera, unotambanudza ruoko rwako, uchitonhora nekutyisa, kune mubato wegonhi, apo kamwe kamwe munhu anobata fudzi rako kubva kumashure, uye iwe, wakashamisika nekushamisika, tendeuka. βChiremba vachange vakasununguka mumaminetsi mashoma. Gara pasi for now, we will call you,β inzwi ra nurse rinokuudza. Sezviri pachena, iyi ndiyo nzira iyo vamwe vanhu vanofungidzira kuenda kuna chiremba wemazino uye vane mafungiro asina kunaka kune aya "sadists" akapfeka majasi machena. Asi nhasi hatitaure nezve dentophobia, tichataura nezvemakarwe. Hongu, hongu, zviri pamusoro pavo, kana kunyanya nezvemazino avo, asingade kurapwa mazino.
Masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMissouri (USA) akaita chidzidzo chemazino emakarwe, iyo yakaratidza zvinhu zvinonakidza zveenamel yevavhimi ava vasina kunaka, vachinyatsovimba neshaya dzavo. Masayendisiti akawana chii, mazino emakarwe emazuva ano anosiyana sei nehama dzawo dzekare, uye ongororo iyi inobatsirei? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yeboka retsvakurudzo.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Kune akawanda vertebrates, mazino chinhu chakakosha chekuwana nekudya chikafu (anodya haaverenge). Zvimwe zvikara zvinotsamira pakumhanya pakuvhima (mangwe), vamwe vari muchikwata (shumba), uye kune vamwe, kusimba kwekuruma kwavo kunoita basa guru. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumakarwe, ayo anoverevedza achibata vanhu vawo mumvura ovabata neshaya dzawo dzine simba. Kuti munhu wacho arege kupukunyuka, kubata kunofanira kuva kwakasimba, uye izvi zvinoguma nemitoro inorema pamapfupa. Kuti aderedze kukanganisa kwekurumwa kwawo kune simba, makarwe ane bony palate yechipiri, iyo yakanyatsobatanidzwa nedehenya.
Chiratidziro chinooneka chekuvhara nekuvhurwa kweshaya yengwena.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvemazino engwena ndiko kugara kuchitsiviwa nematsva kana makare apera. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mazino emakarwe akafanana nechidhori chekugara, mukati umo mazino matsva anokura. Inenge kamwe chete makore maviri, rimwe nerimwe remazino ari mushaya rinotsiviwa nemamwe matsva.
Cherechedza kuti "musungo wemazino" uyu unovhara zvakasimba sei.
Mazino emakarwe akapatsanurwa muzvikamu zvakati wandei zvichibva pachimiro nemashandiro anowirirana. Pakutanga kweshaya kune 4 mazino makuru, anodiwa pakubata kunobudirira kwemhuka. Pakati pane mazino makuru, anowedzera pamwe neshaya. Ichi chikamu chinodiwa pakucheka mhuka. Nechepasi, mazino anowedzera uye anova flatter, izvo zvinobvumira ngwena kuruma kuburikidza nemollusk shells uye turtle shells semhodzi.
Rushaya rwengwena rwakasimba zvakadii? Zvinonzwisisika, izvi zvinoenderana nehukuru hwayo uye rudzi. Semuenzaniso, muna 2003 zvakaonekwa kuti 272 kilogram Mississippi alligator inoruma nesimba re ο½9500 N (N - Newton, 1 N = 1 kg m / s2). Asi iyo 1308-kilogiramu yemvura yemunyu garwe yakaratidza kuvhuvhuta pfungwa ο½34500 N. Nenzira, mhedziso yekuruma muvanhu ingangoita 1498 N.
Simba rekurumwa rinobva kwete zvakanyanya pamazino, asi pamasumbu eshaya. Mumakarwe mhasuru idzi dzakakora zvakanyanya uye mune dzakawanda. Zvisinei, pane musiyano wakasimba pakati petsandanyama dzakakura zvikuru dzine mutoro wokuvhara muromo (izvo zvinopa simba rokuruma rakadaro) uye tsandanyama dzisina simba dzine mutoro wokuzarura muromo. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei muromo wakavharwa wegarwe uchigona kubatwa nematepi ari nyore.
Huya undiratidze ndiyani akakudaidza kuti bhururu.
Asi makarwe anoda shaya kwete chete kuponda pasina tsitsi kuti awane chikafu, asiwo nekuchengeta vana vawo. Makarwe echikadzi anowanzo takura vana vavo mushaya dzavo (zvakaoma kuwana nzvimbo yakachengeteka kwavari, nokuti ndiani angada kukwira ikoko). Muromo wemakarwe wakashongedzerwa nema receptors akanyanya, nekuda kwaanogona kudzora simba rekurumwa kwawo, izvo zvinovabvumira kubata zviri nani kubata mhuka kana kunyatso takura vana.
Mazino evanhu, zvinosuruvarisa, haakure shure mushure mokunge vakwegura vadonha, asi vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemakarwe - enamel.
Mufananidzo #1: Caudal zino reAlligator mississippiensis.
Enamel ndiro goko rekunze rekorona yezino. Ndiro chikamu chakasimba chemuviri wemunhu, pamwe nemamwe akawanda ane vertebrates. Zvisinei, sezvatinoziva, mazino edu haashanduki kune matsva, saka enamel yedu inofanira kuva yakakura. Asi mumakarwe, mazino akasakara anotsiviwa nematsva, saka hapana chikonzero chekobvu enamel. Zvinonzwika zvine musoro, asi ndizvo chaizvo here?
Masayendisiti anoti kunzwisisa shanduko mune enamel mukati memutero mumwe chete kuchatibvumira kuti tiyeuke zviri nani mune ramangwana kuti chimiro cheenamel chinoshanduka sei zvichienderana nebiomechanics uye kudya kwemhuka.
Makarwe, kureva alligator mississippiensis, yakanakira chidzidzo ichi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati. Chekutanga, mazino avo, kuruma simba uye enamel chimiro chinoshanduka zvichienderana nezera uye saizi yemunhu, izvo zvakare nekuda kwekuchinja kwekudya. Chechipiri, mazino engwena ane mamorphology akasiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yawo mushaya.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 2: a uye b inoratidza kusiyana kwemazino pakati pevanhu vakuru uye vaduku, c-f inoratidza mazino emadzitateguru ezvinyorwa zvemakororo emazuva ano.
Mazino e rostral matete uye anoshandiswa kubata mhuka, ukuwo mazino e caudal akagomara uye anoshandiswa kupwanya nemasimba ekuruma. Nemamwe mashoko, kuremerwa kwezino kunoenderana nenzvimbo yaro mushaya uye nekukura kwemuridzi weshaya iyi.
Ichi chidzidzo chinopa mhedzisiro yekuongorora uye kuyerwa kweiyo absolute enamel ukobvu (AET) uye saizi-yakajairwa (hama) enamel ukobvu (RET) yemazino engwena.
AET ifungidziro yeavhareji chinhambwe kubva kune enamel-dentin junction kusvika kune yekunze enamel pamusoro uye iine mutsara kuyerwa. Uye RET idimensionless kukosha iyo inokutendera kuti uenzanise ukobvu hweenamel pazvikero zvakasiyana.
Masayendisiti akaongorora AET uye RET yerostral (pa "mhino" yeshaya), yepakati (pakati pemutsara) uye caudal (pazasi peshaya) mazino muvanhu vanomwe vemarudzi. alligator mississippiensis.
Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti chimiro cheenamel chinogona kuenderana nekudya kwemunhu uye marudzi ese. Makurwe ane kudya kwakakura kwazvo (zvaanobata ndizvo zvaanodya), asi zvakasiyana nezvehama dzawo, idzo dzakapera kare kare. Kuti uedze izvi kubva kune enamel maonero, masayendisiti akaita kuongorora kweAET neRET kwezvinyorwa Protosuchidae (UCMP 97638), Iharkutosuchus (MTM VER 2018.837) uye Allognathosuchus (YPM-PU 16989). Protosuchidae mumiriri wenguva yeJurassic, Iharkutosuchus - Cretaceous nguva, uye Allognathosuchus kubva kuEocene.
Vasati vatanga zviyero chaizvo, vaongorori vakafunga uye vakakurudzira akati wandei dzidziso dzekufungidzira:
- Hypothesis 1a-Nekuti AET chiyero chemutsara uye inofanira kuenderana nehukuru, kusiyana kweAET kunotarisirwa kunyatsotsanangurwa nehukuru hwedehenya;
- Hypothesis 1b-Nekuti RET inofananidzwa nehukuru, kusiyana kweRET kunotarisirwa kunyatsotsanangurwa nechinzvimbo chezino;
- Hypothesis 2a-Nekuti kureba kweAET uye dehenya zviyero zvehukuru, zvinofanirwa kuyera nesometric slope;
- Hypothesis 2b - Nekuti mazino e-caudal anoona masimba makuru ekuruma muarch, saka RET ichave yakakwirira mumazino e caudal.
Matafura ari pazasi anopa sampuli data (dehenya remakarwe alligator mississippiensis, yakatorwa kubva kuRockefeller Reserve muGrand Chenier, Louisiana, uye mafossils).
Tafura Nhamba 1: mazino emakarwe ekuongorora data (rostral, yepakati uye caudal).
Tafura Nhamba.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Zvinoenderana nedata remazino rinoratidzwa muTable 2, masayendisiti akagumisa kuti enamel ukobvu zviyero isometrically nehurefu hwedehenya, zvisinei nenzvimbo yezino.
Tafura Nhamba 3: AET uye RET kukosha zvichienderana nekusiyana.
Mufananidzo #3: AET/RET kuyera maererano nehurefu hwedehenya.
Panguva imwecheteyo, hupamhi hweenamel pamazino e-caudal hwakanyanya kudarika kune mamwe, asi izvi zvakare hazvirevi kureba kwehenya.
Tafura nhamba 4: avhareji kukosha kweenamel ukobvu mune yakakwirira vertebrates (Crocodyliform - extra-taxon boka remakarwe, Dinosaur - dinosaurs, Artiodactyl - artiodactyls, Odontocete - suborder ye cetaceans, Perissodactyl - odd-toed ungulates, Primate - primate - Rodent - makonzo).
Mufananidzo #4: Ukobvu hweenamel yemazino e caudal yakakura kupfuura yemamwe mazino.
Dhiyabhorosi maererano nekuyera (Table No. 3) yakasimbisa hypothesis 1a, inotsanangura kutsamira kweAET kukosha pakureba kwehenya, uye kwete panzvimbo yezino. Asi maitiro eRET, pane zvinopesana, anoenderana nechinzvimbo chezino mumutsara, uye kwete pakureba kwehenya, iyo inosimbisa hypothesis 1b.
Mafungiro akasara (2a uye 2b) akasimbiswa zvakare, sezvinotevera kubva pakuongororwa kwevhareji yehupamhi hweenamel yemazino ane nzvimbo dzakasiyana mumutsara.
Kuenzanisa kwehukubvu hweenamel yemazuva ano Mississippi alligator uye madzitateguru ayo ekare airatidza zvakawanda zvakafanana, asi pakanga painewo misiyano. Saka, muAllognathosuchus ukobvu hweenamel hunenge 33% yakakura kupfuura mumakarwe emazuva ano (mufananidzo uri pazasi).
Mufananidzo #5: Kuenzaniswa kweavhareji enamel ukobvu mune alligator uye fossil crocodylians zvichibva pahurefu hwekorona yezino.
Kupfupisa zvese zviri pamusoro apa, masayendisiti akasvika pakugumisa kuti ukobvu hweenamel zvakananga kunoenderana, sekutaura, basa remeno. Kana mazino aya achidiwa pakupwanya, enamel yavo ichave yakanyanya kukora. Zvakamboonekwa kuti kudzvanywa (compressive force) yemazino e caudal yakakwirira kudarika yemazino e rostral. Izvi zvinokonzerwa chaizvo nebasa ravo - kubata mhuka uye kupwanya mapfupa. Nokudaro, enamel yakakora inodzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemazino, ayo ari pasi pekunetseka kwakanyanya panguva yekudya. Chokwadi, humbowo hunoratidza kuti mazino emakarwe ari mumakarwe anotyoka kakawanda, pasinei nekunetseka kwakanyanya.
Mukuwedzera, zvakaonekwa kuti mazino Allognathosuchus iyo enamel yakanyanya kukora kupfuura yemamwe crocodylians akadzidzwa. Zvinotendwa kuti iyi fossil mhando yaifarira kudyisa turtles, uye kupwanya makungu avo kunoda mazino akasimba uye gobvu enamel.
Masayendisiti akaenzanisawo ukobvu hweenamel yemakarwe uye mamwe madhinosaurs, inowirirana inofungidzirwa huremu uye ukuru. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti macrocodylians aive akakora enamel (dhayagiramu pazasi).
Mufananidzo #6: Kuenzaniswa kwehukobvu hweenamel hwemakarwe nemadinosaur.
Zvinoda kuziva kuti enamel ye tyrannosaurid yakanga yakaenzana nehupamhi seyoyo yeAllognathosuchus duku zvikuru uye kunyange makarwe emazuva ano. Zvinonzwisisika kuti mazino emakarwe anotsanangurwa nemaitiro avo maererano nekuvhima uye kudya.
Zvisinei, pasinei nezvinyorwa zvavo, enamel yearchosaurs (makarwe, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, nezvimwewo) yakatetepa kupfuura yemhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Mufananidzo #7: Kuenzaniswa kweenamel ukobvu (AET) yemakarwe uye mamwe marudzi emhuka.
Neiko iyo enamel yevavhimi, vanovimba zvakanyanya neshaya dzavo, yakatetepa kupfuura yemhuka dzinoyamwisa? Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu yakanga yatova pakutanga - kutsiva mazino akasakara nemamwe matsva. Kunyange zvazvo makarwe ane mazino akasimba, haadi, sekutaura, mazino akasimba zvikuru, nekuda kwekuti zino idzva rinogara richitsiva rakatyoka. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa (kazhinji) hadzina tarenda iri.
Mufananidzo #8: Kuenzaniswa kweenamel ukobvu (RET) yemakarwe uye mamwe marudzi emhuka.
Kunyanya, ukobvu hweenamel muarchosaurs hunosiyana kubva 0.01 kusvika 0.314 mm, uye mumhuka dzinoyamwisa kubva 0.08 kusvika 2.3 mm. Musiyano, sezvavanotaura, uri pachena.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nuances yechidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa
Epilogue
Mazino, zvisinei kuti anganzwika sei, chinhu chakakosha zvikuru pakuwana chikafu. Hongu, murume wemazuva ano anogona kugara achigadzirisa chero kukanganisa kwakabatana nemeno, asi pakati pevamiririri vesango hapana mazino. Kunyange vanhu vaisaziva nguva dzose kuti kurapa mazino chii. Nokudaro, mamwe marudzi anosarudza mazino akasimba uye anogara kwenguva refu, asi mamwe anofarira kuchinja, semagirovhosi. Makarwe nehama dzawo dziri kure dzinogona kuiswa mumapoka maviri. Iyo enamel pamazino, ayo anodiwa pakubata zvinobata nyama uye kupwanya mapfupa, akanyanya kukora mumakarwe, asi nekunetseka kwakanyanya, mazino avo achiri kupera uye dzimwe nguva anotsemuka. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zino idzva rinotora nzvimbo yezino rekare.
Kune munhu, chimwe chezvinhu zvinosiyanisa ndicho chigunwe chinopikisa, icho chakatibatsira zvikuru mukuedza kwakawanda, kubva pa "kutora tsvimbo uye kusveta muvakidzani anogumbura pabazi" uye kupedzisa ne "kutora peni uye kunyora sonnet. β Kune makarwe, mudziyo wakadaro ishaya dzavo, kunyanya mazino avo. Chikamu ichi chemuviri ndicho chinoita kuti makarwe ave vavhimi vane ngozi uye vanouraya izvo zvinofanirwa kudziviswa.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
A inonakidza chaizvo uye aesthetically akanaka katuni pfupi umo ngwena isiri ngwena.
Cartoon pamusoro pekuti iwe haugone kuvimba sei ne "matanda" anofungira mumvura, kunyanya kana iwe uri mhuru.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com