Sound sabotage: michina yekugadzira ultrasonic kudzvanya mumamoths sekudzivirira kubva kune zviremwaremwa

Mazino mahombe, shaya dzakasimba, kumhanya, kuona kunoshamisa uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nezvikara zvemarudzi ese nemaronda mukuvhima. Mhuka, zvakare, haidi kugara nemakumbo ayo akapetwa (mapapiro, mahwanda, mapapiro, nezvimwewo) uye inouya nenzira dzakawanda uye itsva dzekudzivirira kushamwaridzana kusingadikanwi nehurongwa hwekudya kwechikara. Vamwe vanova shasha dzekufukidzira, vamwe vanozvizora nehuturu, uye vamwe vanokanda ura hwavo pamberi peavatadzira (hello sea cucumbers). Asi kune zvakare avo vane nzira yekudzivirira isingaonekwe kana kunzwika kwatiri. Zvipfukuto chikafu chinofarirwa nezviremwaremwa. Kwemamiriyoni akawanda emakore, vese vari vaviri vakakwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwavo hweultrasound. Mbeva dzinoishandisa kutsvaga mhuka, uye zvipfukuto zvinoishandisa kuona zvikara. Asi "kufanonyeverwa kune zvombo zvepamberi" hazvina kukwana kune zvipfukuto, saka vakagadzira kugona kugadzira "redhiyo kupindira" kunokanganisa ultrasonic "kuona" kwezviremwaremwa. Vanozviita sei izvi, vachifunga nezvekusanzwa kwavo kwe100%, uye zvinobudirira sei mukuvabatsira kuti vadzivise rufu? Tichatsvaga mhinduro mumushumo weboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.

Hwaro hwechidzidzo

Paunovhima usiku, unofanirwa kuve nemeso akanaka kwazvo, kunzwa kunhuwidza, kana kunzwa kwakanaka. Zviremwaremwa zvakasarudza yekupedzisira, neimwe nzira. Kushandiswa kwe echolocation kunobatsira zvikuru kune zviremwaremwa. Kutanga, kuvhima usiku kunoganhurira chiverengero chengozi dzinobvira uye makwikwi mukutsvaka zvokudya. Chechipiri, kune zvipembenene zvakawanda usiku, zvinoreva kuti mikana yekudya mushure me18:00 yakakura zvikuru.

Zviremwaremwa zvinoburitsa Ultrasound mumhando dzakasiyana siyana zvichienderana nerudzi. Uyezve, kunyange mune imwe mhando, iyo frequency inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva: pakutanga 130-150 kHz, uye ipapo 30-40 kHz.

Pavanenge vachivhima, zviremwaremwa “zvinobudisa” masaisai e<em>ultrasonic “anorovera” muzvinhu zvakavapoteredza, kusanganisira zvingangobatwa. Mafungu anoratidzwa anobatwa nechiremwaremwa uye anogona kufamba pakati pezvipingamupinyi kana kunyatsotarisa kurwisa kwayo pane chayabata.

Apo mhindumupindu yakagovera matarenda, zvipfukuto hazvinawo kumira parutivi. Ivo vanokwanisa kugadzira ruzha rwe ultrasonic kana zviratidzo zvenhema zvinogonesa chiremwaremwa kuti hachidyike. Mamwe marudzi ezvipfukuto anoshandisa stridulation. Iri izwi risina kujairika riri nyore kutsanangura: rangarira kuti makiriketi "anoimba" sei muzhizha? Uku ndiko stridulation. Imwe yakajeka, kana kuti sonorous, tenzi wetarenda iyi cicadas.

Kumwe kunobva manzwi mumoths kungave kuridza "castanets" - zvakagadziridzwa nhengo dzesikarudzi (hongu, masayendisiti anodaidzwa kuti nhengo dzesikarudzi dzinobudisa manzwi; waifunga kuti vanhu vesainzi havana hunyanzvi hwekugadzira?).

Nekudaro, marudzi mazhinji ezvipfukuto anoshandisa tymbals (kwete kuti avhiringidzwe nemakwakwakwa) - akakosha ekucheka maumbirwo pamusoro pemuviri aine "cushion" yemhepo pasi.

Muchidzidzo chakaongororwa nhasi, masayendisiti akacherechedza genus ye moths Yponomeuta, umo mhando dzakawanda (uye kune dzinenge zana) dzine maitiro asina kujairika mu arsenal yavo - nzvimbo inopenya pamapapiro pasina zviyero pakati peCu1b tsinga.
uye cu2. Masayendisiti akawana kuti mitsetse yakawanda iri pedyo nenzvimbo iyi, iyo inogona kuratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezwi kuburikidza ne stridulation (zvichida).

Mumufananidzo uri kuruboshwe (A) iyo nzvimbo ye translucent kuumbwa inotsanangurwa muchena, uye mumufananidzo uri kurudyi (B) SEM mifananidzo yenzvimbo imwe chete.

Vesainzi vakazvigadzirira basa rekupindura mibvunzo yakati wandei: nzvimbo iyi inopenya inoburitsa ruzha here kana kuti kwete, chii chinonzi acoustic properties (kana ichidaro), uye kuti manzwi aya anoshandiswa sei nemoth muhupenyu hwayo.

Zvidzidzo zvikuru, izvo zvaifanira kubatsira kuwana mhinduro kumibvunzo iri pamusoro, vaiva vanhu vemarudzi maviri e moths - Y. evonymella uye Y. cagnagella.

Wana gumi akasiyana: Y. evonymella (kuruboshwe) uye Y. cagnagella (kurudyi).

Zvidzidzo zvakatorwa kubva kusango vachiri muchikamu chemakonye. Mapupa akakonzerwa akachengetwa mumidziyo yakakosha 297 x 159 x 102 mm patembiricha ye21 °C.

Observation results

Masayendisiti akarekodha ndege dzakasununguka uye dzakagadziriswa dzezvidzidzo: 15 pasina uye 2 ndege dzakagadzikana dzeY. evonymella; 9 ndege dzakarekodhwa dzeY. cagnagella. Panguva yekubhururuka, moths dzakagadzira zvakafanana ultrasonic clicks panguva yega yega wingbeat (magirafu pazasi).

Spectrogram ye ultrasonic clicks panguva imwe chete wingbeat ye moth.

Iyo spectrogram iri pamusoro inoratidza nzvimbo dzine mavara mazhinji. Yekutanga (dzvuku) imhanzi yeruzha rweruzha rwunoburitswa nezvipfukuto zvemhuri diki yeArctiinae pakurwisa zviremwaremwa. Uye yechipiri (yebhuruu) ndiyo inonzwika yemhando yezviremwaremwa zverudzi Eptesicus fuscus.

Zvose zviviri zve ultrasonic pulses zvakanyorwa panguva yekuzununguka: imwe pakutanga kwekuzununguka uye yechipiri pamagumo ekuzununguka. Pakanga pari panguva yekufungidzira kwekutanga kuti kuwanda kwekudzvanya kwakakura. Huwandu hwekudzvanya pane pulse, tichitarisa nekutarisa, hunoenderana nehuwandu hwemitsetse munzvimbo inopenya. Mu Y. evonymella, avhareji kukosha kwekudzvanya pa 1 ultrasonic pulse ndeye 12.6 ± 1.7, uye kune mitsetse gumi neimwe munzvimbo inotenderera (ona nhamba paSEM mufananidzo webapiro).

Zvadaro, masayendisiti akabvisa tymbals (nzvimbo ye 260 x 800 µm) kubva kune 12 Y. evonymella vanhu uye vakarekodha ruzha panguva yekubhururuka kwavo vasati vabviswa uye mushure mekubviswa. Huwandu hwekudzvanya pa100 ms nguva yakaverengerwawo, inova yakaenzana neanosvika 3 wing beats.

Vanhu vanomwe vakaburitsa pasina kudzvanya mushure mekubvisa, vasere vakango dzvanya kamwechete, uye mana vakaburitsa mabhatani, asi mune mashoma manhamba uye neakadzika amplitude. Sezvazvakazoitika, mune izvi zvina, nzvimbo dze tymbal (nzvimbo dzinotenderera) hadzina kubviswa zvachose, saka dzakabviswa kubva pakuongorora zvakare.

Nezvekuedza, masayendisiti akasimbisa kuti zvipfukuto zvemarudzi ese ebvunzo anoburitsa manzwi. Iye zvino vakasarudza kuvaedza kuti vanzwe (20 vanhu vemarudzi Y. evonymella uye 4 vanhu veY. cagnagella).

Masayendisiti akatamba Ultrasound apo zvidzidzo zvaibhururuka zvakasununguka mukamuri rekuyedza. Hapana kana munhu mumwe chete akazvibata pane izvi. Kuedza kwakadzokororwa, asi kupatsanura vanhu nemarudzi mumidziyo yakasiyana, mavakanga vakazorora. Uye zvakare, hapana akatombofamba.

Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuisa vanhu gumi veY. evonymella mune imwe kamuri yekubhururuka, masayendisiti akaona maitiro ezvidzidzo kune mumwe nemumwe. Uye zvakanga zvakafanana nezvakapfuura bvunzo, kureva, hapana.

Zvakadini ne stridulation? Masayendisiti akaongorora kana ma test moths airatidza zviratidzo zvekukwenya kwechero nhengo dzemuviri kuburitsa ruzha. Uye sezvazvakazoitika, hapana. Cherechedza mafambiro emapapiro echipfukuto panguva yekubhururuka kunodzorwa muvhidhiyo iri pasi apa.

Muvhidhiyo iyi tinogona kuona kuti ndedzipi shanduko dzinoitika munzvimbo yemapapiro uye zvikamu zvadzo panguva yekubhururuka.

Nenzvimbo inopenya ichiongororwa, hapana kukweshana kwakaonekwa nemamwe mativi emuviri wemoth chero nguva panguva yekuzununguka. Asi mabhatani neimwe nzira anooneka. Uye izvi zvinoitika nekutenderedza bapiro rekumashure richitevedza axis yaro kubva pachigadziko ichienda kune imwe panguva yekumusoro nepakati pechikamu chekubhururuka kwebapiro.

Ongororo yakadzama yemaitiro aya yakaratidza kuti panguva yeku supination (kutenderera kwekufamba kwenhengo) pakutanga kwekuputika, zvikamu zvemhino nejugal zvebapiro zvinopeta zvichidzika maererano nechikamu chayo chepamberi pamwe negomba re claval.

Moth flight, side view.

Iyi nzira inoitika kubva kumucheto kusvika kuzasi kwebapiro, saka nzvimbo inotenderera inobatanidzwawo. Munguva iyi, kudzvanya kwe ultrasonic kunoitika.

Tafura iri pamusoro inoratidza mibairo yekuongorora kwegumi rekodhi rakarekodhwa munzira yakachinjika (90°) yezvidzidzo zvese (14 Y. evonymella uye 9 Y. cagnagella). Spectral paramita, nguva uye amplitude yekudzvanya yakasimbiswa.

Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo yakaitwa nekudzvanya (5 kune mumwe nemumwe wevasere) yeyakachinjika yekutarisa (8 °, 0 °, 45 ° uye 90 °).

Avhareji yenzwi nhanho yezvisere Y. evonymella zvidzidzo zvakarekodwa kubva kumativi mana: 0 ° - maikorofoni pamberi pechipfukuto, 45 ° - kudivi remberi, 90 ° - parutivi, 180 ° - kumashure.

Pakanga pasina misiyano yakakosha: 0 ° uye 45 °, Z = 0,3, p = 1,0; 0 ° uye 180 °, Z = -2,3, p = 0,13; 45 ° uye 180 °, Z = -2,4, p = 0,11.

Vesainzi vakaverengerawo kuti zviremwaremwa zvichanzwa kudzvanywa kwezvipfukuto pachinhambwe chipi zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavo. Zvigumisiro ndezvizvi: 6.0 ± 0.4 m pa 0 °, 6.5 ± 0.4 m pa 45 °, 7.9 ± 0.7 m pa 90 ° uye 5.6 ± 0.4 m pa 180 °. Izvi zviratidzo zvinoratidzwa muchati iri pamusoro (В).

Uye pano pane girafu А tinoona makuriro eruzha rwakaratidzwa, rwunosiyana-siyana muchikamu che -35 ... −43 dB pamafrequency ari muchikamu che20 ... 160 kHz.

Pano unogona kuteerera kurekodhwa kwemazwi emoth.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve chidzidzo, ndinokurudzira zvikuru kuti utarise mushumo wemasayendisiti.

Epilogue

Evolution inogona kunge isina tsika, isina tsitsi, isinganzwisisike uye inotoshamisa, sezvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso wemamoths pasi pekudzidza. Kunyange zvazvo matsi zvachose, zvisikwa izvi hazvisi pasina "inzwi". Zvichishandisa nzvimbo dzakajeka pamapapiro adzo panguva yekubhururuka, zvipfukuto zvinoburitsa kudzvanya kwepamhepo izvo zvinovhiringa zviremwaremwa zvinoda kudya nazvo.

Kuchinja kwakadai kusingajairiki ichokwadi, asi kunozopa kune dzimwe nharo dzakawanda pamusoro pekuti yakaumbwa sei, ndedzipi shanduko yemhindumupindu yakapfuura nemamoths kugadzira nzira yakadai, uye kwazvakatangira.

Isu takawana zvakare chisimbiso chekuti nyika izere nezvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvisingaregi kushamisika nematarenda avo atakanga tisingazive nezvazvo.

Uye, chokwadi, offtopic Chishanu:

Pano, munhu wese anorwara ne mottephobia (kutya zvipfukuto) pamwe moyo wavo wakamira mukutya.

Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana.

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Source: www.habr.com