Basa: system administrator

Kazhinji kubva kuchizvarwa chekare tinonzwa mazwi emashiripiti nezve "iyo chete yekupinda mubhuku rebasa." Chokwadi, ndaifanira kusangana nenyaya dzinoshamisa kwazvo: mupfuri wekiyi - mugadziri wekiyi wepamusoro-soro - foromani wechitoro - mutariri weshifu - injinjiniya - mutungamiriri wezvirimwa. Izvi hazvigone asi kufadza chizvarwa chedu, chinoshandura mabasa kamwe, kaviri, uye chii chiripo - dzimwe nguva mashanu kana kupfuura. Isu tine mukana kwete kungochinja kambani, unogona kushandura hunyanzvi uye nekukurumidza kujaira. Izvi zvinonyanya kucherechedzwa muchikamu cheIT, uko kune zvinoshamisa zvekuchinjisa basa uye kadhinari anochinja achikwira nekudzika manera ebasa. 

Tichicherechedza maitiro aya, takaona kuti dhairekitori remabasa ari kudiwa kwete chete nevana vechikoro vanosarudza yunivhesiti, asiwo nevakuru vanosarudza nzira. Naizvozvo, takasarudza kutaura pamusoro pehukuru hunyanzvi huri kudiwa mumunda weIT. Isu tinotanga neiyo iri padyo nesu - iyo system administrator. 

Zvakadaro

Ndiani uyu?

A system administrator inyanzvi inogadzirisa, inovandudza, uye inochengetedza kambani IT zvivakwa, kusanganisira hardware, peripherals, software, uye network yekubatanidza. Ichokwadi, tsanangudzo yakarongeka?

Zvinoitwa nemutungamiriri wehurongwa zvinoenderana nehukuru hwekambani, ndima yechiitiko, ruzivo uye hunyanzvi hwemutungamiriri pachake. Panzvimbo yekupa tsananguro, zviri nani kusiyanisa chaiwo marudzi evatariri vehurongwa.

• Enikey is novice system maneja anoita mabasa ekutanga ekumisikidza hardware uye software. Kazhinji mubatsiri kune mukuru sisitimu maneja kana admin mune diki isiri-IT kambani inovhara zviitiko zvazvino.
• A system administrator (aka chokwadi admin) ndeye generalist ane basa rekugadzikana uye risina dambudziko rekushanda kweIT zvivakwa, monitors, inotora hesera, ine basa rekuchengetedza mushandisi, inobata netiweki, nezvimwe. Uyu ndimwari ane zvombo zvakawanda uye ane misoro mizhinji yeIT infrastructure, anotora basa rekuona hupenyu hwese hweIT hwekambani. Inowanikwa mune inenge kambani yese.
• A system architect-engineer inyanzvi inogadzira IT zvivakwa uye network yekuvaka mumakambani makuru.
• Netiweki maneja inyanzvi iri kuita kumisikidza nekugadzira emuviri uye ane musoro network mukambani, pamwe nekutonga kubhadharisa, accounting uye traffic control masisitimu. Inodiwa munzvimbo dzedata, telecoms, mabhangi, makambani.
• Injiniya yekuchengetedza ruzivo inyanzvi inovimbisa kuchengetedzeka kweiyo IT zvivakwa pamatanho ese. Iri kudiwa mumakambani anonzwa kurwiswa uye kupinda mukati metiweki (uye iyi fintech, mabhangi, indasitiri, nezvimwewo). 

Saizvozvo, wafunga kuve maneja wehurongwa, zviri nani kuti uronge munzira yauchazosimudzira, nekuti haugone kudyisa mhuri yako uye kuita basa munzvimbo ye enikei.

Kupi kunodiwa?

Ndingazvitaura pese pese, asi anenge ari manyepo. Nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, vatungamiriri vemabhizinesi madiki uye epakati-asina-yatish vanotenda kuti zvese zvinogona "kumisikidzwa" mugore, uye maneja wehurongwa anogona kungova enikey inouya. Naizvozvo, makambani anowanzo tambura zvakanyanya kubva kune akaremara IT masisitimu (kunyanya, IT mess), asi ivo havahaye mutongi wehurongwa. Kana iwe ukakwanisa kupinda mukambani yakadai, saka mu99% yezviitiko iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezvekushanda mukambani sechiitiko uye kuenderera mberi, uye chete mu1% yemakesi iwe unokwanisa kunyengetedza mukuru webasa, kuve akakosha uye kuvaka yakanaka IT nharaunda ine yakasimbiswa dhizaini uye inokwanisa manejimendi (pano ini ndinotsanangura zvakananga kubva kumuenzaniso chaiwo!). 

Asi mumakambani umo IT inzvimbo yakakosha yekuita (yekutambira, vanogadzira, nezvimwewo) kana kuvhara basa rekushanda (kutumira, zvitoro zvepamhepo, mabhangi, zvitoro, nezvimwewo), maneja wehurongwa anobva angove nyanzvi inotsvakwa. ndiani anogona kukura mune imwe kana akawanda nzira. Sezvo otomatiki ichiramba ichitora makambani, kuwana yekupinda-level uye yepakati-level sysadmin mabasa hazvizonetsa. Uye kana iwe ukava nyanzvi yemapombi, makambani achakurwira iwe, nekuti kune akawanda Enikes, asi kune vashoma nyanzvi, sekumwe kumwe. 

Panguva yekunyora uku pabasa "Habr Career" 67 vacancieszvinoenderana nehurongwa hwekutonga. Uye iwe unogona kungoona kuti kupararira kwe "specialization" kwakakura: kubva kumushandi werutsigiro wehunyanzvi kuenda kune ruzivo rwekuchengetedza uye DevOps nyanzvi. Nenzira, kushanda mutsigiro yehunyanzvi pakutanga nekukurumidza, zvine hungwaru uye zvakadzika kunopomba huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwakakosha kune system administrator.

muhoro wepakati

Ngatitarisei muhoro zvakare. "Habr Basa". 

Ngatitorei muhoro wepakati tisina kuratidza hunyanzvi hwe "System Administrator" uye ye "DevOps" maererano nedata rehafu yechipiri ye2. Aya ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa hunyanzvi muchikamu che "Administration", uye chinonyanya kuburitsa. Ngatienzanise.

Nyanzvi level

System Administrator

DevOps

mudzidzi (intern)

25 900 rubles.

hapana interns

junior (junior)

32 560 rubles.

69 130 rubles.

pakati (pakati)

58 822 rubles.

112 756 rubles.

mukuru (mukuru)

82 710 rubles. 

146 445 rubles.

tungamira (lead)

86 507 rubles.

197 561 rubles.

Zviverengero, hongu, zvinopihwa tichifunga nezveMoscow, mumatunhu mamiriro acho ane mwero, asi, chimiro, zviyero zvakangofanana. Uye zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti mutsauko wakadaro wakanaka, nekuti maDevOps akanyanya kufambira mberi maererano nehunyanzvi (kana isu tichitaura nezve canonical devops, uye kwete nezveavo vane zita rimwe chete).

Chinhu chega chandisingade kukurudzira kutora devops juns mushure mechikoro chesekondari. Vanodzidza nezve theoretician, vasina kuziva dev kana ops, vanotaridzika kunge vari pakati nepakati pakutanga, vanokura zvisina kunaka nekuda kwekusanzwisisa kwekuenda uye havakodzeri mari yakatarwa. Zvakadaro, hunyanzvi hwakatetepa hunofanirwa kuve nevakawanda vane ruzivo admins vakapfuura nemumoto, mvura, pombi dzemhangura, bash uye PowerShell zvinyorwa. 

Basic zvinodiwa kune nyanzvi

Zvinodiwa zvemutungamiri wehurongwa zvinosiyana kubva kune kambani kuenda kune imwe kambani (mumwe munhu anoda kuve ne1C, 1C-Bitrix, Kubernetes, imwe DBMS, nezvimwewo), asi pane zvishoma zvakakosha zvinodiwa izvo zvinonyanya kudiwa mune chero kambani. 

• Kuziva uye kunzwisisa kweOSI network modhi, basic protocol.
• Kutonga kweWindows uye/kana Unix inoshanda sisitimu, inosanganisira marongero eboka, manejimendi ekuchengetedza, kusikwa kwevashandisi, kuwana kure, basa rekuraira, nezvimwe.
• Scripting bash, PowerShell, iyo inokutendera kuti uite otomatiki uye nekugadzirisa maitiro ehurongwa hwekutonga mabasa. 
• Kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kwePC, server hardware uye peripherals.
• Kushanda nekugadzirisa uye kutenderera kwemakombuta network.
• Shanda nemasevha etsamba uye maseva efoni.
• Kuiswa kwezvirongwa zvehofisi uye maapplication.
• Network uye infrastructure monitoring. 

Iyi ndiyo nheyo inoda kuve nyanzvi pane yakanaka, ine chivimbo. Uye hazvisi nyore sezvazvinoratidzika: kumashure kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe kune machipisi akawanda, zvakavanzika zvehunyanzvi, maturusi esoftware anodiwa, mirairo uye zvinyorwa. Nenzira yakanaka, shanda nekuzvidzidzisa nekushanda kwakazara mubasa guru kweinenge gore.

Dzidza kunzwisisa joke iri.

Unhu hunokosha hwemunhu

A system administrator inyanzvi isingakwanise kuve yega mukambani uye nehunyanzvi nharaunda. Anogara achifanira kutaurirana nevanhu parunhare uye mumunhu, saka hunhu hwekutanga hunofanira kukundwa. Iyo sysadmin inofanira kuva:

• kusagadzikana-kusagadzikana - kubata nemaitiro asina kufanira emushandisi, huwandu hukuru hwebasa uye kutaurirana nemanejimendi;
• multitasking - sekutonga, IT infrastructure management inosanganisira basa rinoshanda rine maturusi akasiyana-siyana, panguva imwe chete mhinduro yemabasa akati wandei, kuongororwa kwezviitiko zvakawanda kamwechete;
• avo vanoziva kubata nguva - kuronga kwakasimba chete kunokuchengetedza kubva kune fakups, kukanganisa basa uye nguva dzekupedzisira dzemabasa;
• kutaurirana - kukwanisa kuteerera, kuongorora uye kunzwisisa izvo vashandisi vanoda kutaura (dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya, zvakaoma zvikuru);
• tekinoroji pfungwa - maiwe, pasina kugona kufunga engineering, systemically uye algorithmically, hapana chekuita mukutonga kwehurongwa.

Kudiwa kweruzivo rwemitauro yekunze

Kana kambani ikaisa zvinodiwa nemutauro uye ichishanda kune nyanzvi, saka maneja wehurongwa anofanira kutevedzera iyi mitemo (semuenzaniso, kambani inopa masevhisi ekunze kumakambani ekunze). Asi kazhinji, maneja wehurongwa anofanirwa kunzwisisa mirairo yekutanga uye sisitimu mameseji muChirungu - kune mazhinji, izvi zvakakwana.

Nekudaro, kana iwe uchida kukura mubasa rako, gamuchira zvitupa zvepasi rose, kusanganisira Cisco, uve wekutanga kunzwisisa matekinoroji epamberi, iwe unozoda Chirungu kanenge Upper Intermediate. Ini ndinokurudzira kuita iyi investimendi mukusimudzira kwehunyanzvi, iyi haisi imwe nhanho yakanaka, zvinokwanisika kuigona kunyangwe pasina kugona mutauro.

Kudzidza kupi

Basa remaneja system rinonakidza pakuti hapana chakananga chinodiwa chekudzidziswa kuti upinde muhunyanzvi, sezvo maneja wehurongwa seakadaro asingadzidziswe kune yakakosha faculty. Pakutanga, zvese zvinoenderana newe - pane kuti wakagadzirira sei kuzvimiririra dzidziso uye kudzidzira, kushanda nemasisitimu anoshanda (Windows neUnix), peripherals, uye chengetedzo. Muchokwadi, komputa yako inofanirwa kuve yako yekudzidzira marabhoritari (kana kunyange zvirinani kana uine yakaparadzana muchina wemabasa akadaro kuitira kuti maitiro arege kukanganisa basa rako guru uye kudzidza).

Kutaura kuti maneja wehurongwa ibasa risina kudzidziswa uye vanhu vazhinji vanozvidzidzisa vanongove tsotsi munguva yedu, nekuti tinoona mwero weanobhadharwa zvakanaka system administrator. Saka pane yakakosha "classic" seti yauchazoda.

• Dzidzo yekutanga, kunyanya yehunyanzvi, inokupa iwe kunzwisisa kweiyo yekutanga yealgorithmic kufunga, engineering, zvemagetsi, nezvimwe. Ichafambisa zvakanyanya kunzwisiswa kweiyo yakakosha uye nekumhanyisa kukura kwayo. Mukuwedzera, usakanganwa kuti kune vakawanda vashandi veRussia, diploma ichiri gwaro rinokosha paunenge uchitsvaga basa.
• Imwe kana kupfuura Cisco certification inovandudza zvakanyanya hunyanzvi hwako uye kuita kuti resume yako ikwikwidze. Semuyenzaniso, Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) inyanzvi yekutanga yeCisco Networking Technician kana Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching ndechimwe chezvitupa zvekupinda-chikamu. Iwe uchasangana neCisco munenge chero kambani, kunyanya hombe. Chero nzira, iyi certification yehunyanzvi ndiyo yegoridhe chiyero chetiweki. Mune ramangwana, iwe unogona "kuwana" mamwe mazinga, asi, ini ndichakuudza chakavanzika, chatove nemubhadharo weanoshandira 😉
• Zvichienderana neprofile yebasa rako, unogona kuwana zvitupa zvakafanira mumasevhisi masisitimu, chengetedzo, network nezvimwe. Aya mapepa ari kudiwa chaizvo nemushandirwi, uye kubva pane zvakaitika kwandiri ndichataura kuti pakugadzirira bvunzo, unopomba muchidzidzo zvizere. Kana iwe ukasadzidza wega, asi uchizviganhurira wega kune kosi, zvinenge zvisingaite kupasa bvunzo.
• Pane imwe nzira yedzidzo - yakazara makosi eWindows uye Unix system administrator. Ehe, zvakawanda zvinoenderana nemudzidzisi uye nesangano riri pasi rinoitisa kosi, asi mhando yekosi inogona kuodza mwoyo 100%. Zvichakadaro, nekubatanidzwa kwakabudirira kwemamiriro ezvinhu, kosi yakadaro inoronga ruzivo zvakanyanya, inoisa pamasherufu. Kana iwe uchiri kusarudza kuwana dzidzo yekuwedzera yakadaro, sarudza kwete yunivhesiti, asi yunivhesiti yekambani, uko hurukuro uye maitiro zvinounzwa nevechokwadi, vanoita nyanzvi, uye kwete theorists kubva kuma90s. 

A system administrator inyanzvi inoda kugara ichidzidziswa mumatekinoroji matsva, maturusi ekuchengetedza, IT zvivakwa zvekutonga masisitimu, nezvimwe. Pasina kuramba uchinyudzwa mumidziyo mitsva, iwe uchakurumidza kurasikirwa nehunyanzvi hwako uye kukosha kwemusika.

Iwe haugone kutenderera kune izvo zvekutanga uye uve nyanzvi inotonhorera - usingazive magadzirirwo ePC, sevha, kunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kwekushandisa uye sevhisi software, masisitimu anoshanda, hapana chinozoshanda. Naizvozvo, kune vatariri vehurongwa, thesis "kutanga kubva pakutanga" inonyanya kukosha kupfuura nakare kose.

Mabhuku Akanakisisa uye Zvishandiso Zvekudzidza

1. The classic ndiAndrew Tanenbaum: "Computer Architecture", "Computer Networks", "Modern Operating Systems". Aya ndiwo mabhuku matatu akakora, ayo, zvisinei, akapinda muzvinyorwa zvakati wandei, akaverengwa zvakakwana uye anonzwisiswa. Uyezve, kune vamwe vatariri vehurongwa, rudo rwebasa runotanga nemabhuku aya.
2. T. Limoncelli, K. Hogan "The Practice of System and Network Administration" mu - inoshamisa "brain-ruling" bhuku rekugadzirisa ruzivo rwekugadzirira-yakagadzirwa system administrator. Kazhinji, Limoncelli ine akawanda mabhuku akanaka evatariri vehurongwa. 
3. R. Pike, B. Kernigan “Unix. Software Environment", nemamwe mabhuku naKerningan
4. Noah Chipo "Python muUNIX uye Linux System Administration" ibhuku rakakura kune admin otomatiki mafeni.

Mukuwedzera kune mabhuku, mabhuku emutengesi, akavakirwa-mukati rubatsiro rwemaitiro ekushanda uye zvikumbiro, mirayiridzo nemitemo ichauya inobatsira - sekutonga, zviri nyore kuwana ruzivo rwese rwaunoda mavari. Uye hongu, kazhinji ivo vari muchiRungu uye zvakanyanya kushata mukugarisana kweRussia.

Uye, hongu, Habr uye maforamu akasarudzika rubatsiro rwakakura kune vatariri vehurongwa hwechero nhanho. Pandaifanira kudzidza sainzi yeWindows Server 2012, Habr aive rubatsiro rwakanyanya - takabva tazivana zvakanyanya.

Remangwana re sysadmin

Ndakanzwa nezve kuderedzwa kweiyo system administrator basa uye nharo dzinotsigira iyi thesis dzinopfuura kushaya simba: marobhoti anozogona, makore anovimbisa basa pasina system maneja, nezvimwe. Mubvunzo wekuti ndiani anotungamira makore, semuenzaniso, parutivi rwemupi, unoramba wakavhurika. Muchokwadi, basa remutongi wehurongwa harisi kushatisa, asi riri kushandurwa rakananga kucomplication uye Universal. Naizvozvo, kana ukazvisarudza, nzira dzinoverengeka dzinovhurika pamberi pako.

• DevOps kana DevSecOps inyanzvi pamharadzano yebudiriro, manejimendi uye chengetedzo. Parizvino, kutarisisa kuDevOps kuri kungokura uye maitiro aya achaenderera mberi, achivandudza kurongedza, akaremerwa maapplication uye masisitimu, microservice architecture, nezvimwe. Dzidza zvese izvi nepo zvichitaridzika sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha kune ramangwana. 
• Kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko ndeimwe nzira yebudiriro. Kana ekare ruzivo rwekuchengetedza ruzivo rwaingova munharembozha nemabhangi, nhasi ivo vanodiwa munenge chero kambani yeIT. Iyo sphere haisi nyore, inoda ruzivo mukusimudzira, kubira uye kudzivirira masisitimu - izvi zvakadzika zvakanyanya pane kuisa antivirus uye kumisikidza firewall. Uye, nenzira, kune akasiyana hunyanzvi hwe infobez kumayunivhesiti, saka kana iwe uri pakutanga kwerwendo rwako, iwe unogona pakarepo kupinda mumbiri, uye kana iwe uri "mudhara", saka unogona kufunga nezve chirongwa che master. kudzamisa ruzivo rwako uye kuve nediploma.
• CTO, CIO - zvigaro zvepamusoro mumunda weIT kana IT madhipatimendi emakambani. Nzira yakanakisa kune avo, mukuwedzera kune systemic kufunga uye rudo rwetekinoroji, vane manejimendi uye mari kugona. Iwe unozotonga iyo yese IT zvivakwa, kuita kwakaomarara kuita, kuvaka bhizinesi rekuvaka, uye izvi, zvechokwadi, zvinobhadhara zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, sekuratidzira kunoratidza, CTO / CIO mukambani hombe zvakare kugona kutaurirana, kutsanangura, kururamisa uye kupaza mabhajeti, idzi tsinga dzakakura uye mutoro.
• Tanga ma bissnes ako. Semuenzaniso, kuita system manejimendi uye kutsigirwa kwemakambani seanobuda kunze. Ipapo iwe unozogona kuvaka hurongwa hwako, kuronga purofiti uye basa, uye nekupa iwo masevhisi anonyanya kutonhorera kwauri. Asi iyi haisi nzira iri nyore, zvese maererano nekutora uye kuchengetedza mutengi base, uye maererano nekutonga, mari uye mutemo. 

Ehe, iwe unogona kupinda munharembozha, uye mukusimudzira, uye mukutengesa mamaneja ezvigadzirwa zvakaomarara (nenzira, inodhura sarudzo!), Uye mukushambadzira - zvese zvinoenderana nemafungiro ako uye kunzwisisa kwehunyanzvi. Uye iwe unogona kuramba uri inotonhorera sisitimu maneja uye ita zvese izvo zvakanyorwa maererano nemuhoro uye hunyanzvi. Asi nokuda kweizvi, chishuwo chako uye ruzivo rwako uye kunzwisisa nehutungamiri hwekambani yako yekukosha kweTI zvivakwa zvinofanira kusangana (uye izvi zvatove zvakanyanyisa kuwanda). 

Ngano dzebasa

Kufanana nechero basa, masisitimu ekutonga akakomberedzwa nengano. Ndichafara kudzinga izvo zvakajairika.

• Sysadmins ibasa rinoshanda. Kwete, iri ibasa rakangwara, rakaomarara rine multitasking uye mabasa akawanda, nekuti munyika yanhasi, IT zvivakwa zvinoreva zvakawandisa mune chero kambani.
• Sysadmins akaipa. Kwete, zvakajairika - zvinoenderana nehunhu hwemuridzi webasa. Asi ivo vanotsamwiswa chaizvo nevashandisi vasingakwanise kutsanangura dambudziko, kana, chii chakanaka, vanozviona senge matsotsi uye, vasati vadaidza rubatsiro, wedzera dambudziko racho zvachose.

  
  Kwete zvakaipa, asi zvine ngozi!

• Sysadmins haidi dzidzo. Kana iwe usingade "kugadzirisa zvitofu" hupenyu hwako hwese uye kuita zvinhu zvakakosha sekuisa antivirus uye zvimwe zvirongwa, unofanirwa kugara uchidzidza, uri wega uye kumakosi ane hunyanzvi. Dzidzo yepamusoro ichabatsira kukurumidza nzira yekuzvidzidzira uye maonero ezvakaoma ruzivo ruzivo. 
• Sysadmins vane slackers. Oo, iyi ingano yangu yandinofarira! Iyo yakanaka sysadmin inoshanda neIT zvivakwa manejimendi software uye inochengeta iyo yese system yakarongeka. Zvinotora nguva yakakura, kazhinji inoda kushanda kwemaawa akawanda, asi kunze hongu, zvinoita sekunge sisitimu maneja anongogara paPC, sesu tese. Mukuona kwemumiriri, iyi inyonganiso: admin anofanirwa kutendeuka newaya uye nekumhanya-mhanya necrimper uye stripper akagadzirira. Upenzi, muchidimbu. Kunyangwe pasina munhu asina zvivi, iwe unobva wanzwa simbe system maneja muganda rako.
• MaSysadmin haana kuchena, anofamba akatambanudzwa majuzi uye aine ndebvu. Chitarisiko chemutongi wehurongwa haataurirwe chero zviyero uye zvinoenderana chete nezvaanofarira.

Asi kazhinji, pane chikamu chejee mujee rega rega, uye kazhinji, vatariri vehurongwa vane mavara, vanofarira vakomana, vane yakasarudzika nzira yekutaurirana. Unogona nguva dzose kuwana mutauro wakajairika navo.

Zano guru

Iko hakuna minana uye hauzove super system maneja kana ukagara muhofisi diki uchiita basa rekutanga. Iwe zvechokwadi uchapisa, kuodzwa mwoyo mubasa uye uchiti iri ndiro basa rakaipisisa munyika. Naizvozvo, gadzira, shandura mabasa, usanzvenga mabasa anonakidza uye akaoma - uye iwe pachako hauzocherechedze kuti iwe uchave sei nyanzvi inotsvakwa uye inobhadharwa zvakanyanya. 

PS: mumashoko, senguva dzose, takamirira mazano kubva kune vane ruzivo hurongwa vatungamiri uye nyaya pamusoro pezvakakubatsira mubasa rako, kuti wakasvika sei pabasa iri, zvaunoda pamusoro paro uye zvausingadi. Zvakaita sei, system management muna 2020?

Source: www.habr.com