Horudhac
Salaamu calaykum! Magacaygu waa Sasha, waxaanan tijaabinayay dhabarka dambe (adeegyada Linux iyo API) in ka badan lix sano. Fikradda maqaalku waxay ii timid ka dib codsi kale oo ka yimid saaxiibkii tijaabiyaha si uu ugu sheego waxa uu ka akhrin karo amarrada Linux ka hor wareysiga. Caadi ahaan, musharraxa booska injineernimada QA waxaa looga baahan yahay inuu ogaado amarada aasaasiga ah (haddii, dabcan, ay ku lug leeyihiin la shaqeynta Linux), laakiin sidee ku ogaaneysaa amarrada mudan in la akhriyo markaad isku diyaarineyso wareysiga haddii aad wax yar haysato. ama aan khibrad u lahayn Linux?
Sidaa darteed, inkasta oo tan hore loo qoray marar badan, haddana waxaan go'aansaday inaan qoro maqaal kale "Linux for beginners" oo halkan ku tax amarrada aasaasiga ah ee aad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato ka hor wareysi kasta oo ka mid ah waaxda (ama shirkad) adeegsata Linux. Waxaan ka fikiray amarrada iyo adeegyada iyo cabbiraadaha aan isticmaalo inta badan, faallooyinka ka soo ururiyay asxaabtayda, oo aan ku ururiyay dhammaan hal maqaal. Maqaalku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay 3 qaybood: marka hore, macluumaad kooban oo ku saabsan aasaaska I/O ee ku yaala Linux terminal, ka dibna dulmar guud oo ku saabsan amarrada asaasiga ah, iyo qaybta saddexaad waxay sharraxaysaa sida loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka caadiga ah ee Linux.
Amar kastaa wuxuu leeyahay xulashooyin badan, dhammaantood halkan laguma qori doono. Waxaad mar walba geli kartaa `nin <amar>ama `<command> --caawinSi aad wax badan uga ogaato kooxda.
Tusaale:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Haddii amarku uu qaato waqti aad u dheer in la dhammaystiro, waxaad joojin kartaa adiga oo gujinaya konsole-ka Ctrl + C (signal ayaa loo diraa habka SAXIIX).
Wax yar oo ku saabsan soo saarista amarka
Marka hawshu ka bilaabato Linux, 3 durdurrada xogta caadiga ah ayaa loo abuuray habkaas: stdin, dhejis и stderr. Waxay kala yihiin 0, 1 iyo 2 siday u kala horreeyaan. Laakiin hadda waan xiisaynaynaa dhejis iyo, ilaa xad, stderr. Laga soo bilaabo magacyada way fududahay in la qiyaaso taas dhejis waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro xogta, iyo stderr - si loo muujiyo farriimaha khaldan. Sida caadiga ah markaad amar ku socoto Linux dhejis и stderr u soo saar dhammaan macluumaadka console-ka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii soo-saarka amarku uu weyn yahay, waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku habboon tahay in loo wareejiyo faylka. Tan waxaa la samayn karaa, tusaale ahaan, sidan:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Haddii aan soo saarno waxa ku jira faylka man_signal, ka dibna waxaan arki doonaa in ay la mid tahay waxa ay noqon lahayd haddii aan si fudud u maamulno amarka `calaamad nin`.
Hawlgalka dib u jiheynta `>'ku-gudban dhejis. Waxaad qeexi kartaa dib-u-dejin dhejis si cad: `1>` Si la mid ah, waxaad cayimi kartaa dib u hagitaan stderr:`2>` Waxaad isku dari kartaa hawlahan oo aad kala saari kartaa soo saarida amarka caadiga ah iyo fariinta qaladka:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Jihaynta iyo dhejisiyo stderr hal fayl u geli sida soo socota:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Hawlgalka dib u jiheynta `2> & 1`macnaheedu waa jihaynta stderr isla goobtii lagu faray dhejis.
Qalab kale oo ku habboon in lagula shaqeeyo I/O (ama halkii, waa qalab ku habboon isgaadhsiinta hab-socodka) waa biibiile (ama qaade). Dhuumaha waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu gudbiyo amarro badan: dhejis awaamiirta ayaa loo weeciyey stdin ku xiga, iyo wixii la mid ah ee silsiladda:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Amarada Linux aasaasiga ah
pwd
Muuji tusaha hadda (shaqeeya).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
taariikhda
Muuji nidaamka hadda jira taariikhda iyo wakhtiga.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Amarkani waxa uu tusinayaa cidda nidaamka gashay. Intaa waxaa dheer, wakhtiga saacadaha iyo LA (celceliska culeyska) ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo bandhigay shaashadda.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Daabac waxa ku jira hagaha. Haddii aadan marin jidka, waxa ku jira buugga hadda jira ayaa la soo bandhigi doonaa.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Shakhsi ahaan, waxaan inta badan isticmaalaa fursadaha -l (qaab liis dheer - soo saarid tiir leh macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan faylasha), -t (oo lagu kala soocayo faylka/waqtiga wax ka beddelka buugga) iyo -r (dib-u-soocidda - marka lagu daro -t faylalka ugu dambeeyay waxay ahaan doonaan xagga hoose):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Waxaa jira 2 magacyo oo gaar ah:"."Iyo".." Midka hore waxa uu ka dhigan yahay hagaha hadda jira, kan labaadna waxa loola jeedaa hagaha waalidka. Waxay noqon karaan kuwo ku habboon in loo isticmaalo kooxo kala duwan, gaar ahaan ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Waxa kale oo jira ikhtiyaar faa'iido leh oo lagu soo bandhigo faylasha qarsoon (laga bilaabo ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Waxaad sidoo kale isticmaali kartaa ikhtiyaarka -h - wax-soo-saarka qaab bini'aadmigu akhrin karo (u fiirso cabbirrada faylka):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Beddel hagaha hadda
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Haddii aadan u gudbin magaca tusaha dood ahaan, doorsoomiyaha deegaanka ayaa la isticmaali doonaa $ HOME, taas oo ah, hagaha guriga. Waxa kale oo laga yaabaa inay ku habboon tahay in la isticmaalo '~'waa macne gaar ah $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Samee hage.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Mararka qaarkood waxaad u baahan tahay inaad abuurto qaab dhismeed gaar ah: tusaale ahaan, hage ku dhex jira hagaha aan jirin. Si looga fogaado gelitaanka dhowr jeer oo isku xigta mkdir, waxaad isticmaali kartaa ikhtiyaarka -p - waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad abuurto dhammaan hagayaasha maqan ee kala sareynta. Sidoo kale ikhtiyaarkan mkdir soo celin maayo khalad haddii hagahu jiro.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Tirtir faylka
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Ikhtiyaar -r Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad si isdaba joog ah u tirtirto hagayaasha dhammaan waxa ku jira, ikhtiyaar -f waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad iska indhotirto khaladaadka markaad tirtirayso (tusaale ahaan, fayl aan jirin). Ikhtiyaaradani waxay ogol yihiin, qiyaas ahaan hadalka, tirtirka dammaanadda leh ee dhammaan kala sarreynta faylalka iyo hagayaasha (haddii isticmaaluhu uu xuquuq u leeyahay inuu sidaas sameeyo), sidaa darteed, waa in si taxaddar leh loo isticmaalo (tusaale kaftan caadi ah waa "rm-rf /", xaalado gaar ah, ayaa ku tirtiri doona, haddii aysan ahayn nidaamka oo dhan, markaa faylal badan oo muhiim u ah waxqabadkeeda).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Naqili faylka ama hagaha
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Amarkani waxa kale oo uu leeyahay doorashooyin -r и -f, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hubiyo in kala sareynta hagaha iyo galalka lagu koobiyeeyo meel kale.
mv
Dhaqaaq ama magacaw faylka ama hagaha
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
cat
Daabac waxa ku jira faylka (ama faylasha).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Waxa kale oo mudan in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho amarrada madaxa (wax soo saarka n xariiqyada ugu horreeya ama bytes ee faylka) iyo daboolka (wax badan iyada ka dib).
daboolka
Dib ula noqoshada n khadadka ugu dambeeya ama bytes ee faylka.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Doorashadu aad bay faa'iido u leedahay -f - waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad ku soo bandhigto xogta cusub faylka wakhtiga dhabta ah.
yar
Mararka qaarkood feylka qoraalku aad ayuu u weyn yahay oo dhib uma laha in lagu soo bandhigo amarka cat. Markaas waxaad ku furi kartaa adigoo isticmaalaya amarka yar: feylku wuxuu soo saari doonaa qaybo ka mid ah, dhex mara qaybahan, goobid iyo hawlo kale oo fudud ayaa diyaar ah.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Waxa kale oo laga yaabaa inay ku habboon tahay in la isticmaalo yar qaade (biibiile):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Nidaamyada liiska.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Aniga naftayda badanaa waxaan isticmaalaa ikhtiyaarka BSD"ka"- soo bandhig dhammaan hababka nidaamka (maadaama ay jiri karaan habab badan, waxaan soo bandhigay kaliya 5 ee ugu horreeya iyaga oo isticmaalaya dhuumaha (biibiile) iyo kooxda madaxa):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Qaar badan ayaa sidoo kale isticmaala ikhtiyaarka BSD"axjf", kaas oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad muujiso geedka geeddi-socodka (halkan waxaan ka saaray qayb ka mid ah wax soo saarka si loo muujiyo):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Amarkani wuxuu leeyahay doorashooyin badan oo kala duwan, markaa haddii aad si firfircoon u isticmaasho, waxaan kugula talinayaa inaad akhrido dukumentiyada. Kiisaska intooda badan, waa ku filan oo kaliya in la ogaado "ps aux«.
dilaan
U dir calaamada habka. Sida caadiga ah calaamadda ayaa loo diraa SAXIIX, kaas oo joojiya hawsha.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Mar haddii hab-socodku yeelan karo kuwa gacanta ku haya ishaarada, dilaan Had iyo jeer ma keento natiijada la filayo - isla markiiba dhamaystirka hawsha. Si aad u "disho" habka hubaal, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad u dirto calaamad habka SAXIIX. Si kastaba ha noqotee, tani waxay u horseedi kartaa luminta xogta (tusaale ahaan, haddii nidaamku u baahan yahay inuu kaydiyo macluumaadka qaar ka mid ah diskka ka hor inta aan la joojin), markaa waxaad u baahan tahay inaad si taxadar leh u isticmaasho amarkan. Lambarka ishaarka SAXIIX - 9, markaa nooca gaaban ee amarku wuxuu u eg yahay sidan:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Intaa waxaa dheer kuwa la sheegay SAXIIX и SAXIIX Waxaa jira calaamado kale oo badan oo kala duwan; liiskooda si fudud ayaa looga heli karaa internetka. Oo ha iloobin in calaamadaha SAXIIX и XIGTA lama qaban karo ama la iska indho tiri karo.
ping
U dir xirmo ICMP martigeliyaha ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
by default ping shaqeeyaa ilaa inta gacanta lagu joojinayo. Sidaa darteed doorashadu waxay noqon kartaa mid faa'iido leh -c - tirada xirmooyinka ka dib marka la diro ping iskeed u dhamaystiri doonta. Ikhtiyaarka kale ee aan mararka qaarkood isticmaalo waa -i, inta u dhaxaysa dirida xirmooyinka.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
Macmiilka FurSSH SSH wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad ku xidho martigeliyaha fog.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Waxaa jira nuancesyo badan oo ku saabsan isticmaalka SSH, iyo macmiilka ayaa sidoo kale leh tiro badan oo awood ah, markaa haddii aad rabto (ama aad u baahan tahay) waad wax ka akhriyi kartaa .
scp
Nuqul ka samee faylalka u dhexeeya martida loo yahay (isticmaalkan ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Waxa kale oo aad isticmaali kartaa in aad isku xidhid hagaha u dhexeeya martida loo yahay rsync (-a - Habka kaydka, wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad nuqul ka sameysato dhammaan waxyaabaha ku jira hagaha "sida uu yahay", -v - soo saarida konsole macluumaadka dheeraadka ah):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
codso
Muuji xariiq qoraal ah
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Ikhtiyaarada mudan in halkan laga fiirsado -n - haku dhejin xariiqda xariiqda jaban dhamaadka, iyo -e - awood ka baxsashada tarjumaada adoo isticmaalaya "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Waxa kale oo aad soo bandhigi kartaa qiyamka doorsoomayaasha adiga oo isticmaalaya amarkan. Tusaale ahaan, Linux koodka ka bixida ee amarkii ugu dambeeyay ee la dhammeeyay waxaa lagu kaydiyaa doorsoome gaar ah $?, oo sidan ayaad ku ogaan kartaa khaladkii ka dhacay codsigii u dambeeyay ee socday:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Macmiilka TELNET borotokoolka. Loo isticmaalay in lagula xidhiidho martigeliyaha kale.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad isticmaasho borotokoolka TLS (aan ku xasuusiyo in SSL ay muddo dheer duugowday), markaa telnet kuma haboona ujeedooyinkan. Laakiin macmiilku wuu iman doonaa openssl:
Tusaalaha isticmaalka openssl oo leh soo saarista jawaabta codsiga GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIHQDCCBiigAwIBAgIQD9B43Ujxor1NDyupa2A4/jANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBN
MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRGlnaUNlcnQgSW5jMScwJQYDVQQDEx5E
aWdpQ2VydCBTSEEyIFNlY3VyZSBTZXJ2ZXIgQ0EwHhcNMTgxMTI4MDAwMDAwWhcN
MjAxMjAyMTIwMDAwWjCBpTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCkNhbGlmb3Ju
aWExFDASBgNVBAcTC0xvcyBBbmdlbGVzMTwwOgYDVQQKEzNJbnRlcm5ldCBDb3Jw
b3JhdGlvbiBmb3IgQXNzaWduZWQgTmFtZXMgYW5kIE51bWJlcnMxEzARBgNVBAsT
ClRlY2hub2xvZ3kxGDAWBgNVBAMTD3d3dy5leGFtcGxlLm9yZzCCASIwDQYJKoZI
hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBANDwEnSgliByCGUZElpdStA6jGaPoCkrp9vV
rAzPpXGSFUIVsAeSdjF11yeOTVBqddF7U14nqu3rpGA68o5FGGtFM1yFEaogEv5g
rJ1MRY/d0w4+dw8JwoVlNMci+3QTuUKf9yH28JxEdG3J37Mfj2C3cREGkGNBnY80
eyRJRqzy8I0LSPTTkhr3okXuzOXXg38ugr1x3SgZWDNuEaE6oGpyYJIBWZ9jF3pJ
QnucP9vTBejMh374qvyd0QVQq3WxHrogy4nUbWw3gihMxT98wRD1oKVma1NTydvt
hcNtBfhkp8kO64/hxLHrLWgOFT/l4tz8IWQt7mkrBHjbd2XLVPkCAwEAAaOCA8Ew
ggO9MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFA+AYRyCMWHVLyjnjUY4tCzhxtniMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRm
mGIC4AmRp9njNvt2xrC/oW2nvjCBgQYDVR0RBHoweIIPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUub3Jn
ggtleGFtcGxlLmNvbYILZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCC2V4YW1wbGUubmV0ggtleGFtcGxl
Lm9yZ4IPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tgg93d3cuZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCD3d3dy5leGFt
cGxlLm5ldDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwHQYDVR0lBBYwFAYIKwYBBQUHAwEGCCsG
AQUFBwMCMGsGA1UdHwRkMGIwL6AtoCuGKWh0dHA6Ly9jcmwzLmRpZ2ljZXJ0LmNv
bS9zc2NhLXNoYTItZzYuY3JsMC+gLaArhilodHRwOi8vY3JsNC5kaWdpY2VydC5j
b20vc3NjYS1zaGEyLWc2LmNybDBMBgNVHSAERTBDMDcGCWCGSAGG/WwBATAqMCgG
CCsGAQUFBwIBFhxodHRwczovL3d3dy5kaWdpY2VydC5jb20vQ1BTMAgGBmeBDAEC
AjB8BggrBgEFBQcBAQRwMG4wJAYIKwYBBQUHMAGGGGh0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLmRpZ2lj
ZXJ0LmNvbTBGBggrBgEFBQcwAoY6aHR0cDovL2NhY2VydHMuZGlnaWNlcnQuY29t
L0RpZ2lDZXJ0U0hBMlNlY3VyZVNlcnZlckNBLmNydDAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMIIB
fwYKKwYBBAHWeQIEAgSCAW8EggFrAWkAdwCkuQmQtBhYFIe7E6LMZ3AKPDWYBPkb
37jjd80OyA3cEAAAAWdcMZVGAAAEAwBIMEYCIQCEZIG3IR36Gkj1dq5L6EaGVycX
sHvpO7dKV0JsooTEbAIhALuTtf4wxGTkFkx8blhTV+7sf6pFT78ORo7+cP39jkJC
AHYAh3W/51l8+IxDmV+9827/Vo1HVjb/SrVgwbTq/16ggw8AAAFnXDGWFQAABAMA
RzBFAiBvqnfSHKeUwGMtLrOG3UGLQIoaL3+uZsGTX3MfSJNQEQIhANL5nUiGBR6g
l0QlCzzqzvorGXyB/yd7nttYttzo8EpOAHYAb1N2rDHwMRnYmQCkURX/dxUcEdkC
wQApBo2yCJo32RMAAAFnXDGWnAAABAMARzBFAiEA5Hn7Q4SOyqHkT+kDsHq7ku7z
RDuM7P4UDX2ft2Mpny0CIE13WtxJAUr0aASFYZ/XjSAMMfrB0/RxClvWVss9LHKM
MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBzcIXvQEGnakPVeJx7VUjmvGuZhrr7DQOLeP4R
8CmgDM1pFAvGBHiyzvCH1QGdxFl6cf7wbp7BoLCRLR/qPVXFMwUMzcE1GLBqaGZM
v1Yh2lvZSLmMNSGRXdx113pGLCInpm/TOhfrvr0TxRImc8BdozWJavsn1N2qdHQu
N+UBO6bQMLCD0KHEdSGFsuX6ZwAworxTg02/1qiDu7zW7RyzHvFYA4IAjpzvkPIa
X6KjBtpdvp/aXabmL95YgBjT8WJ7pqOfrqhpcmOBZa6Cg6O1l4qbIFH/Gj9hQB5I
0Gs4+eH6F9h3SojmPTYkT+8KuZ9w84Mn+M8qBXUQoYoKgIjN
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Xalinta dhibaatooyinka caadiga ah ee Linux
Beddel milkiilaha faylka
Waxaad bedeli kartaa milkiilaha faylka ama tusaha adigoo isticmaalaya amarka shiil:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Halbeegga amarkan waa in la siiyaa mulkiilaha cusub iyo kooxda (ikhtiyaar), oo ay kala soocaan xiidan. Sidoo kale, marka la beddelo milkiilaha buugga tusaha, doorashadu waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh -R - ka dib mulkiilayaashu waxay bedeli doonaan dhammaan waxa ku jira buugga.
Beddel ogolaanshaha faylka
Dhibaatadan waxaa lagu xallin karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo amarka chmod. Tusaale ahaan, waxaan ku siin doonaa goobta oggolaanshaha "Milkiilaha waxaa loo oggol yahay inuu akhriyo, qoro oo fuliyo, kooxda waxaa loo oggol yahay inay wax akhriyaan oo qoraan, qof kasta oo kale looma oggola waxba":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
7-da hore (tani waa 0b111 ee matalaadda yara) ee halbeegga macneheedu waxa weeye "dhammaan xuquuqda mulkiilaha", 6da labaad (tani waa 0b110 ee matalaadda yara) macneheedu waa "akhri oo qor", iyo 0 macnaheedu waa "wax akhriya oo qor" . Maaskarada loo yaqaan 'bitmask' waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: kan ugu yar ee muhiimka ah ("xaq") ayaa ka mas'uul ah fulinta, kan soo socda ("dhexe") xoogaa waa qorista, iyo kan ugu muhiimsan ("bidix") waa wax akhrinta.
Waxa kale oo aad dejin kartaa oggolaanshaha addoo isticmaalaya xuruuf gaar ah (mnemonic syntax). Tusaale ahaan, tusaalaha soo socda ayaa marka hore meesha ka saaraya xuquuqaha fulinta ee isticmaalaha hadda ka dibna dib u beddela:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Amarkani wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin badan, markaa waxaan kugula talinayaa inaad wax badan ka akhrido (gaar ahaan ku saabsan syntax mnemonic, tusaale ahaan, ).
Daabac waxa ku jira faylka binary
Tan waxaa lagu samayn karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo utility hexdump. Hoos waxaa ku yaal tusaalayaal isticmaalkeeda.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Isticmaalka utility this, waxaad soo saari kartaa xogta qaabab kale, laakiin kuwanu waa fursadaha ugu badan ee faa'iido leh ee loo isticmaalo.
Raadi faylasha
Waxaad ka heli kartaa faylka qayb magaciisa ka mid ah geedka hagaha adiga oo isticmaalaya amarka heli:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Ikhtiyaarada kale ee raadinta iyo filtarrada ayaa waliba diyaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, sidan ayaad ku heli kartaa faylasha gal imtixaankaabuuray in ka badan 5 maalmood ka hor:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Ka raadi qoraalka faylasha
Kooxdu waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad la qabsato hawshan dufan. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan, kan ugu fudud ayaa halkan lagu bixiyaa tusaale ahaan.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Mid ka mid ah siyaabaha caanka ah ee loo isticmaalo amarka dufan - iyada oo loo isticmaalo dhuumaha (biibiile):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Ikhtiyaar -v kuu ogolaanaya inaad saameyn ku yeelato dufan'iyo dhanka kale - kaliya xariiqo aan ku jirin qaabka loo gudbiyay dufan.
Eeg baakadaha la rakibay
Ma jiro amar caalami ah, sababtoo ah wax walba waxay ku xiran yihiin qaybinta Linux iyo maamulaha xirmada ee loo isticmaalo. Waxay u badan tahay in mid ka mid ah amarada soo socda uu ku caawin doono:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Eeg inta boos ee geedka hagaha uu qaato
Mid ka mid ah fursadaha isticmaalka amarka du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Waxaad bedeli kartaa qiimaha cabbirka -dsi aad u hesho macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan geedka hagaha. Waxaad sidoo kale isticmaali kartaa amarka marka lagu daro qaddar:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Ikhtiyaar -h kooxda qaddar waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad kala soocdo cabbirada ku qoran qaabka dadka la akhriyi karo (tusaale, 1K, 2G), doorasho -r Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad u kala soocdo xogta siday u kala horreeyaan.
"Raadi oo beddel" fayl ku jira, faylasha ku jira hagaha
Qalliinkan waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo utility sed ( calan ma leh g Dhamaadka, kaliya dhacdada ugu horreysa ee "qoraal duug ah" ee xariiqda ayaa la bedeli doonaa):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Waxaad u isticmaali kartaa dhowr fayl hal mar:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Ka sawir tiir ka soo baxa
Waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad la qabsato hawshan awk. Tusaalahani wuxuu muujinayaa tiirka labaad ee soo-saarka amarka `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Isla markaana, waa in taas maskaxda lagu hayaa awk wuxuu leeyahay hawlo badan oo qani ah, markaa haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad ku shaqeyso qoraalka khadka taliska, waa inaad wax badan ka akhrido amarkan.
Ku ogow cinwaanka IP-ga magaca martida loo yahay
Mid ka mid ah amarada soo socda ayaa kaa caawin doona tan:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Xogta Shabakadda
Isticmaali karo ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Ama laga yaabee ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Waxaa intaa dheer, haddii, tusaale ahaan, aad xiisaynayso kaliya IPV4, markaa waxaad ku dari kartaa ikhtiyaarka -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Eeg dekedaha furan
Si tan loo sameeyo, isticmaal utility netstat. Tusaale ahaan, si aad u aragto dhammaan dekedaha dhageysiga ee TCP iyo UDP oo wata bandhig PID-da ee habka dhageysiga dekedda iyo nambarada dekedda, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad u isticmaasho xulashooyinka soo socda:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Macluumaadka nidaamka
Waxaad xogtan ku heli kartaa amarka magac la'aan.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Si aad u fahamto qaabka wax soo saarka lagu soo saaray, waxaad tixraaci kartaa I caawiamarkan:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Macluumaadka xusuusta
Si aad u fahamto inta RAM ku jiro ama bilaash ah, waxaad isticmaali kartaa amarka free.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Macluumaad ku saabsan nidaamyada faylalka (meel bannaan oo disk ah)
kooxda df wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad aragto inta boos ee xorta ah oo lagu mashquulsan yahay nidaamyada faylalka rakiban.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Ikhtiyaar -T qeexaya in nooca nidaamka faylka la qiimeeyo.
Macluumaadka ku saabsan hawlaha iyo tirakoobyada kala duwan ee nidaamka
Si tan loo sameeyo, isticmaal amarka top. Waxay awood u leedahay inay soo bandhigto macluumaad kala duwan: tusaale ahaan, hababka ugu sarreeya ee isticmaalka RAM ama hababka ugu sarreeya ee isticmaalka wakhtiga CPU. Waxa kale oo ay soo bandhigaysaa macluumaadka ku saabsan xusuusta, CPU, saacadaha shaqada iyo LA (celceliska culeyska).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Utility Tani waxay leedahay hawlo qani ah, sidaas darteed haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad marar badan isticmaasho, waxa fiican inaad akhrido dukumeentigeeda.
Qashinka taraafigga shabakada
Si loo joojiyo taraafikada shabakada Linux, utility ayaa la isticmaalaa tcpdump. Si aad gaadiidka ugu daadiso dekedda 12345, waxaad isticmaali kartaa amarka soo socda:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Ikhtiyaar -A wuxuu sheegay inaan rabno inaan aragno wax soo saarka ASCII (marka waxay u fiican tahay hab-maamuuska qoraalka), - waan ahay waxay muujineysaa inaanan xiiseyneynin isdhexgalka shabakada, dekedda - taraafikada dekedda si loo daadiyo. Halkii dekedda waad isticmaali kartaa ciidankii, ama isku dhafan ciidankii и dekedda (martigeliyaha A iyo port X). Doorasho kale oo faa'iido leh ayaa laga yaabaa -n - ha u beddelin ciwaannada magacyada martida loo yahay ee soo-saarka.
Maxaa dhacaya haddii taraafikada uu yahay laba-geesood? Markaa doorashadu way ina caawin doontaa -X - xogta soo saarida ee hex iyo ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Waa in la tixgeliyo in labada xaaladood ee isticmaalka baakooyinka IP ay soo bixi doonaan, sidaas darteed bilawga mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa jiri doona binary IP iyo TCP madax. Waa kan tusaale wax soo saarka weydiinta"123" loo diray server-ka dhegeysiga ee dekedda 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Halkii laga soo saari lahaa
Dabcan, waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo xiiso leh oo Linux ah oo aad ka akhrisan karto Habré, StackOverflow iyo goobo kale (waxaan ku siin doonaa tusaale , oo sidoo kale ah ). Maamulayaasha nidaamka iyo DevOps waxay adeegsadaan amaro iyo adeegyo badan si ay u habeeyaan server-yada, laakiin xitaa tijaabiyeyaashu waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan ku filnayn amarrada liiska ku jira. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad hubiso saxnaanta wakhtiyada qalafsan ee u dhexeeya macmiilka iyo serferka, ama hawlgalka serferka marka aanay jirin meel disk ah oo bilaash ah. Xitaa kama hadlayo, tusaale ahaan, Docker, oo hadda ay si firfircoon u isticmaalaan shirkado badan. Ma noqon lahayd mid xiiso leh, iyada oo qayb ka ah sii wadida maqaalkan tixraaca, in la eego dhawr tusaale oo isticmaalka kala duwan ee konsole Linux habka adeegyada tijaabada? Sidoo kale la wadaag kooxahaada ugu sarreeya faallooyinka :)
Source: www.habr.com