Tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee server-ka cadceedda oo leh koontaroolaha lacagta. Sawir:
Sebtembar 2018, xamaasad ka socota Majaladda Low-tech . Hadafku wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo isticmaalka tamarta si aad u badan oo hal panel qoraxda ah ayaa ku filan server-ka guriga. Tani ma fududa, sababtoo ah goobta waa inay shaqeyso 24 saacadood maalintii. Aan aragno wixii dhacay ugu dambeyntii.
Waxaad tagi kartaa server-ka , hubi isticmaalka tamarta hadda iyo heerka kharashka batteriga. Goobta waxaa lagu hagaajiyay tirada ugu yar ee codsiyada bogga iyo gaadiidka ugu yar, markaa waa inay u adkaysataa socodka gaadiidka ee Habr. Marka loo eego xisaabinta horumariyaha, isticmaalka tamarta booqde kasta oo gaar ah waa 0,021 Wh.
Wax yar ka hor waaberiga Janaayo 31, 2020, waxa hadhay 42% baytari. Waaberi ee Barcelona saacadu markay tahay 8:04 wakhtiga maxaliga ah, markaas ka dib hadda waa inuu ka soo qulqulaa muraayadda qorraxda.
Waa maxay sababta?
Toban sano ka hor khubaro in horumarinta internetka ay gacan ka geysato "dhaqdhaqaaqa" bulshada, digitalization universal - iyo, natiijada, hoos u dhigista isticmaalka tamarta guud. Way qaldanaayeen. Dhab ahaantii, internetka laftiisa ayaa dalbaday , iyo tiradaasi waxay sii wadaan inay koraan.
Shirkadaha IT-ga ayaa bilaabay hindise ay ugu wareegayaan ilo kale oo koronto, laakiin tani hadda waa wax aan macquul aheyn. Dhammaan xarumaha xogtu waxay isticmalaan saddex jeer tamar ka badan dhammaan rakibaadda qoraxda iyo dabaysha ee adduunka ka jira. Waxaa taa ka sii daran, soo saarista iyo beddelka joogtada ah ee baalayaasha qoraxda iyo marawaxadaha dabaysha Sidaa darteed, maanta waa wax aan macquul aheyn in laga tago shidaalka fosil (saliid, gaas, uranium). Laakin kaydadkani ma sii jiri doono wakhti dheer, sidaa awgeed waxa hubaal ah in aynu ka fikirno sidii aynu ugu noolaan lahayn ilo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo. Oo ay ku jiraan hawlgalka kaabayaasha kombiyuutarka, oo ay ku jiraan server-yada webka.
Joornaalka-farsamada-hooseeya Bogagga mareegaha ayaa si degdeg ah u barara. Celceliska cabbirka bogga wuxuu kordhay 2010 ilaa 2018 , iyo goobaha mobilada - laga bilaabo 0,15 MB ilaa 1,6 MB, qiyaasta muxaafidka ah.
Kordhinta tirada taraafiggu (tamarta loo baahan yahay in lagu gudbiyo 1 megabyte oo macluumaad ah), taasoo sababta kororka joogtada ah ee isticmaalka tamarta internetka. Goobaha culculus iyo kuwa badan ee la raranyahay maaha oo kaliya inay kordhiyaan culayska kaabayaasha shabakadda, laakiin sidoo kale waxay soo gaabiyaan “wareegga nolosha” ee kombuyuutarrada iyo taleefannada casriga ah, kuwaas oo ay tahay in marar badan la tuuro oo kuwa cusub la soo saaro, kuwaas oo sidoo kale .
Dabcan, culeyska shaqada ee kordhay waxaa abuuray qaab nololeedka laftiisa: dadku waxay ku qaataan wakhtigooda internetka oo dhan waxayna si weyn ugu tiirsan yihiin adeegyada shabakadaha kala duwan. Durba way adagtahay in la qiyaaso bulshada casriga ah iyada oo aan lahayn kaabayaasha IT-ga daruuriga ah (shabakadaha bulshada, fariimaha degdega ah, boostada, iwm.)
Adeegaha iyo qaabaynta shabakada
В Qaabeynta qalabka iyo kombuyuutarrada kombuyuutar ee server-ka webka ayaa si faahfaahsan loo sharaxay.
Kumbuyuutar sabuur keliya ah loo doortay isticmaalka tamarta yar iyo sifooyin dheeraad ah oo faa'iido leh sida chip maamulka korontada . Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad ka codsato statistics danab hadda iyo hadda ka looxa iyo batteriga. Microcircuit-ku wuxuu si toos ah awoodda u kala beddelaa batteriga iyo xiriiriyaha DC, halkaasoo hadda uu ka soo qulqulo guddiga cadceedda. Sidaa darteed, koronto aan kala go 'lahayn ee server-ka oo leh taageerada batteriga waa suurtagal.
Olimex Olinuxino A20 Lime 2
Markii hore, baytari lithium-polymer ah oo awooddiisu tahay 6600 mAh (qiyaastii 24 Wh) ayaa loo doortay baytari ahaan, ka dibna batari aashitada-lead ah oo awooddiisu tahay 84,4 Wh ayaa la rakibay.
Nidaamka qalliinka wuxuu kabo kaarka SD-ka. In kasta oo OS-gu uu qaadanayo wax aan ka badnayn 1 GB oo mareegaha joogtada ahi uu ku saabsan yahay 30 MB, ma jirin dareen dhaqaale oo lagu iibsanayo kaar ka yar heerka 10 16 GB.
Seerfarku waxa uu ku xidhaa interneedka isaga oo sii mara 100Mbps guriga Barcelona iyo router macmiisha caadiga ah. Ciwaanka IP-ga ee taagan ayaa loo hayaa Ku dhawaad qof kastaa wuxuu samayn karaa goobtan oo kale gurigooda; waxaad u baahan tahay inaad wax yar ka beddesho goobaha dab-damiska si aad dekedaha ugu gudbiso IP-ga maxalliga ah:
Dekedda 80 ilaa 80 ee HTTP Dekedda 443 ilaa 443 ee HTTPS Dekedda 22 ilaa 22 ee SSH
nidaamka hawlgalka ku salaysan qaybinta Debian iyo kernel , kaas oo loogu talagalay hal loox oo leh Chips AllWinner.
Qoraxda 50-watt ee server-ka iyo 10-watt qoraxda si ay u iftiimiso qolka fadhiga ee aqalka qoraaga
Goobta taagan ee nidaamku soo saaray (soo-saare goobta Python). Goobaha taagan ayaa si degdeg ah u xawliya oo aad bay u yar yihiin CPU-ga, markaa aad bay uga tamar badan yihiin boggaga firfircoon ee la soo saaray. Eeg koodhka isha mawduuca .
Qodob aad muhiim u ah waa isku-buufinta sawirka, maadaama aan tayayntan la'aanteed aysan suurtagal ahayn in bogagga shabakadda laga dhigo wax ka yar 1 megabyte. Si loo wanaajiyo, waxaa la go'aamiyay in sawirada loo rogo sawirro badh-tas ah. Tusaale ahaan, halkan waxa ku yaal sawir dumar ah oo ka shaqaynayey taleefoonnada oo ku dul shidnaa sabuuraddii qarnigii hore. .
Oo halkan waa sawirka cabbirka cawl la hagaajiyay ee cabbirka oo leh saddex midab (madow, caddaan, cawl). Sababtoo ah dhalanteed indhaha, waxay u muuqataa in daawadayaasha ay jiraan in ka badan saddex midab.
Sawirada halftone looma dooran oo kaliya in la wanaajiyo cabbirka (go'aan aan shaki lahayn), laakiin sidoo kale sababo qurxoon dartood. Farsamadan sawir-qaadista hore waxay leedahay sifooyin habaysan, markaa goobtu waxay leedahay naqshad gaar ah.
Wanaajinta ka dib, 623 sawir oo ku yaal bogga Majaladda Low-tech Magazine ayaa hoos u dhacay cabbirka min 194,2 MB ilaa 21,3 MB, taas oo ah, 89%.
Dhammaan maqaalladii hore waxaa loo beddelay Markdown si ay u fududaato qorista maqaallada cusub, iyo sidoo kale fududaynta kaydinta iyada oo loo marayo . Dhammaan qoraallada iyo raad-raacayaasha, iyo sidoo kale summada, ayaa laga saaray goobta. Farta caadiga ah ee browserka macmiilka ayaa la isticmaalaa. Sida "logo" - magaca joornaalka oo xarfo waaweyn ku leh fallaadho dhanka bidix ah: LOW←TECH MAGAZINE. Kaliya 16 bytes halkii sawir.
Haddii ay dhacdo waqti dhimis, suurtagalnimada "akhrinta khadka tooska ah" ayaa la abaabulay: qoraallada iyo sawirada waxaa loo dhoofiyaa quudinta RSS. Kaydinta 100% ka kooban waa la dajiyay, oo ay ku jirto HTML.
Wanaajinta kale ayaa awood u siinaysa goobaha HTTP2 ee nginx, taas oo wax yar yaraynaysa taraafikada waxayna yaraynaysaa wakhtiga rarista bogga marka loo eego HTTP/1.1. Jadwalku wuxuu isbarbar dhigayaa natiijooyinka shan bog oo kala duwan.
| | FP | ANAGA | HS | FW | CW | |------------------ -| | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86 | 1.89s | | HTTP2 | 1.30aad | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | Sawirada | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | kaydka | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Qaabeynta nginx oo buuxa:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Natiijooyinka 15 bilood ee shaqada
Muddada u dhaxaysa Diisambar 12, 2018 ilaa Noofambar 28, 2019, serverku wuxuu muujiyay . Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in cimilo xumo awgeed wakhtiga hoos u dhaca ee sanadka uu ahaa 399 saacadood.
Laakiin haddii aanad xisaabta ku darin labadii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, wakhtigu wuxuu ahaa 98,2%, wakhtiga dhimashaduna wuxuu ahaa 152 saacadood oo keliya, horumariyayaashu waxay qoraan. Wakhtiga kor u kaca ayaa hoos ugu dhacay 80% labadii bilood ee la soo dhaafay markii isticmaalka korontadu uu kordhay sababtuna tahay cusboonaysiinta software. Habeen kasta goobta ayaa hoos u dhacaysay dhowr saacadood.
Marka loo eego tirakoobyada, sanadka (laga bilaabo Diseembar 3, 2018 ilaa Noofambar 24, 2019), isticmaalka korantada ee server-ka wuxuu ahaa 9,53 kWh. Khasaaraha muhiimka ah ee nidaamka sawir-qaadista sababtoo ah beddelka korantada iyo soo saarista batteriga ayaa la duubay. Xakamaynta qoraxda ayaa muujisay isticmaalka sanadlaha ah ee 18,10 kWh, taas oo macnaheedu yahay waxtarka nidaamka waa qiyaastii 50%.
Jaantuska la fududeeyay Ma muujinayso beddelaha danab ka 12 ilaa 5 volts iyo mitir saacad-ampere-saac ah
Muddadii daraasadda, 865 booqdayaal gaar ah ayaa booqday goobta. Marka lagu daro dhammaan khasaaraha tamarta ee rakibaadda qorraxda, isticmaalka tamarta booqde kasta oo gaar ah wuxuu ahaa 000 Wh. Sidaa darteed, hal kilowatt-saac oo tamarta cadceedda ah ee la dhaliyo ayaa ku filan inay u adeegto ku dhawaad 0,021 booqdayaal gaar ah.
Intii ay socotay tijaabada, baalal cadceedda oo cabbirro kala duwan leh ayaa la tijaabiyay. Jadwalku wuxuu muujinayaa xisaabinta inta ay qaadanayso in lagu dallaco baytariyada awoodaha kala duwan leh marka la isticmaalayo muraayadaha cadceedda ee cabbirrada kala duwan.
Celceliska isticmaalka korantada ee server-ka inta lagu jiro sanadka ugu horeeya, oo ay ku jiraan dhammaan khasaaraha tamarta, wuxuu ahaa 1,97 Watts. Xisaabinta waxay muujineysaa in socodsiinta mareegaha habeennimo habeenka ugu gaaban sanadka (8 saacadood 50 daqiiqo, Juun 21) waxay u baahan tahay 17,40 watt-saacadood oo awood kayd ah, iyo habeenka ugu dheer (14 saacadood 49 daqiiqo, Diseembar 21) waxaad u baahan tahay 29,19 .XNUMX W.
Maaddaama baytariyada acid-ashitada-asiidhka ahi aanay ahayn inay soo daayaan wax ka hooseeya awoodda kala badh, adeeguhu wuxuu u baahan yahay batari 60 Wh si uu ugu noolaado habeenka ugu dheer iftiinka maalinta (2 x 29,19 Wh). Inta badan sanadka, nidaamku wuxuu la shaqeeyay batari 86,4 Wh ah iyo 50-watt panel qoraxda, ka dibna kor ku xusan 95-98% wakhtiga kor loo qaaday.
Wakhtiga shaqada 100%
100% wakhtiga shaqada, waa lagama maarmaan in la kordhiyo awoodda batteriga. Si loo magdhabo hal maalin oo cimilo aad u xun (iyada oo aan lahayn koronto la taaban karo), kaydinta 47,28 watt-saacadood (24 saacadood × 1,97 watts) ayaa loo baahan yahay.
Laga bilaabo Diisambar 1, 2019 ilaa Janaayo 12, 2020, baytari 168-watt ah ayaa lagu rakibay nidaamka, kaas oo leh awood kaydin wax ku ool ah oo ah 84 watt-saacadood. Tani waa kayd ku filan si ay goobta u sii socoto laba habeen iyo hal maalin. Qaabeynta ayaa la tijaabiyay intii lagu jiray xilliga mugdiga ah ee sanadka, laakiin cimiladu waxay ahayd mid aad u wanaagsan - iyo muddada la cayimay wakhtiga ku-meel-gaadhka ah wuxuu ahaa 100%.
Laakin si loo dammaanad qaado 100% wakhti dhawr sano ah, waa inaad bixisa xaalada ugu xun, marka cimiladu xumaato dhawr maalmood. Xisaabinta waxay muujinaysaa in website-ka lagu hayo afar maalmood oo leh tamar yar ama aan lahayn, waxaad u baahan doontaa baytari-acid-ashito ah oo awood u leh 440 watt-saacadood, taas oo ah xajmiga baytariyada baabuurta.
Ficil ahaan, xaaladaha cimilada wanaagsan, baytari aashitada rasaasta ah ee 48 Wh ayaa ku hayn doona server-ka inuu shaqeeyo habeenka Maarj ilaa Sebtembar. A 24 Wh baytari wuxuu hayn doonaa serverka ugu badnaan 6 saacadood, taasoo la micno ah inuu xiri doono habeen kasta, inkastoo waqtiyo kala duwan ku xiran tahay bisha.
Guud ahaan, goobaha qaarkood uma baahna inay shaqeeyaan habeenkii, marka tirada dadka soo booqda ay yar yihiin, ayaa yidhi guys ka socda Low-tech Magazine. Tusaale ahaan, haddii ay tani tahay daabacaad magaalo-goboleed, halkaas oo martida ka imanaysa aagagga wakhtiyada aysan iman, laakiin kaliya dadka deegaanka.
Taasi waa, goobaha leh taraafikada kala duwan iyo saacadaha kala duwan, baytariyada awoodaha kala duwan iyo muraayadaha qorraxda ee cabbirka kala duwan ayaa loo baahan yahay.
Qoraagu wuxuu bixiyaa xisaabinta inta tamarta looga baahan yahay wax soo saar Baallayaasha cadceedda laftooda (tamar ka kooban) iyo inta ay noqon doonto haddii aad u qaybiso qadarkan nolosha adeegga la filayo ee 10 sano.
Sidan, waxaa suurtagal ah in la xisaabiyo wax u dhigma shidaal fosil ah oo lagu isticmaalo wax soo saarka iyo shaqeynta muraayadaha. Majaladda Low-tech Magazine waxay ogaatay in sannadkii ugu horreeyay ee hawlgalka, nidaamkooda (50 W panel, 86,4 Wh batteri) "wuxuu soo saaray" qiyaastii 9 kg ee qiiqa, ama u dhiganta gubasho 3 litir oo shidaal ah: oo la mid ah 50- Baabuurka rakaabka ee sano jir ah ayaa safraya.
Haddii server-ku uusan ka shaqeynin muraayadaha qorraxda, laakiin laga bilaabo koronto guud, markaa qiiqa u dhigma waxay u muuqdaan inay ka hooseeyaan lix jeer: 1,54 kg (qaybta tamarta Isbaanishka waxay leedahay qayb sare oo ka mid ah tamarta beddelka ah iyo dhirta tamarta nukliyeerka). Laakiin tani maaha isbarbardhig dhammaystiran oo sax ah, ayuu qoraagu qoray, sababtoo ah waxay tixgelinaysaa tamarta tamarta ah ee kaabayaasha qoraxda, laakiin ma tixgelinayso tilmaamayaasha tamarta guud ee tamarta, taas oo ah, kharashyada dhismaheeda iyo taageerada. .
Horumarin dheeraad ah
Waqtigii la soo dhaafay, tiro hagaajin ah ayaa la sameeyay kuwaas oo hoos u dhigay isticmaalka awoodda server-ka. Tusaale ahaan, hal mar horumariyuhu waxa uu ogaaday in 6,63 TB ee wadarta 11,15 TB ee taraafikada uu ka dhashay hal dhaqan gelinta quudinta RSS-ka ee khaldan oo soo jiidatay nuxurka dhowrkii daqiiqoba. Kadib hagaajinta cayayaankan, isticmaalka awooda adeegaha (marka laga reebo khasaaraha tamarta) ayaa hoos uga dhacay 1,14 W ilaa ku dhawaad 0,95 W. Faa'iidada ayaa laga yaabaa inay u muuqato mid yar, laakiin farqiga 0,19 W macnaheedu waa 4,56 watt-saacadood maalintii, taas oo u dhiganta in ka badan saacadaha 2,5 ee nolosha batteriga ee server-ka.
Inta lagu jiro sanadka ugu horeeya, hufnaantu waxay ahayd kaliya 50%. Khasaaraha ayaa la arkay markii la dallacay oo lagu shubayo batteriga (22%), iyo sidoo kale marka korantada laga beddelayo 12 V (nidaamka PV cadceedda) oo loo beddelo 5 V (USB), halkaasoo khasaaruhu uu ahaa ilaa 28%. Horumariyuhu wuxuu qirayaa inuu leeyahay beddelka korantada hoose (kontaroole aan lahayn USB-ku-dhismay), si aad u wanaajiso bartan ama aad u beddelato rakibaadda qorraxda 5V.
Si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka kaydinta tamarta, baytariyada sunta rasaasta ah waxaa lagu bedeli karaa baytariyada lithium-ion-ka qaaliga ah, kuwaas oo leh khasaare kharash / shubid hoose (<10%). Hadda naqshadeeyuhu wuxuu tixgelinayaa is haysta (CAES), kaas oo leh cimri dherer tobanaan sano ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay raad kaarboon yar oo soo saarkiisa ah.
Accumulator hawada cufan,
Ku rakibida marawaxadaha dabaysha oo dheeraad ah ayaa la tixgelinayaa (waxay noqon kartaa ) iyo rakibidda qalabka raadraaca qoraxda si uu muraayadaha ugu leexiyo qorraxda. Tracker-ku wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad kordhiso wax soo saarka korontada 30%.
Hab kale oo lagu kordhiyo waxtarka nidaamka waa in la cabbiro. Kor u qaad shabakado badan oo server-ka ah oo bilaw adeegayaal badan. Markaa isticmaalka tamarta goobtiiba way yaraan doontaa.
Shirkadda Solar hosting. Sawirka: Diego Marmolejo
Haddii aad balakoonka gurigaaga oo dhan ku daboosho muraayadaha cadceedda oo aad furto shirkad martigelinaysa mareegaha cadceedda, qiimaha macaamiishu aad ayuu uga hooseeyaa hal mareeg: dhaqaalaha miisaanka.
Guud ahaan, tijaabadani waxay muujinaysaa in, marka la eego xaddidaadyo gaar ah, ay gebi ahaanba suurtogal tahay in kaabayaasha kombuyuutarku ay ku shaqeeyaan ilaha tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo.
Aragti ahaan, server-ka noocan oo kale ah wuxuu sameyn karaa xitaa batari la'aan haddii lagu muujiyo qaybaha kale ee adduunka. Tusaale ahaan, ku rakib muraayadaha New Zealand iyo Chile. Halkaas waxaa ka shaqayn doona baalayaasha qoraxda marka ay habeen tahay Barcelona.
Source: www.habr.com