Mawduuca qoraalkani wuxuu soo baxayay muddo dheer. Iyo in kastoo codsi ka mid ah akhristayaasha channel , Waxaan rabay in aan wax ka qoro shaqada nabdoonaanta leh hydrogen peroxide, laakiin dhamaadka, sababo aan la aqoon (halkan, haa!), Akhris kale ayaa la sameeyay. Isku darka popsci, shidaalka gantaalaha, "diri-jeermiska coronavirus" iyo titration permanganometric ah. Sidee sax kaydi hydrogen peroxide, waxa qalabka ilaalinta loo isticmaalo marka la shaqaynayo iyo sida loo baxsado haddii ay dhacdo sumowga - waxaan eegnaa hoos goynta.
ps duqsaha sawirka ka muuqda waxa loo yaqaan "bombardier". Oo isna wuxuu ku lumay meel ka mid ah kiimikooyinka :)
U huray "carruurta peroxide"...
Walaalkeen wuxuu jeclaa hydrogen peroxide, oh, siduu u jeclaa. Waxaan ka fekeraa tan mar kasta oo aan la kulmo su'aal ah sida "dhalada hydrogen peroxide waa bararsan tahay. maxaa la sameeyaa?" Dhanka kale, marar badan ayaan kula kulmaa :)
Maaha wax la yaab leh in aagagga ka dambeeya Soviet-ka, hydrogen peroxide (3% xal) waa mid ka mid ah antiseptics "dad" jecel. Iyo in lagu shubo nabarka, iyo in la jeermiyo biyaha, iyo in la baabi'iyo coronavirus-ka (dhawaan). Laakiin inkasta oo ay u muuqato fududaan iyo helitaan, reagent-ku waa mid mugdi badan leh, kaas oo aan ka sii hadli doono.
Isagoo soo maray "sare" nafleyda...
Hadda wax kasta oo leh prefix eco waa moodada: alaabada deegaanka ku habboon, shaambo-saaxiibtinimo deegaanka, waxyaabo saaxiibtinimo leh. Sida aan u fahmay, dadku waxay rabaan inay adeegsadaan tibaaxahaan si ay u kala soocaan waxyaabaha biogenic (sida, markii hore laga helay noolaha noolaha) iyo waxyaabaha sintetik u ah ("chemistry adag"). Sidaa darteed, marka hore, hordhac yar, kaas oo aan rajeynayo in ay xoogga saari doonto saaxiibtinimada deegaanka ee hydrogen peroxide waxayna ku dari doontaa kalsoonida dadweynaha dhexdooda :)
Haddaba, waa maxay hydrogen peroxide? Tani ugu fudud Xarunta peroxide, oo ka kooban laba atomi oo ogsijiin ah hal mar (waxay ku xiran yihiin curaarta -OO-). Meesha uu jiro xiriirka noocan oo kale ah, waxaa jira xasillooni darro, waxaa jira oksijiin atomic, iyo sifooyin oksijiin ah oo xooggan iyo wax kasta, wax kasta. Laakiin inkastoo ay darnaanta oksijiinta atomiga, hydrogen peroxide waxay ku jirtaa noole badan oo nool, oo ay ku jiraan. iyo in nin. Waxaa lagu sameeyay tiro yar inta lagu guda jiro hababka biochemical ee kakan waxayna oxidizes borotiinada, xuubka xuubka iyo xitaa DNA (sababo la xiriira xaglaha ka soo baxa peroxide). Jidhkayaga, habka horumarka, wuxuu bartay inuu si wax ku ool ah ula macaamilo peroxide. Waxa uu tan ku sameeyaa iyada oo gacan ka heleysa enzyme superoxide dismutase, kaas oo burburiya xeryahooda peroxide ee ogsijiinta iyo hydrogen peroxide, oo lagu daray enzyme kaas oo u beddela peroxide oksijiin iyo biyo hal ama laba jeer.
Enzymes waxay ku qurux badan yihiin moodooyinka XNUMXD
Ku qari qaswada hoosteeda. Waan jeclahay daawashada iyaga, laakiin si lama filaan ah qof ma jecla...
Sida habka, waxaa mahad leh ficilka catalase, kaas oo ku jira unugyada jidhkeena, in dhiiggu "karkayo" marka la daaweynayo nabarrada (waxaa jiri doona qoraal gaar ah oo ku saabsan boogaha hoose).
Hydrogen peroxide sidoo kale waxay leedahay "shaqo ilaalin ah" oo muhiim ah gudahayaga. Noolayaal badan ayaa leh sida xubin xiiso leh (qaab-dhismeedka lagama maarmaanka u ah shaqada unugga nool) sida . Qaab dhismeedkani waa unugyo lipid ah oo ay ku dhex jiraan xudun u eg crystal oo ka kooban tuubo noole""Habab biochemical oo kala duwan ayaa ka dhaca gudaha xudunta, taas oo ay sabab u tahay ... hydrogen peroxide waxay ka sameysan tahay oksijiinta atmospheric iyo xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee kakan ee dabeecadda dufanka leh!
Laakiin waxa ugu xiisaha badan halkan waa waxa peroxide-kan markaa loo isticmaalo. Tusaale ahaan, unugyada beerka iyo kelyaha, H2O2 oo la sameeyay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu burburiyo oo laga saaro sunta dhiigga soo gasha. Acetaldehyde, oo la sameeyay inta lagu jiro dheef-shiid kiimikaadka cabitaannada khamriga (- tani sidoo kale waa mudnaanta shaqaalaheena yar yar ee aan daalin ee peroxisomes, iyo "hooyada" hydrogen peroxide.
Si aanay wax walba ugu muuqan wax qurux badan oo leh peroxides, si lama filaan ah Aan ku xasuusiyo habka ficilka shucaaca ee unugyada nool. Unugyada noolaha ee unugyadu waxay nuugaan tamarta shucaaca waxayna noqdaan ionized, i.e. u gudbi xaalad ku habboon samaynta xeryahooda cusub (inta badan gebi ahaanba lagama maarmaanka ah gudaha jidhka). Biyuhu waa inta badan uguna fudud in la maro ionization; way dhacdaa . Joogitaanka oksijiinta, iyada oo ay saameyn ku yeelanayso shucaaca ionizing, waxaa soo baxa xag-jiryo kala duwan oo bilaash ah (OH- iyo kuwa kale oo la mid ah) iyo xeryahooda peroxide (H2O2 gaar ahaan)
Peroxides-ka soo baxa ayaa si firfircoon ula falgala xeryahooda kiimikada ee jirka. In kasta oo, haddii aan tusaale u soo qaadanno anion-ka superoxide (O2-) oo mararka qaarkood la sameeyo xilliga shucaaca, waxaa habboon in la sheego in ion-kan sidoo kale lagu sameeyo xaalado caadi ah, oo ah jidh gebi ahaanba caafimaad qaba, oo aan lahayn xagjirnimo xor ah. ΠΈ difaaceena ma baabi'in karin caabuqyada bakteeriyada. Kuwaas. kuwaas oo aan haba yaraatee Tani gabi ahaanba waa wax aan macquul aheyn - waxay la socdaan falcelinta oksaydhka noolaha. Dhibaatadu waxay timaaddaa marka ay aad u badan yihiin.
Waa in lala dagaallamo xeryahooda peroxide "aad u badan" oo uu ninku soo saaray waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin antioxidants. Waxay joojiyaan hababka oksaydhka ee organics adag oo leh samaynta peroxides, iwm. xagjirka xorta ah oo markaas hoos u dhigaya heerka .
Cadaadiska Oxidative waa habka waxyeellada unugyada ay sababto oksaydheynta (= xagjiryo xor ah oo badan oo jirka ah)
In kasta oo, nuxur ahaan, xidhiidhadan aanay ku soo kordhinayn wax cusub wixii hore u jiray, i.e. "antioxidants gudaha" - superoxide dismutase iyo catalase. Iyo guud ahaan, haddii si khaldan loo isticmaalo, antioxidants synthetic ma aha oo kaliya ma caawin doonto, laakiin isku-buuqa oksijiinta ayaa sidoo kale kordhin doona.
Wax ka sheeg ku saabsan "peroxide iyo boogaha". Inkasta oo hydrogen peroxide uu yahay qalab guriga (iyo shaqada) armaajooyinka daawada, waxaa jira caddayn ah in isticmaalka H2O2 ay farageliso bogsashada dhaawaca oo ay keento nabarro sababtoo ah peroxide . Kaliya aadka u hooseeya ayaa leh saameyn togan (0,03% xal, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inaad u baahan tahay inaad milo 3% xal dawooyinka 100 jeer), oo kaliya hal isticmaal. Jid ahaan, "coronavirus diyaar" 0,5% sidoo kale . Marka, sida ay yiraahdaan, ku kalsoonow, laakiin hubi.
Hydrogen peroxide nolol maalmeedka iyo "ka hortagga coronavirus"
Haddii hydrogen peroxide xitaa u rogi karo ethanol acetaldehyde ee beerka, markaa waxay noqon laheyd wax la yaab leh inaadan isticmaalin sifooyinkan oksaydhka ee cajiibka ah nolol maalmeedka. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa qaybaha soo socda:
Kala badh dhammaan hydrogen peroxide oo ay soo saarto warshadaha kiimikada ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu caddeeyo cellulose iyo noocyada kala duwan ee waraaqaha. Meesha labaad (20%) ee baahida waxaa lagu mashquulay soo saarista warankiilo kala duwan oo ku salaysan peroxides inorganic (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, iwm., iwm). peroxides Kuwan (badanaa marka lagu daro si loo yareeyo heerkulka bleaching, sababtoo ah cusbada peroxo kuma shaqeeyaan heerkul ka hooseeya 60 digrii) waxaa loo isticmaalaa dhammaan noocyada "Persol", iwm. ( waxaad arki kartaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah ). Dabadeed waxa ku yimaadda, margin yar, biliijka maryaha iyo fiilooyinka (15%) iyo nadiifinta biyaha (10%). Ugu dambayntiina, saamiga soo hadha waxaa si siman loo qaybiyaa inta u dhaxaysa shay kiimiko ah iyo isticmaalka hydrogen peroxide ujeedooyinka caafimaadka. Tan dambe si faahfaahsan ayaan u dul istaagi doonaa sababtoo ah waxay u badan tahay in cudurka faafa ee coronavirus uu beddelo tirooyinka jaantuska (haddii aanu hore u beddelin).
Hydrogen peroxide waxaa si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa in lagu nadiifiyo meelo kala duwan (oo ay ku jiraan qalabka qalliinka) iyo, dhawaan, sidoo kale qaabka uumiga (waxa loogu yeero). - hydrogen peroxide uumiga) ee nadiifinta dhismaha. Sawirka hoose wuxuu muujinayaa tusaale ahaan kororiyaha uumiga ah ee peroxide. Deegaan rajo wanaagsan leh oo aan weli gaarin isbitaallada gudaha...
Guud ahaan, peroxide waxay muujisaa waxtarka jeermiska-jeermiska sare ee ka hortagga fayraska, bakteeriyada, khamiirka iyo kudka bakteeriyada. Waxaa habboon in la ogaado in microorganisms adag, sababtoo ah joogitaanka enzymes ee burburiya peroxide (waxa loogu yeero peroxidases, kiis gaar ah oo ka mid ah catalase-ka kor ku xusan), dulqaad (~ iska caabin) ayaa la arki karaa. Tani waxay si gaar ah run ugu tahay xalalka ka hooseeya 1%. Laakiin ilaa hadda waxba, ma aha fayras, ma aha bakteeriya, iska caabbin karta 3%, iyo xitaa in ka badan 6-10%.
Dhab ahaantii, oo ay weheliso aalkolada ethyl iyo isopropyl iyo sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide waxay ku jirtaa liiska "muhiim" jeermiska degdega ah ee jeermiska sagxadaha ka hortagga COVID-19. In kasta oo aan ahayn COVID-19 oo keliya. bilowga dhammaan bacchanalia coronavirus, waxaan la joognaa akhristayaasha talooyinka si firfircoon loo isticmaalo . Talooyinka waxay khuseeyaan coronaviruses guud ahaan, gaar ahaan COVID-19. Markaa waxaan ku talinayaa in la soo dejiyo oo daabaco maqaalka (kuwa danaynaya arrintan).
Calaamad muhiim u ah jeermiska-dileyaasha da'da yar
Muddadii ka soo wareegtay tan iyo markii uu cudurku dillaacay, wax badan iskamay beddelin marka la eego xoogga-ururinta shaqada. Laakiin waxa isbeddelay, tusaale ahaan, waa foomamka lagu isticmaali karo hydrogen peroxide. Halkan waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan isla markiiba dib u soo celiyo dukumeentiga oo leh xubno ka kooban walxaha lagu taliyay in jeermiska laga saaro. Dhaqan ahaan waxaan xiisayn jiray masaxaha liiskan (caado ahaan, sababtoo ah waxaan jeclahay tirtirayaasha jeermiska dila, kuwa hypochlorite , oo 100% waan ku qanacsanahay iyaga). Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaan xiisaynayay badeecada Mareykanka sida Oxivir wuxuu tirtiraa (ama u dhigma Oxivir 1 wuu tirtiraaHal qayb oo ka mid ah Diversey Inc.
Waxaa jira waxyaabo yar oo firfircoon oo liiska ku jira:
Hydrogen peroxide 0.5%
Fudud oo dhadhan fiican leh. Laakiin kuwa doonaya in ay ku celiyaan ka kooban this iyo impregnate ay caado u tirtiraa qoyan, waxaan dhihi doonaa in marka lagu daro hydrogen peroxide, xal impregnating ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban:
Fosfooraska (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1-1,5%
Waa maxay sababta "waxyaalahan oo dhan" ay kuu caddaan doonaan markaad akhrido qaybta xasilloonida.
Halabuurka ka sokow, waxaan jeclaan lahaa in aan idin xasuusiyo waxa ay leedahay Oxivir ku xusan. Ma jiro wax asal ah oo cusub (marka la eego miiska ugu horreeya), laakiin waxaan jeclaa noocyada kala duwan ee fayrasyada la jeermi karo.
Waa maxay fayrasyada laga adkaan karo peroxide?
Anigu naftayda ma ahaan doono haddaanan mar kale ku xasuusin wax ku saabsan soo-gaadhista inta lagu jiro habaynta. Sidii hore (=sida had iyo jeer) waxaa lagula talinayaa in sidaas la sameeyo Marka lagu masaxo masaxaha qoyan, dhammaan meelaha adag ee aan daloolka lahayn waxay ahaanayaan kuwo muuqda oo qoyan ugu yaraan 30 ilbiriqsi (ama ka sii wanagsan, hal daqiiqo!) Si loo sumeeyo wax walba iyo qof walba (oo uu ku jiro kan COVID-19 ee kaaga sidoo kale).
Hydrogen peroxide sida kiimiko ahaan
Waxaan ku wareegnay baadiyaha, hadda waa waqtigii wax ku saabsan hydrogen peroxide wax laga qori lahaa aragtida farmashiyaha. Nasiib wanaag, waa su'aashan (oo aan ahayn sida peroxisome u eg) inta badan waxay xiisaysaa isticmaale aan khibrad lahayn kaasoo go'aansaday inuu u isticmaalo H2O2 ujeedooyinkiisa. Aan ku bilowno qaabka saddex-geesoodka ah (sida aan u arko):
Sida gabadha Sasha u aragto qaab-dhismeedka, kuwaas oo ka baqaya in peroxide ay qarxi karto (wax badan oo ku saabsan tan hoose)
"hoos ka eeg muuqaal Diiqa-raac"
Peroxide saafi ah waa dareere saafi ah (buluug-madow leh. Cufnaanta xalalka milan waxay ku dhowdahay cufnaanta biyaha (1 g / cm3), xalalka xoogga leh ayaa aad u cufan (35% - 1,13 g / cm3 ... 70% - 1,29 g / cm3, iwm.). Cufnaanta (haddii aad leedahay hydrometers), waxaad si sax ah u go'aamin kartaa fiirsashada xalkaaga (macluumaad ka ).
Hydrogen peroxide ee farsamada guriga waxay noqon kartaa saddex darajo: A = fiirsashada 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Magaca "perhydrol" ayaa badanaa la helaa (waxaa jiray mar xitaa ereyga "perhydrol blonde"). Nuxur ahaan, wali waa isla "calaamad A", i.e. Xalka hydrogen peroxide oo leh fiirsashada qiyaastii 30%.
Hadal ku saabsan bleaching. Tan iyo markii aan xasuusanay wax ku saabsan timaha, waxaa la ogaan karaa in la qasi karo hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) iyo ammonia loo isticmaalo sida ka kooban bleaching "operhydrolyzing" timaha. Tani hadda waa dhif in lagu dhaqmo. Laakiin waxaa jira caddayn ilkaha peroxide. Jid ahaan, caddeynta maqaarka gacmaha ka dib marka la taabto peroxide sidoo kale waa nooc ka mid ah "qaliinka" oo ay sababaan kumanaan , i.e. xannibaadda xididdada xididdada ay sameeyaan xumbo oksijiin ah oo la sameeyay intii lagu jiray burburka peroxide.
Peroxide farsamo caafimaad ayaa noqda marka biyaha demineralized lagu daro peroxide oo leh fiirsashada 59-60%, lagu milo xoogga ilaa heerka la doonayo (3% ee dalkeenna, 6% ee USA).
Marka lagu daro cufnaanta, halbeegga muhiimka ah waa heerka pH. Hydrogen peroxide waa asiidh daciif ah. Sawirka hoose wuxuu muujinayaa ku-tiirsanaanta pH ee xalalka hydrogen peroxide ee xoogga badan:
Mar kasta oo uu xalku sii milo, ayaa pH-kiisu u dhow yahay pH-ka biyaha. pH ugu yar (= kan ugu acidic) waxa ay ku dhacdaa 55-65% (fasalka B marka loo eego kala soocida guriga).
Waxaa mudan in halkan lagu xuso, si murugo leh, in pH aan loo isticmaali karin in lagu qiyaaso feejignaanta sababo dhowr ah dartood. Marka hore, ku dhawaad ββdhammaan peroxide casriga ah waxaa laga helaa oksaydhka anthraquinones. Habkani waxa uu abuuraa badeecooyin acidic ah oo ku dhamaan kara peroxide dhammaatay. Kuwaas. pH-ku wuu ka duwanaan karaa kan shaxda kore ku cad iyadoo ku xiran nadiifnimada H2O2. Peroxide ultra-pure (tusaale ahaan, kaas oo loo isticmaalo shidaalka gantaalaha oo aan si gooni ah uga hadli doono) kuma jiraan wasakh. Marka labaad, xasiliyeyaasha aashitada ayaa inta badan lagu daraa hydrogen peroxide ganacsiga (peroxide ayaa aad u deggan pH hoose), taas oo "salidin doonta" akhrinta. Marka saddexaad, chelate stabilizers (si loogu xidho wasakhda birta, wax badan oo ku saabsan iyaga hoos) waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan alkaline ama acidic waxayna saameeyaan pH ee xalka ugu dambeeya.
Sida ugu fiican ee lagu ogaan karo xooga saaridu waa (). Farsamadu gabi ahaanba waa isku mid, laakiin dhammaan reage-yaasha lagama maarmaanka u ah tijaabada ayaa si fudud loo heli karaa. Waxaad u baahan tahay sulfuric acid (battery electrolyte) iyo potassium permanganate caadiga ah. Sida B. Gates mar ku dhawaaqay, "640 kb xusuusta ayaa ku filan qof walba!", Waxaan sidoo kale hadda ku dhawaaqi doonaa, "Qof kastaa wuxuu titrate karaa peroxide!" :). In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dareenkaygu ii sheegayo in haddii aad ka soo iibsato hydrogen peroxide farmashiyaha oo aadan ku kaydin muddo tobanaan sano ah, ka dibna isbedbedelka fiirsashada uma badna inuu dhaafo Β± 1%, si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaan qeexayaa habka tijaabada, maadaama reagents ay yihiin la heli karo oo algorithmisku waa mid fudud.
Injirtu ka hubiso hydrogen peroxide ganacsi
Sida aad qiyaasi karto, waanu hubin doonaa anagoo adeegsanayna titration. Farsamada ayaa u oggolaanaysa mid si sax ah u go'aaminaya fiirsashada 0,25 ilaa 50%.
Xaqiijinta algorithm waa sida soo socota:
1. Diyaari xalka 0,1N ee potassium permanganate. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, milaan 3,3 garaam oo ah potassium permanganate 1 litir oo biyo ah. Kuleyli xalka karkari oo isku kari ilaa 15 daqiiqo.
2. Dooro mugga loo baahan yahay ee peroxide si loo tijaabiyo (waxay kuxirantahay feejignaanta la filayo, tusaale ahaan haddii aad lahayd 3%, adoo filanaya inay si lama filaan ah u noqotay 50% waa doqonimo):
Waxaan ku wareejineynaa mugga la doortay dhalada oo waxaan ku miisaameynaa miisaanka (xusuusnow inaad riixdo badhanka Tara si aadan u tixgelin miisaanka dhalada laftiisa)
3. Ku shub saamigayaga galaas mug leh oo 250 ml ah (ama dhalada dhallaanka leh calaamad mug leh) oo ku kor calaamadee ("250") oo leh biyo diirran. Isku qas
4. Ku shub 500 ml oo biyo ah oo la shiiday 250 ml oo weel kooniikaal ah (=βdhar nus litir ahβ), ku dar 10 ml oo ah sulfuric acid iyo 25 ml oo xalkeena ah talaabada 3
5. Ku rid dhibic-dhibcood (doorbidayaa laga bilaabo pipette leh calaamad mug leh) xal 0,1N potassium permanganate ku rid weelkayaga nuska litir ee tallaabada 4. La tuuray - isku dhafan, la tuuray - isku dhafan. Oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaan sii wadnaa ilaa xalka daah-furnaanta uu helo midab casaan yar. Natiijada falcelinta, peroxide waxay u jajabisaa si ay u sameyso oksijiin iyo biyo, iyo manganese (VI) ee ku jira potassium permanganate waxay hoos u dhigtaa manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Waxaan xisaabinay fiirsiga ee peroxide our: C H2O2 (mass%) = [Voluse of potassium permanganate xal ml*0,1*0,01701*1000]/[cusub muunad garaam, laga bilaabo tallaabada 2] FAA'IIDO!!!
Wadahadal bilaash ah oo ku saabsan xasilloonida kaydinta
Hydrogen peroxide waxa loo tixgaliyaa inay tahay xarun aan degganayn oo u nugul burburka kediska ah. Heerka burburku wuxuu kordhiyaa heerkulka sii kordhaya, xoogga saarista iyo pH. Kuwaas. Guud ahaan xeerku wuu shaqeeyaa:
... qabow, milo, xal acidic ayaa muujinaya xasiloonida ugu fiican ...
Burburinta waxaa kor u qaada: heerkulka kor u kaca (kordhinta xawaaruhu 2,2 jeer 10 darajo Celsius, iyo heerkul ah ilaa 150 darajo, wuxuu xooga saaraa guud ahaan u qudhunto sida baraf baraf leh oo qarax leh), korodhka pH (gaar ahaan pH> 6-8)
Hadal ku saabsan muraayadda: Kaliya peroxide acidified ayaa lagu kaydin karaa dhalooyinka dhalada, sababtoo ah muraayaddu waxay u egtahay inay soo saarto jawi alkaline ah marka ay la xiriirto biyo nadiif ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay gacan ka geysan doonto burburka degdega ah.
Waxay saamaysaa heerka burburka iyo joogitaanka wasakhda (gaar ahaan biraha kala-guurka sida copper, manganese, iron, silver, platinum), soo-gaadhista shucaaca ultraviolet. Inta badan, sababta ugu weyn ee adag waa kororka pH iyo joogitaanka wasakhda. Celcelis ahaan, leh xaaladaha 30% hydrogen peroxide waxay luminayaan qiyaastii .
Si meesha looga saaro wasakhda, shaandhaynta ultrafine (ka reebida walxaha) ama chelates (wakiilada isku dhafan) ee isku xidha ion birta ayaa la isticmaalaa. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida chelates , colloidal ama sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, Nitrates (+ pH regulators iyo corrosion inhibitors), fosfooraska acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (dejinta).
Saamaynta shucaaca ultraviolet ee heerka burburku maaha sida loogu dhawaaqo pH ama heerkulka, laakiin sidoo kale way dhacdaa (fiiri sawirka):
Waxa la arki karaa in isku-xidhka dabar-goynta molecular-ku uu kordho marka uu hoos u dhaco hirarka ultraviolet.
Isku-xidhka dabar goynta molarku waa cabbirka sida xooggan ee kiimiku u nuugo iftiinka marka la eego mawjadda dhererka la bixiyay.
Jid ahaan, habkan kala-baxa ee ay bilaabeen photons waxaa loo yaqaannaa sawir-qaadis:
Photolysis (sidoo kale loo yaqaan photodissociation iyo photodecomposition) waa fal-celin kiimikaad kaas oo walax kiimiko ah (inorganic ama organic) ay burburiyaan photons ka dib markay la falgalaan molecule bartilmaameedka ah. Sawir kasta oo leh tamar ku filan (ka sarreeya tamarta kala-baxa ee curaarta bartilmaameedka) waxay keeni kartaa burbur. Saamayn la mid ah kan shucaaca ultraviolet waa la gaari karaa sidoo kale raajo iyo Ξ³-rays.
Maxaan dhihi karnaa guud ahaan? Iyo xaqiiqda ah in peroxide waa in lagu kaydiyaa weel mugdi ah, ama si ka sii fiican, dhalooyinka dhalada brown ee xannibaya iftiinka xad-dhaafka ah (in kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in ay "nuugto"! = " isla markiiba baaluq"). Waa inaadan ku haysan dhalo peroxide meel u dhow mashiinka raajada midkoodna :) Hagaag, kan (UR 203Ex (?):
... ka ""peroxide (iyo qofka aad jeceshahay, si daacad ah) waa in sidoo kale laga fogaadaa.
Waxaa muhiim ah in marka laga reebo mugdiga, weelka/dhalada waa in laga sameeyaa walxo "peroxide u adkaysta", sida birta ama dhalooyinka (si fiican, + caagadaha qaarkood iyo aluminiumyada aluminium). Calaamad ayaa laga yaabaa inay faa'iido u leedahay hanuuninta (waxay sidoo kale faa'iido u yeelan doontaa dhakhaatiirta doonaya inay qalabeeyaan):
Halyeyga calaamaduhu waa sida soo socota: A - waafaqid aad u fiican, B - iswaafajin wanaagsan, saameyn yar (daxal yar ama midab), C - waafaqid liidata (aan lagu talin isticmaalka muddada dheer, luminta xoogga ayaa dhici karta, iwm.). D - wax u dhigma (= lama isticmaali karo). Dhaashka macneheedu waa "macluumaadka lama hayo." Tilmaamaha dhijitaalka ah: 1 - ku qanacsan 22 Β° C, 2 - ku qanacsan 48 Β° C, 3 - ku qanacsan marka loo isticmaalo gaasaska iyo shaabadaha.
Taxadarrada badbaadada markaad la shaqaynayso hydrogen peroxide
Waxay u badan tahay inay u caddahay qof kasta oo ilaa hadda akhriyay in peroxide ay tahay walax adag oo oksaydhiye ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay lama huraan tahay in lagu kaydiyo meel ka fog walxaha guban / gubanaya iyo walxaha yareeya. H2O2, labadaba qaab saafi ah iyo qaab la qasi karo, way samaysan karaan marka la taabto xeryahooda organic. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhammaan kuwa kor ku xusan, waxaan u qori karnaa sidan
Hydrogen peroxide kuma habboona walxaha guban kara, wax kasta oo dareere ah oo olol kara iyo biraha iyo milixdooda (si ay u yareeyaan saamaynta catalytic) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, dahab, qalin, manganese, cobalt, copper, lead.
Isagoo ka hadlaya kicinta kala-goynta birta, midna kuma dhici karo inuu si gaar ah u sheego . Kaliya maahan birta ugu cufan ee Dhulka, sidoo kale waa hubka ugu fiican adduunka ee lagu jebiyo hydrogen peroxide.
Saamaynta dardargelinta kala-goynta hydrogen peroxide ee birtan waxaa lagu arkay tiro aan xitaa lagu ogaan karin hab kasta oo gorfeyneed - si ay si wax ku ool ah (x3-x5 jeer la xiriirta peroxide oo aan lahayn kicin) u jajabiso peroxide galay oksijiinta iyo biyaha, kaliya waxaad u baahan tahay 1 garaam oo osmium ah 1000 tan oo peroxide hydrogen ah.
Wax ka sheeg ku saabsan "dabeecada qarxa": (Waxaan isla markiiba rabay inaan qoro "Waxaan ahay peroxide", laakiin waan ka xishooday). Xaaladda hydrogen peroxide, gabadha spherical Sasha, oo ay tahay in ay la shaqeyso peroxide this, waxay inta badan ka baqaysaa qarax. Iyo mabda 'ahaan, cabsida Alexandra ayaa macno samaynaysa. Ka dib oo dhan, peroxide waxay ku qarxi kartaa laba sababood. Marka hore, laga bilaabo xaqiiqda ah in weel xiran ay jiri doonto si tartiib tartiib ah H2O2, sii deynta iyo ururinta ogsijiinta. Cadaadiska ku jira weelka ayaa kordhi doona oo kordhin doona oo ugu dambeyntii BOOM! Marka labaad, waxaa jira suurtogalnimada in marka hydrogen peroxide uu la kulmo walxaha qaarkood, samaynta xeryahooda peroxide ee aan xasilloonayn ayaa dhacaya, kuwaas oo qarxi kara saamaynta, kuleylinta, iwm. Buug shan mug ah oo qabow Wax badan ayaa laga sheegay arrintan oo xitaa waxaan go'aansaday inaan ku hoos qariyo qaswadayaasha. Macluumaadka ayaa khuseeya hydrogen peroxide oo xoogga saaray> = 30% iyo <50%:
Is waafaqid la'aanta buuxda
qarxa marka lala xiriiro: khamriga + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + kulayl, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (ka sarreeya 50 Β° C), hydrocarbons udgoon + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (qiyaastii 45 Β°C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , Carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (ka sarreeya 53 Β° C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + kulaylka, gallium + hydrochloric acid, birta (II) sulfate + nitric acid + karboxymethylcellulose, nitric acid + ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), saldhigyada nitrogenous (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), xeryahooda organic (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, boodhka dhuxusha), alaabta organic + sulfuric acid (gaar ahaan meelaha bannaan), biyaha + oksijiin-ka kooban organics (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), Vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, fosfooraska oxide (V), fosfooraska, nitric acid, stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, copper sulfide, iron (II) sulfide, formic acid + wasakhowga organic, hydrogen selenide, lead di- iyo monoxide, lead (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. .
iftiimay xidhiidhka: khamriga furfuryl, biraha budada ah (magnesium, zinc, iron, nickel), balka
falcelin rabshad leh: aluminium isopropoxide + cusbada birta culus, dhuxusha, dhuxusha, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, biraha alkali, methanol + phosphoric acid, xeryahooda organic unnsaturated, tin (II) chloride, kobalt oxide, birta oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide
Mabda 'ahaan, haddii aad ula dhaqanto peroxide xoogga leh si xushmad leh oo aadan ku darin walxaha kor ku xusan, markaa waxaad si raaxo leh u shaqeyn kartaa sanado oo aadan ka baqin wax. Laakiin Ilaah baa ilaaliya kan ugu wanaagsan, sidaa darteed waxaan si habsami leh ugu gudubnay qalabka ilaalinta shaqsiyeed.
PPE iyo jawaabta
Fikradda qorista maqaal waxay dhalatay markii aan go'aansaday inaan qoraal ku sameeyo , oo u heellan arrimaha shaqada nabdoon ee leh xalalka H2O2 ee xoogga leh. Nasiib wanaag, akhristayaasha badani waxay iibsadeen caagadaha perhydrol (haddii ay dhacdo "ma jiraan wax farmashiyaha ah" / "ma tagi karno farmashiyaha") iyo xitaa waxay ku guuleysteen inay gubaan kiimikooyinka kuleylka xilligan. Sidaa darteed, inta badan waxa hoos ku qoran (iyo kor) waxay inta badan khuseeyaan xalalka ka sarreeya 6%. Markasta oo ay sare u kacdo, ayaa aad ugu habboon helitaanka PPE.
Shaqada badbaadada leh, waxa kaliya ee aad u baahan tahay qalabka ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed waa galoofyada ka samaysan polyvinyl chloride/butyl caag, polyetylen, polyester iyo caagadaha kale si aad u ilaaliso maqaarka gacmahaaga, muraayadaha ama maaskaro ilaalin ah oo ka samaysan alaab polymer hufan si ay u ilaaliso indhahaaga. Haddii hawada hawada la saaro, ku dar qalab neefsasho leh oo ka hortagaya hawada hawada xirmada (ama ka sii fiican, kartoon filter ABEK oo leh ilaalinta P3). Markaad la shaqeyneyso xalalka daciifka ah (ilaa 6%), galoofyada ayaa ku filan.
Waxaan si faahfaahsan u dul istaagi doonaa "saamaynta cajiibka ah" Hydrogen peroxide waa shay dhexdhexaad ah oo khatar ah oo sababa gubasho kiimiko ah haddii ay taabato maqaarka iyo indhaha. Waxyeello leh haddii la nuugo ama la liqo. Fiiri sawirka SDS ("Oxidizer" - "Corrodes" - "Irritant"):
Si aan u garaacin agagaarka baadiyaha, waxaan isla markiiba qori doonaa waxa la sameeyo haddii hydrogen peroxide oo leh qiyaasta> 6% ay la xiriirto qof wareegsan oo aan lahayn qalab ilaalin shakhsi ah.
at taabashada maqaarka - ku tirtir maro engegan ama suuf lagu qooyay khamriga. Kadibna waxaad u baahan tahay inaad biyo badan ku luqluqo maqaarka dhaawacan muddo 10 daqiiqo ah.
at indhaha la taabto - isla markiiba ku luqluqso indho furan, iyo sidoo kale daboolka indhaha hoostooda, biyo daciif ah (ama xal 2% ee baking soda) ugu yaraan 15 daqiiqo. La xidhiidh dhakhtarka indhaha.
Haddii la liqo - cab cabitaano badan (=biyo cad oo litir ah), kaarboon firfircoon (1 kiniin 10 kiilo oo miisaan ah), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Ha keenin matag (= Caloosha oo kaliya dhaqtar, adoo isticmaalaya baari, iyo maya "laba farood oo afka ah"). Wax afka ha ku siin qof miyir daboolan.
General si gaar ah ayay khatar u tahay, maadaama inta lagu jiro burburka caloosha waxaa la sameeyaa xaddi badan oo gaas ah (10 jeer mugga 3% xal), taas oo keenta barar iyo cadaadis xubnaha gudaha. Tani waa waxa kaarboonka firfircooni u yahay...
Haddii wax waliba ay ka badan yihiin ama ka yar yihiin caddaynta daaweynta cawaaqibka jidhka, markaa waxaa habboon in la yiraahdo dhowr eray oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qashinka xad-dhaafka ah / duugoobay / daadinta hydrogen peroxide sababtoo ah khibrad la'aan.
... hydrogen peroxide dib ayaa loo warshadeeyaa a) lagu milo biyo oo lagu shubo biya-mareenka, ama b) Burburka iyadoo la isticmaalayo kiciyayaal (sodium pyrosulfite, iwm.), ama c) Kala-goynta kuleylinta (oo ay ku jirto karkarinta)
Halkan waxaa ah tusaale sida ay dhammaan u egyihiin. Tusaale ahaan, shaybaadhka waxaan si lama filaan ah ugu daadiyay litir dhan 30% hydrogen peroxide. Waxba ma tirtiro, laakiin ku dar dareeraha isku dar ah tiro siman (1:1:1) + ciid+ (="buuxiyaha bentonite ee saxaarad"). Kadibna isku dhafkan waxaan ku qoysaa biyo ilaa uu ka samaysan yahay slurry, ku shub slurry weel oo ku wareeji baaldi biyo ah (saddex-meelood laba meel oo buuxa). Oo mar horeba baaldi biyo ah waxaan si tartiib tartiib ah ugu daraa xalka sodium pyrosulfite oo leh 20% ka badan. Si arrintan oo dhan looga takhaluso falcelin:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Haddii aad raacdo shuruudaha dhibaatada (litir 30% xal), ka dibna waxay soo baxday in dhexdhexaadinta aad u baahan tahay 838 garaam oo pyrosulfite ah (kilogaraam oo cusbo ah ayaa soo baxa si xad dhaaf ah). milanka walaxda biyaha waa ~ 650 g/l, i.e. Qiyaastii hal litir iyo badh oo xal xoog leh ayaa loo baahan doonaa. Akhlaaqdu waa tan: ama ha ku daadin perhydrol dhulka, ama si xoog leh ha u qasin, haddii kale ma heli doontid dhexdhexaadiye ku filan :)
Marka la raadinayo beddelka suurtagalka ah ee pyrosulfite, Captain Ovious wuxuu ku talinayaa in la isticmaalo reagen-yaasha aan soo saarin xaddi badan oo gaas ah marka la falcelinayo hydrogen peroxide. Tani waxay noqon kartaa, tusaale ahaan, birta (II) sulfate. Waxaa lagu iibiyaa dukaamada qalabka iyo xitaa Belarus. Si loo baabi'iyo H2O2, xal aashito leh sulfuric acid ayaa loo baahan yahay:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Waxa kale oo aad isticmaali kartaa potassium iodide (sidoo kale acidified leh sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Aan ku xasuusiyo in dhammaan sababaha ay ku saleysan yihiin dhibaatada hordhaca ah (30% xal); haddii aad ku shubtay peroxide at fiirsashada hoose (3-7%), ka dibna waxa kale oo aad isticmaali kartaa potassium permanganate acidified leh sulfuric acid. Xitaa haddii ogsijiinta lagu sii daayo halkaas, ka dibna sababtoo ah qiyaasta hoose ee ma awoodi doonto in ay "wax qabato" xitaa haddii ay rabto.
Ku saabsan duqsiyo
Laakin maan ilaawin isaga, gacaliye. Abaal marin bay u ahaan doontaa kuwa dhammaystay akhrinta xigta akhris dheer. Ma garanayo haddii gacaliye Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka ku saabsan xirmooyinka jetka, laakiin xaqiiqdii waxaan lahaa qaar ka mid ah fikradahaas. Gaar ahaan markaan fursad u helay inaan daawado (ama xitaa dib u daawado) filimka sheeko-xariireedka Disney ee khafiifka ah ee ku jira cajalad VHS ah."(asal ahaan Gantaal).
Xidhiidhka halkan waa sida soo socota. Sida aan hore u qoray, hydrogen peroxide ee uruurinta sare (sida fasalka B ee guriga) oo leh heer sare oo nadiifin ah (xusuus - waxa loogu yeero peroxide-sare ama ) waxa loo isticmaali karaa shidaal ahaan gantaalada (iyo torpedoes). Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa labadaba sida oksidizer ee matoorada laba qaybood ah (tusaale ahaan, beddelka oksijiinta dareeraha ah), iyo qaabka loogu yeero. monofuel. Xaaladda dambe, H2O2 waxaa lagu shubaa "qol gubasho", halkaas oo ay ku jajabiso biraha birta ah (mid kasta oo ka mid ah biraha hore loogu sheegay maqaalka, tusaale ahaan, qalin ama platinum) iyo, cadaadiska, qaabka uumiga Heerkulka ku saabsan 600 Β° C, wuxuu ka baxaa sanka, abuurista jiidis.
Waxa ugu xiisaha badan ayaa ah in duqsiyo yar oo ka soo jeeda qoys hoosaadyada duqsiyada dhulka ay leedahay qaab-dhismeed gudaha ah oo isku mid ah ("qol gubasho", nozzles, iwm.) gudaha jirkeeda. waxaa loogu yeeraa si rasmi ah, laakiin aniga ahaan qaab-dhismeedkeeda gudaha (= sawirka bilowga maqaalka) wuxuu i xasuusinayaa cutubka filimka 1991 ee kor ku xusan :)
Cayayaanka waxaa loo yaqaan bombardier sababtoo ah waxay awood u leedahay in ay si sax ah u toogto dareeraha karkaraya oo leh ur aan fiicnayn qanjidhada dambe ee caloosha.
Heerkulka ka saarista wuxuu gaari karaa 100 darajo Celsius, xawaaruhuna waa 10 m/s. Hal tallaal ayaa soconaya 8 ilaa 17 ms, waxayna ka kooban tahay 4β9 garaac isla markiiba midba midka kale raacaya. Si aan dib ugu soo laaban bilowga, waxaan ku celin doonaa sawirka halkan (waxay u egtahay in laga soo qaatay joornaal. laga soo bilaabo qodobka isla magaca).
Duqsiyosku waxay soo saartaa laba "qayb shidaal oo shidaal ah" lafteeda (taas oo ah, wali maaha "monopropellant"). Wakiilka yaraynta xooggan - (horey loo isticmaali jiray horumariye sawir qaade). Iyo wakiilka oksaydhiyeyaasha xooggan waa hydrogen peroxide. Marka loo hanjabo, duqsiyosku waxay isku xidhaan muruqyo kuwaas oo laba reagents ku riixaya tuubooyinka valve si ay u galaan qol isku dhafan oo ay ku jiraan biyo iyo isku dhafka enzymes (peroxidases) kaas oo dumiya peroxide. Marka la isku daro, reagents-yadu waxay soo saaraan fal-celin exothermic rabshad leh, dareeruhu wuu karkariyo oo isu beddelaa gaas (= " baabi'in"). Guud ahaan, duqsiyosku waxay ku gubaa cadaw suurtagal ah oo leh qulqul biyo karkaraya ah (laakiin sida cad kuma filna meesha ugu horeysa ee riixitaanka). Laakin...Ugu yaraan duqsiyo ayaa loo qaadan karaa tusaale qaybta Taxadarrada badbaadada markaad la shaqaynayso hydrogen peroxide. Akhlaaqdu waa tan:
% USERNAME%, ha noqon sida kuwa lamid ah kuwa wax duqeeya, ha ku darin peroxide iyo wax yareeya adigoon fahmin! π
Addendum ku saabsanΡ "Waxay u egtahay in duqsigii bamka ahaa ee dhulku uu dhiirigeliyay duqsiga balaasmaha ee ka yimid Starship Troopers." Waxa kaliya oo ay leedahay dardar ku filan (ma riixin!) si ay u horumariso xawaaraha ugu horeeya ee baxsadka ah; Farsamaynta waxaa la sameeyay intii lagu jiray korriinka waxaana loo isticmaalay in lagu tuuro xadhkaha goosashada si loo ballaariyo baaxadeeda, sidoo kale waxay faa'iido u leedahay hub ka dhan ah maraakiibta cadawga. β
Waa hagaag, waxaan u sheegay wax ku saabsan duqsiyada oo aan xalliyo peroxide. Halkaa aan ku joojino hadda.
Muhiim! Wax kasta oo kale (oo ay ku jiraan doodaha qoraallada, qoraallada dhexdhexaadka ah iyo gabi ahaanba dhammaan qoraaladeyda) waxaad ka heli kartaa kanaalka telegram . Subscribe dheh oo lasoco ogeysiisyada
Midda xigta ee tixgelinta la siinayo waa sodium dichloroisocyanurate iyo "kiniinnada chlorine."
Mahadnaq: Qoraagu wuxuu si qoto dheer ugu mahadcelinayaa dhammaan ka qaybgalayaasha firfircoon bulshada LAB-66 - dadka si firfircoon u taageera dhaqaale ahaan "geeska sayniska iyo farsamada" (= kanaalka telegram), sheekeysigayaga (iyo khabiirada ku jira kuwaas oo bixiya saacad kasta (!!!) taageero farsamo), iyo qoraaga ugu dambeeya laftiisa. Waad ku mahadsan tahay waxaas oo dhan, guys, ka !
βOsmium Catalystβ ee kobcinta iyo horumarka bulshada kor ku xusan: ===>
1. Master card 5536 0800 1174 5555
2. lacagta Yandex
3. lacagta webka 650377296748
4. crypt BTC: 3QRyF2UwcKECVtk1Ep8scndmCBoRATvZkx, ETH: 0x3Aa313FA17444db70536A0ec5493F3aaA49C9CBf
5. Noqo
Ilaha la isticmaalo
Shandala M.G. Arrimaha hadda jira ee jeermiska guud. Muxaadaro la doortay. - M.: Daawo, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Guryaha Khatarta ah ee Sax ee Qalabka Warshadaha. Qormadii 12aad. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., p. V4: 2434
Haynes, W.M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Qormadii 95aad. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ee Tiknoolajiyada Kiimikada. 13 (daqada 4aad). New York: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961-995.
C.W. Jones, J.H. Clark. Codsiyada Hydrogen Peroxide iyo Derivatives. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Codsiyada Lienke ee Ka-Tallaaliyaasha-Biraha Kala-guurka ah ee Dharka iyo Qalinka-Beddelka alwaax. Daabacaadda Caalamiga ah ee Angewandte Chemie. 45 (2): 206-222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Duqsiyo bambooyin iyo qarax kiimiko ah. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1β7. (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Codsiyada hydrogen peroxide iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia ee Kimistariga Warshadaha. Ullmann's Encyclopedia ee Kimistariga Warshadaha. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Buug-gacmeedka jeermiska-jeermiska iyo jeermiska-jeermiska. New York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, Jeermiska DJ iyo Madhalayska ee Xarumaha Daryeelka Caafimaadka: Waxa ay Dhakhaatiirtu u Baahan Yihiin inay ogaadaan. Cudurada Faafa ee Clinical. 39 (5): 702-709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Cutubka 9: Iskudhisyada Peroxygen. Jeermiska, jeermiska, iyo ilaalinta (ed. 5th). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185-204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. Tusmada Merck-Encyclopedia ee Kiimikada, Dawooyinka, iyo Bayolojiga. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Qaamuuska Kiimikada Cusboonaaday ee Hawley Daabadkii 16aad. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, b. 735
Sittig, M. Buug-gacmeedka Kiimikada Khatarta ah iyo Kiimikada, 1985. ed 2aad. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, b. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Qaamuuska Kiimikada Cusboonaaday ee Hawley Daabadkii 16aad. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, b. 735
Uruurinta qalabka rasmiga ah ee ugu muhiimsan ee arrimaha jeermiska, jeermiska, jeermiska, qallafsanaanta: 5 qaybood / Wargelin.-ed. xarunta Guddiga Gobolka ee ilaalinta fayadhowrka iyo cudurrada faafa ee Ruushka. Xiriirka, Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Ka-hortagga. toxicology iyo jeermiska jeermiska; Guud ahaan ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
Oo waxaan ku dhawaaday inaan iloobo, digniin ku socota asxaabta aan mas'uulka ahayn :)
AfeefDhammaan macluumaadka lagu soo bandhigay maqaalka waxaa loo bixiyay ujeeddooyin macluumaad oo keliya mana aha baaq toos ah oo ficil ah. Waxaad ku fulisaa dhammaan wax-is-daba-marinnada kiimikada iyo qalabka dib-u-hagaajinta khatartaada iyo khatartaada. Qoraagu wax xil ah kama saarna sida taxadar la'aanta ah ee xalalka gardarada ah, aqoon la'aanta, aqoon la'aanta dugsiga aasaasiga ah, iwm. Haddii aadan ku kalsoonayn inaad fahamto waxa qoran, weydii qaraabada/saaxiibka/saaxiibkaa/saaxiibkaa aqoonta gaarka ah leh si uu ula socdo falkaaga. Oo hubso inaad isticmaasho PPE oo leh taxaddarrada badbaadada ee ugu sarreeya ee suurtogalka ah.
Source: www.habr.com