Qof kastaa wuu ogyahay in lixdan bytes, oo inta badan lagu soo bandhigo qaabka hexadecimal, loo qoondeeyay kaadhka shabakada ee warshadda, oo u muuqda inay yihiin random. Dadka qaar baa og in saddexda bayt ee ugu horreeya ciwaanka ay yihiin aqoonsiga soo saaraha, saddexda bayt ee soo hadhayna iyaga ayaa loo qoondeeyay. Waxa kale oo la og yahay in aad naftaada dejin karto gardaran ciwaanka Dad badan ayaa ka maqlay "cinwaannada random" ee Wi-Fi.
Aynu ogaano waxa ay tahay.
Cinwaanka MAC (cinwaanka marinka warbaahinta) waa aqoonsi gaar ah oo loo qoondeeyay adabtarada shabakada, oo loo isticmaalo shabakadaha heerarka IEEE 802, inta badan Ethernet, Wi-Fi iyo Bluetooth. Si rasmi ah waxaa loogu yeeraa " Aqoonsiga nooca EUI-48 ". Marka la eego magaca waxaa iska cad in ciwaanka uu dhererkiisu yahay 48 bits, i.e. 6 bytes. Ma jiro halbeeg guud oo la aqbali karo oo loogu talagalay qorista ciwaanka (oo ka soo horjeeda ciwaanka IPv4, halkaasoo octets ay had iyo jeer kala soocaan dhibco) Inta badan waxaa loo qoraa lix lambar oo hexadecimal ah oo ay kala soocaan xiidan: 00:AB:CD:EF:11: 22, inkastoo qaar ka mid ah soosaarayaasha qalabka ay doorbidaan calaamadda 00 -AB-CD-EF-11-22 iyo xitaa 00ab.cdef.1122.
Taariikh ahaan ciwaanada waxa lagu shiiday ROM-ka kaadhka shabakada Chipset-ka iyada oo aan awood loo lahayn in wax laga beddelo la’aanteed barnaamijka flash-ka, laakiin maalmahan ciwaanka waxa laga beddeli karaa barnaamij ahaan marka loo eego nidaamka hawlgalka. Waxaad gacanta ku dejin kartaa cinwaanka MAC ee kaarka shabakadda Linux iyo MacOS (had iyo jeer), Windows ( had iyo jeer, haddii darawalku ogolaado), Android (kaliya rujin); IOS (oo aan lahayn xidid) khiyaamadan oo kale waa wax aan macquul ahayn.
Qaab dhismeedka cinwaanka
Ciwaanka waxa uu ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah soo saaraha aqoonsigiisa, OUI, iyo aqoonsi uu u xilsaaray soo saaraha. Meelaynta OUI (Aqoonsiga Urur ahaan Gaarka ah) Ururka IEEE. Dhab ahaantii, dhererkeedu ma noqon karo oo kaliya 3 bytes (24 bits), laakiin 28 ama 36 bits, kuwaas oo blocks (MAC Cinwaanka Block, MA) ee cinwaanada noocyada Large (MA-L), Dhexdhexaad (MA-M) iyo Yaryar ayaa loo sameeyay (MA-S) siday u kala horreeyaan. Cabbirka xannibaadda la soo saaray, kiiskan, wuxuu noqon doonaa 24, 20, 12 bits ama 16 milyan, 1 milyan, 4 kun cinwaan. Hadda waxaa jira ilaa 38 kun oo baloog oo la qaybiyay, waxaa lagu arki karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalab badan oo internetka ah, tusaale ahaan ama .
Ciwaanka yaa iska leh?
Habayn fudud oo si guud loo heli karo IEEE waxay bixisaa macluumaad aad u badan. Tusaale ahaan, ururada qaarkood waxay qaateen qaybo badan oo OUI ah naftooda. Waa kuwan geesiyaashayada:
Iibiyaha
Tirada blocks/rikoorada
Tirada cinwaannada, milyan
Cisco Systems Inc
888
14208
Apple
772
12352
Samsung
636
10144
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
606
9696
Intel Corporation
375
5776
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah ARRIS Group Inc.
319
5104
Shirkadda Nokia
241
3856
Private
232
2704
Texas qalabku
212
3392
Shirkadda zte
198
3168
Maamulka Diiwaangelinta IEEE
194
3072
Hewlett Packard
149
2384
Hon Hai Precision
136
2176
TP-LINK
134
2144
Dell Inc.
123
1968
Shabakadaha Juniper
110
1760
Sagemcom Broadband SAS
97
1552
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd. LTD
97
1552
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Xiaomi Communications Co., Ltd
88
1408
Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp. Ltd
82
1312
Google ayaa leh 40 ka mid ah oo keliya, tanina maaha wax la yaab leh: iyaga laftoodu ma soo saaraan qalabyo badan oo shabakadeed.
MA blocks laguma bixiyo bilaash, waxaa lagu iibsan karaa qiimo macquul ah (lacag la'aan) $3000, $1800 ama $755, siday u kala horreeyaan. Waxa xiiso leh, lacag dheeraad ah (sannadkii) waxaad ku iibsan kartaa "qarinta" macluumaadka dadweynaha ee ku saabsan xannibaadda la qoondeeyey. Hadda waxaa jira 232 ka mid ah, sida kor lagu arki karo.
Goorma ayaa naga dhammaan doona cinwaannada MAC?
Dhammaanteen aad ayaan uga daalnay sheekooyinka socday 10 sano ee ahaa "Cinwaannada IPv4 waxay ku dhow yihiin inay dhammaadaan." Haa, baloogyada IPv4 cusub hadda ma fududa in la helo. Waxaa la og yahay in cinwaanka IP-ga ; Waxa jira baloogyo aad u waaweyn oo aan laga faa'iidaysan oo ay leeyihiin shirkado waaweyn iyo hay'adaha dawladda Maraykanka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo rajo yar laga qabo in dib loogu qaybiyo kuwa u baahan. Korodhka NAT, CG-NAT iyo IPV6 ayaa ka dhigay dhibaatada cinwaanno la'aanta mid aad u daran.
Cinwaanka MAC wuxuu leeyahay 48 bits, kuwaas oo 46 ka mid ah loo tixgelin karo "faa'iido leh" (sababta? akhri), kaas oo bixiya 246 ama 1014 ciwaan, taas oo 214 jeer ka badan booska IPV4.
Hadda, ku dhawaad nus tirilyan cinwaan ayaa la qaybiyay, ama 0.73% oo keliya wadarta guud. Waxaan wali aad iyo aad uga fognahay inay naga dhammaanayaan ciwaannada MAC.
Qaniinyada randomness
Waxaa loo qaadan karaa in OUI-yada loo qaybiyo si aan kala sooc lahayn, iibiyuhuna sidoo kale si aan kala sooc lahayn ugu qoondeeyo cinwaannada aaladaha shabakadaha gaarka ah. Ma sidaas baa? Aynu eegno qaybinta qaybinta kaydka macluumaadka ee cinwaanada MAC ee aaladaha 802.11 ee aan haysto, oo ay soo ururiyeen nidaamyada oggolaanshaha shaqada ee shabakadaha wireless . Cinwaanadu waxa iska leh aaladaha dhabta ah ee ku xidhan Wi-Fi dhawr sano oo sadex wadan ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira kayd yar oo ah 802.3 qalabka LAN.
Aynu u kala jebinno ciwaanka MAC kasta (lix bytes) mid kasta oo muunadyada ka mid ah, bite byte, oo aynu eegno inta jeer ee dhacdada "1" ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah 48 boos. Haddii xoogaa loo dejiyay qaab aan si buuxda loo aqbaleyn, markaas suurtagalnimada helitaanka "1" waa inay noqotaa 50%.
Xulashada Wi-Fi No. 1 (RF)
Muunadda Wi-Fi No. 2 (Belarus)
Xulashada Wi-Fi No. 3 (Uzbekistan)
Muunad LAN (RF)
Tirada diiwaannada ku jira kaydka xogta
5929000
1274000
366000
1000
Nambarka yar:
% xoogaa "1"
% xoogaa "1"
% xoogaa "1"
% xoogaa "1"
1
48.6%
49.2%
50.7%
28.7%
2
44.8%
49.1%
47.7%
30.7%
3
46.7%
48.3%
46.8%
35.8%
4
48.0%
48.6%
49.8%
37.1%
5
45.7%
46.9%
47.0%
32.3%
6
46.6%
46.7%
47.8%
27.1%
7
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
8
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9
48.1%
50.6%
49.4%
38.1%
10
49.1%
50.2%
47.4%
42.7%
11
50.8%
50.0%
50.6%
42.9%
12
49.0%
48.4%
48.2%
53.7%
13
47.6%
47.0%
46.3%
48.5%
14
47.5%
47.4%
51.7%
46.8%
15
48.3%
47.5%
48.7%
46.1%
16
50.6%
50.4%
51.2%
45.3%
17
49.4%
50.4%
54.3%
38.2%
18
49.8%
50.5%
51.5%
51.9%
19
51.6%
53.3%
53.9%
42.6%
20
46.6%
46.1%
45.5%
48.4%
21
51.7%
52.9%
47.7%
48.9%
22
49.2%
49.6%
41.6%
49.8%
23
51.2%
50.9%
47.0%
41.9%
24
49.5%
50.2%
50.1%
47.5%
25
47.1%
47.3%
47.7%
44.2%
26
48.6%
48.6%
49.2%
43.9%
27
49.8%
49.0%
49.7%
48.9%
28
49.3%
49.3%
49.7%
55.1%
29
49.5%
49.4%
49.8%
49.8%
30
49.8%
49.8%
49.7%
52.1%
31
49.5%
49.7%
49.6%
46.6%
32
49.4%
49.7%
49.5%
47.5%
33
49.4%
49.8%
49.7%
48.3%
34
49.7%
50.0%
49.6%
44.9%
35
49.9%
50.0%
50.0%
50.6%
36
49.9%
49.9%
49.8%
49.1%
37
49.8%
50.0%
49.9%
51.4%
38
50.0%
50.0%
49.8%
51.8%
39
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
55.7%
40
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
49.5%
41
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
52.2%
42
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
53.9%
43
50.1%
50.0%
50.3%
56.1%
44
50.1%
50.0%
50.1%
45.8%
45
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
50.1%
46
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
49.5%
47
49.2%
49.4%
49.7%
45.2%
48
49.9%
50.1%
50.7%
54.6%
Waa maxay sababta cadaalad darada intaa le'eg ee 7 iyo 8 bits? Had iyo jeer waxaa jira eber.
Runtii, halbeeggu wuxuu qeexayaa qashin-qubkaan kuwo gaar ah ():
Midka siddeedaad (laga bilaabo bilawga) xoogaa baytka ugu horreeya ee ciwaanka MAC waxaa loo yaqaan 'Unicast/Multicast bit' waxayna go'aamisaa nooca jir (frame) ee lagu gudbiyo ciwaanka, caadiga ah (0) ama baahinta (1) (multicast) ama baahinta). Sida caadiga ah, xidhiidhka adabtarada shabakadda unicast, waxa yar waxa loo dejiyay “0” dhammaan xidhmooyinka loo soo diray.
Midka toddobaad (laga bilaabo bilowga) yaraa byte-ka koowaad ee ciwaanka MAC waxa loo yaqaan U/L (Universal/Local) yara waxayna go'aamisaa in ciwaanku yahay mid caalami ah (0), ama maxalli ahaan u gaar ah (1). Sida caadiga ah, dhammaan ciwaannada "saaraha-tolsan" waa kuwo caalami ah oo gaar ah, sidaa darteed inta badan cinwaannada MAC ee la ururiyay waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybta toddobaad ee loo dhigay "0". Jadwalka aqoonsiga OUI ee loo xilsaaray, kaliya ilaa 130 gelis ayaa leh xoogaa U/L ah “1”, sida muuqata kuwani waa baloogyada cinwaannada MAC ee baahiyaha gaarka ah.
Laga soo bilaabo lixaad ilaa qaybta hore ee byte-ka koowaad, qaniinyada labaad iyo saddexaad ee bytes ee aqoonsiga OUI, iyo xitaa in ka sii badan si xad-dhaaf ah oo ku jira 4-6 bytes ee ciwaanka uu u xilsaaray soo saaraha ayaa loo qaybiyaa in ka badan ama ka yar si siman. .
Sidaa darteed, ciwaanka dhabta ah ee MAC ee adabtarada shabakada, qaniinyada ayaa dhab ahaantii u dhigma oo aan lahayn macnaha tignoolajiyada, marka laga reebo laba qaybood oo adeeg ah oo ka mid ah byte-ga sare.
Baahsanaanta
Ma la yaaban yihiin kuwa soo saara qalabka wireless-ka ee ugu caansan? Aynu isku darno raadinta ku jirta xogta OUI iyo xogta muunada 1.
Iibiyaha
Qaybsiga aaladaha, %
Apple
26,09
Samsung
19,79
Shirkadda Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Ltd
7,80
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Xiaomi Communications Co., Ltd
6,83
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Sony Mobile Communications Inc
3,29
LG Electronics (Isgaarsiinta Mobilka)
2,76
Shirkadda ASUSTek COMPUTER INC.
2,58
Shirkadda TCT Mobile Ltd
2,13
Shirkadda zte
2,00
aan laga helin xogta IEEE
1,92
Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd.
1,71
Shirkad HTC
1,68
Murata Production
1,31
InPro Comm
1,26
Shirkadda Microsoft
1,11
Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
1,02
Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co., Ltd. Ltd.
0,93
Shirkadda Nokia
0,88
Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Shanghai Wind Technologies Co., Ltd. Ltd
0,74
Shirkadda Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Company Limited
0,71
Dhaqanku wuxuu muujinayaa in barwaaqada badan ee qaybta macaamiisha shabakadaha bilaa-waayirka ah ee meel la siiyay, ay sii badanayso saamiga aaladaha Apple.
Midnimada
Cinwaannada MAC ma yihiin kuwo gaar ah? Aragti ahaan, haa, maadaama qalab kasta oo soo saaraha (MA block milkiilaha) looga baahan yahay inuu bixiyo cinwaan u gaar ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah adabiyeyaasha shabakadda ee ay soo saarto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah soosaarayaasha chip, kuwaas oo:
- 00:0A:F5 Airgo Networks, Inc. (hadda Qualcomm)
- 00:08:22 InPro Comm (hadda MediaTek)
u dhig saddexda bayt ee u dambeeya ciwaanka MAC lambar random ah, sida muuqata ka dib marka qalab kastaa dib loo bilaabo. Waxaa jiray 1 kun oo cinwaan oo noocaan ah oo ku jiray muunadayda No. 82.
Waxaad, dabcan, naftaada u dejin kartaa ciwaan shisheeye, oo aan gaar ahayn adiga oo si ula kac ah u dejinaya "sida deriskaaga oo kale", oo aad ku aqoonsato wax wax cuna, ama u doorta si aan kala sooc lahayn. Waxa kale oo suurtagal ah in aad si lama filaan ah naftaada u dejiso ciwaan aan gaar ahayn adiga oo, tusaale ahaan, soo celinaya qaabaynta kaydka ee router sida Mikrotik ama OpenWrt.
Maxaa dhacaya haddii ay jiraan laba qalab oo shabakadda ah oo leh cinwaan MAC ah? Dhammaan waxay kuxirantahay caqligal qalabka shabakada (router-ka fiilo, kantaroolka shabakadaha wireless). Inta badan, labada qalab midkoodna ma shaqayn doono ama si aan kala go' lahayn uma shaqayn doonaan. Marka laga eego aragtida heerarka IEEE, ka-hortagga xajinta cinwaanka MAC ayaa la soo jeediyay in lagu xalliyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo, tusaale ahaan, MACsec ama 802.1X.
Ka waran haddii aad ku rakibto MAC oo leh xoogaa toddobaad ama siddeedaad oo loo dhigay "1", i.e. ciwaanka maxaliga ah ama multicast? Waxay u badan tahay, shabakadaadu ma bixin doonto tan, laakiin si rasmi ah ciwaanka noocan oo kale ah uma hoggaansami doono heerka, waxaana fiican inaadan sidaas samayn.
Sida randomization u shaqeyso
Waxaan ognahay in si looga hortago la socodka dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka iyadoo la baarayo lana ururinayo mowjadaha hawadu, nidaamyada hawlgalka ee taleefannada casriga ah ee MAC ay isticmaalayaan tignoolajiyada randomization dhowr sano. Aragti ahaan, marka la sawirayo mawjadaha hawada ee raadinta shabakadaha la yaqaan, taleefanka casriga ahi wuxuu soo diraa xirmo (koox ka mid ah xirmooyinka) ee nooca codsiga 802.11 oo leh cinwaanka MAC oo ah isha:
Kala soocida la dajiyay waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaadan cayimin midda “tolsan”, laakiin ciwaanka kale ee baakidhka, bedelida wareeg kasta oo iskaan ah, waqti ka dib, ama si kale. ma shaqaysaa? Aynu eegno tirakoobka ciwaannada MAC ee laga soo ururiyay hawada waxa loogu yeero "Wi-Fi Radar":
Muunad dhan
Tusaalaha kaliya ee eber 7th
Tirada diiwaannada ku jira kaydka xogta
3920000
305000
Nambarka yar:
% xoogaa "1"
% xoogaa "1"
1
66.1%
43.3%
2
66.5%
43.4%
3
31.7%
43.8%
4
66.6%
46.4%
5
66.7%
45.7%
6
31.9%
46.4%
7
92.2%
0.0%
8
0.0%
0.0%
9
67.2%
47.5%
10
32.3%
45.6%
11
66.9%
45.3%
12
32.3%
46.8%
13
32.6%
50.1%
14
33.0%
56.1%
15
32.5%
45.0%
16
67.2%
48.3%
17
33.2%
56.9%
18
33.3%
56.8%
19
33.3%
56.3%
20
66.8%
43.2%
21
67.0%
46.4%
22
32.6%
50.1%
23
32.9%
51.2%
24
67.6%
52.2%
25
49.8%
47.8%
26
50.0%
50.0%
27
50.0%
50.2%
28
50.0%
49.8%
29
50.0%
49.4%
30
50.0%
50.0%
31
50.0%
49.7%
32
50.0%
49.9%
33
50.0%
49.7%
34
50.0%
49.6%
35
50.0%
50.1%
36
50.0%
49.5%
37
50.0%
49.9%
38
50.0%
49.8%
39
50.0%
49.9%
40
50.0%
50.1%
41
50.0%
50.2%
42
50.0%
50.2%
43
50.0%
50.1%
44
50.0%
50.1%
45
50.0%
50.0%
46
50.0%
49.8%
47
50.0%
49.8%
48
50.1%
50.9%
Sawirku gabi ahaanba wuu ka duwan yahay.
Qaybta 8-aad ee baytka kowaad ee ciwaanka MAC ayaa wali u dhigma dabeecadda Unicast ee ciwaanka SRC ee ku jira xidhmada codsiga baadhitaanka.
Qaybta 7aad waxa loo dejiyay Maxalliga 92.2% ee kiisaska, i.e. Kalsoonida heerka caddaaladda ah, waxaan u qaadan karnaa in inta badan cinwaannada la ururiyay ay yihiin kuwo aan kala sooc lahayn, iyo in ka yar 8% ay yihiin kuwo dhab ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, qaybinta qashinka ee OUI ee cinwaannada dhabta ah ee noocaas ah waxay ku dhowdahay xogta ku jirta shaxda hore.
Soo saaraha, sida uu qabo OUI, ayaa leh ciwaannada la kala soocay (ie, oo leh xoogaa 7th ee "1")?
Soo saaraha OUI
La wadaag dhammaan ciwaannada
aan laga helin xogta IEEE
62.45%
Google Inc.
37.54%
inta kale
0.01%
Intaa waxaa dheer, dhammaan ciwaannada la kala soocay ee loo qoondeeyay Google waxay ka tirsan yihiin isla OUI oo leh horgalaha DA:A1:19. Waa maxay horgalayaashani? Aan eegno gudaha .
private static final MacAddress BASE_GOOGLE_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("da:a1:19:0:0:0");Stock Android waxay isticmaashaa OUI gaar ah, diiwaan gashan marka la raadinayo shabakadaha wireless-ka, mid ka mid ah kuwa yar ee leh qaybta toddobaad.
Ka xisaabi MAC dhabta ah mid random
Aynu halkaa ku aragno:
private static final long VALID_LONG_MASK = (1L << 48) - 1;
private static final long LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("2:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
private static final long MULTICAST_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("1:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
public static @NonNull MacAddress createRandomUnicastAddress(MacAddress base, Random r) {
long addr;
if (base == null) {
addr = r.nextLong() & VALID_LONG_MASK;
} else {
addr = (base.mAddr & OUI_MASK) | (NIC_MASK & r.nextLong());
}
addr |= LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK;
addr &= ~MULTICAST_MASK;
MacAddress mac = new MacAddress(addr);
if (mac.equals(DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
return createRandomUnicastAddress(base, r);
}
return mac;
}
Ciwaanka oo dhan, ama sadexda bytes ee hoose, waa daahir Random.NextLong(). "Soo kabashada lahaanshaha ee MAC dhabta ah" waa fadeexad. Kalsooni heerkeedu sarreeyo, waxaan filan karnaa in soosaarayaasha taleefannada Android ay isticmaalaan OUI-yo kale oo aan diiwaangashanayn. Ma hayno koodhka isha iOS, laakiin waxay u badan tahay in algorithm la mid ah halkaas lagu isticmaalo.
Kuwa kore ma baabi'iyaan shaqada hababka kale ee qarsoodiga ah ee macaamiisha Wi-Fi, iyadoo lagu saleynayo falanqaynta qaybaha kale ee qaabka codsiga baaritaanka, ama isku xirnaanta inta jeer ee codsiyada uu soo diro qalabku. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si la isku hallayn karo ula socoshada macaamiishu iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab dibadda ah waa dhibaato aad u weyn. Xogta la ururiyay waxay noqon doontaa mid ku habboon in la falanqeeyo celceliska / culeyska ugu sarreeya goobta iyo waqtiga, iyadoo lagu saleynayo tiro badan, iyada oo aan tixraacin qalab iyo dad gaar ah. Kaliya kuwa "gudaha", kuwa sameeya OS-ga mobilada laftooda, iyo codsiyada rakibay ayaa leh xog sax ah.
Maxaa khatar u noqon kara qof kale oo garanaya ciwaanka MAC ee qalabkaaga? Diidmada weerarrada adeegga ayaa loo bilaabi karaa shabakadaha fiilooyinka iyo wirelesska ah. Qalabka wireless-ka, sidoo kale, oo leh ixtimaalka qaarkood waxaa suurtagal ah in la duubo xilliga muuqaalkiisa meesha lagu rakibo shidma. Adiga oo ka xayuubinaya ciwaanka, waxaad isku dayi kartaa inaad "iska dhigto" inuu yahay qalabkaaga, kaas oo shaqayn kara oo kaliya haddii aan la isticmaalin tallaabooyin ammaan oo dheeraad ah (ogolaanshaha iyo/ama sirta). 99.9% dadka halkan jooga ma jiraan wax ay ka walwalaan.
Cinwaanka MAC wuu ka dhib badan yahay sida ay u muuqato, laakiin wuu ka fudud yahay sidii uu ahaan lahaa.
Source: www.habr.com