Alan Kay: "Buugaagee ayaad ku talin lahayd in aad u akhrido qof baranaya Sayniska Kombiyuutarka?"

Isku soo wada duuboo, waxaan kugula talin lahaa in la akhriyo buugaag badan oo aan khusayn cilmiga kumbuyuutarka.

Waa muhiim in la fahmo meesha ay fikradda "sayniska" ku jirto "Sayniska Kombuyuutarka", iyo waxa "injineernimada" macneheedu yahay "Engineering Software".

Fikradda casriga ah ee "sayniska" waxaa loo qaabayn karaa sida soo socota: waa isku dayga in lagu turjumo dhacdooyinka moodooyinka kuwaas oo si fudud loo sharxi karo ama loo saadaalin karo. Mawduucan waxaad ka akhrisan kartaa "Sayniska Farshaxanka" (mid ka mid ah buugaagta muhiimka ah ee Herbert Simon). Waxaad u eegi kartaa sidan: haddii dadku (gaar ahaan kuwa horumariya) ay dhisaan buundooyinka, markaa saynisyahannadu waxay sharxi karaan ifafaalahan iyagoo abuuraya moodooyin. Waxyaabaha xiisaha leh ee arrintan ku saabsan ayaa ah in sayniska uu si joogto ah u heli doono habab cusub oo ka wanaagsan oo lagu dhiso buundooyinka, sidaas darteed saaxiibtinimada ka dhexeeya saynisyahannada iyo horumarinta ayaa laga yaabaa inay si fiican u wanaajiso sannad kasta.

Tusaalahan oo ka mid ah goobta Sayniska kombiyuutarka John McCarthy ma ka fekerayaa kombuyuutarrada dabayaaqadii 50-meeyadii, taas oo ah, baaxadda cajiibka ah ee ballaaran ee waxa ay qaban karaan (AI malaha?), iyo abuurista nooc xisaabinta oo ah luqad, una adeegi karta sidii luqaddeeda birta ah ( Lisp). Buuga aan ugu jeclahay mawduucan waa Buugga Lisp 1.5 ee MIT Press (waxaa qoray McCarthy et al.). Qaybta hore ee buuggani waxa ay ahaanaysaa mid heersare ah oo ku saabsan sida guud ahaan looga fikiro iyo gaar ahaan farsamada macluumaadka.

(Buugga "Smalltalk: luqadda iyo hirgelintiisa" ayaa markii dambe la daabacay, qorayaasha kuwaas oo (Adele Goldberg iyo Dave Robson) ay dhiiri galiyeen waxaas oo dhan. Waxa kale oo ku jira sharaxaad dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan codsiga la taaban karo ee mashruuca, oo ku qoran Luuqadda Smalltalk lafteeda, iwm.).

Waxaan runtii jeclahay buugga "Farshaxanka Hab-maamuuska Metaobject" ee Kickzales, Bobrow iyo Rivera, kaas oo la daabacay xitaa ka dib kuwii hore. Waa mid ka mid ah buugaagta loogu yeeri karo "culus sayniska kombiyuutarka." Qaybta hore ayaa si gaar ah u wanaagsan.

Shaqo kale oo cilmiyeed laga soo bilaabo 1970 oo loo tixgelin karo mid culus Sayniska kombiyuutarka - "Luqadda Qeexida Xakamaynta" ee Dave Fisher (Jaamacadda Carnegie Mellon).

Buuga aan ugu jeclahay xisaabinta ayaa laga yaabaa inuu u ekaado mid ka fog goobta IT-ga, laakiin aad ayey ugu faraxsan tahay in la akhriyo: Xisaabinta: Mashiinnada Dhamaystiran iyo kuwa aan dhammaadka lahayn ee Marvia Minsky (qiyaastii 1967). Kaliya buug cajiib ah.

Haddii aad u baahan tahay in lagaa caawiyo "sayniska", inta badan waxaan kugula talinayaa buugaag kala duwan: Newton's Principia (buugga sayniska aasaasiga ah iyo dukumeentiga aasaaska), Bruce Alberts' The Molecular Biology of the Cell, iwm. Ama, tusaale ahaan, buugga Maxwell's qoraalo iwm.

Waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato in "Cilmiga Kombuyuutarku" uu weli yahay hamiga la doonayo in la gaaro, ee maaha wax la gaaray.

"Injineernimada" waxaa loola jeedaa "naqshadeynta iyo dhisidda shay si mabda' leh, hab khabiir ah." Heerka loo baahan yahay ee xirfaddan aad bay ugu sareysaa dhammaan dhinacyada: madaniga, farsamada, korontada, noolaha, iwm. Horumarinta.

Dhinacan waa in si taxadar leh loo darso si loo fahmo waxa dhabta ah ee ay ka dhigan tahay ka qayb qaadashada "injineernimada."

Haddii aad u baahan tahay in lagaa caawiyo "ingineering", isku day inaad wax ka akhrido abuurista Dhismaha Boqortooyada, Hoover Dam, Buundada Gate Golden iyo wixi la mida. Waxaan jeclahay buugga Hadda Waa La sheegi karaa, oo uu qoray Major General Leslie Groves (xubin sharafeedka Mashruuca Manhattan). Isagu waa injineer, sheekadani gabi ahaanba maaha mid ku saabsan mashruuca Los Alamos POV (kaas oo uu sidoo kale hogaaminayay), laakiin ku saabsan Oak Ridge, Hanford, iwm, iyo ka qaybgalka cajiibka ah ee dadka 600 iyo lacag badan si loo sameeyo naqshadeynta lagama maarmaanka u ah in la abuuro agabka lagama maarmaanka ah.

Sidoo kale, ka fakar goobtee aysan ka jirin qayb ka mid ah "injineernimada software" - mar kale, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad fahamto in "injineernimada software" dareen kasta oo "injineernimo" ah sida ugu wanaagsan ay weli tahay himilada la doonayo in la gaaro, ma aha guul.

Kumbuyuutarku sidoo kale waa nooc ka mid ah "warbaahin" iyo "dhexdhexaadiye", markaa waxaan u baahanahay inaan fahamno waxay noo qabtaan iyo sida ay noo saameeyaan. Akhri Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, Innis, Havelock, iwm. Mark Miller (faallo hoose) kaliya waxa uu i xasuusiyay in aan ku taliyo buugga Technics and Human Development, Vol. 1 ee taxanaha "The Khuraafaadka Mashiinka" ee Lewis Mumford, horumoodka weyn ee labada fikradood ee warbaahinta iyo arrin muhiim ah oo cilmi-nafsiga ah.

Way igu adag tahay in aan ku taliyo buug wanaagsan oo ku saabsan cilmiga anthropology-ga (laga yaabee in qof kale uu doono), laakiin in dadka loo fahmo in ay nool yihiin ayaa ah tan ugu muhiimsan ee waxbarashada, waana in si qoto dheer loo darso. Mid ka mid ah faallooyinka hoose, Matt Gabourey wuxuu ku taliyay Human Universals (Waxaan u maleynayaa inuu ula jeedo buugga Donald Brown). Waxa hubaal ah in buuggani u baahan yahay in la akhriyo oo la fahmo – kumana jiro buug la mid ah buugaag ku saabsan goob gaar ah sida Molecular Biology of the Cell.

Waxaan jeclahay buugaagta macluumaadka eegis ee Edward Tufte: akhri dhamaantood.

Buugaagta Bertrand Russell weli aad bay faa'iido u leeyihiin, haddii kaliya laga fikiro si qoto dheer oo ku saabsan "kan iyo taas" ( History of Western Philosophy weli waa cajiib).

Aragtiyo dhowr ah ayaa ah habka kaliya ee lagula dagaallamo rabitaanka aadanaha ee ah in la rumaysto oo la abuuro diimo, waana sababta buugga taariikhda aan ugu jeclahay uu u yahay Destiny Disrupted by Tamim Ansari. Waxa uu ku koray Afgaanistaan, waxa uu u soo guuray dalka Maraykanka isaga oo 16 jir ah, waxa aanu awood u leh in uu qoro taariikh cad oo iftiimaya oo dunida soo martay tan iyo waagii Muxamed marka laga eego dhinaca dunidan, isaga oo aan lahayn baaqyo aan loo baahnayn oo lagu rumaysto.

* POV (faafinta kala duwanaanshaha) - faafinta khilaafyada markhaatiga (qiyaastii.)

Turjumaada waxaa lagu fuliyay taageerada shirkadda EDISON Softwareyaa xirfad leh wuxuu u qoraa software IoT ee miisaanka magaaladasidoo kale waxay soo saartaa software loogu talagalay sawir-gacmeedyo cusub .

Source: www.habr.com