Waxaan ka hadleynaa beddelka silikoon.
/ sawir Aadaabta
Sharciga Moore, Sharciga Denard iyo Xeerka Coomey ayaa luminaya ku habboonaanta. Mid ka mid ah sababaha ayaa ah in transistor-ka silikon ay ku soo dhowaanayaan xadka tignoolajiyada. Mawduucan ayaan si faahfaahsan uga hadalnay . Maanta waxaan ka hadleynaa qalabka mustaqbalka bedeli kara silicon iyo kordhinta ansaxnimada saddexda sharci, taas oo macnaheedu yahay kordhinta waxtarka processor-yada iyo nidaamyada xisaabinta ee isticmaala (oo ay ku jiraan server-yada xarumaha xogta).
Kaarboon nanotubes
Kaarboon nanotubes waa dhululubo kuwaas oo darbiyadoodu ka kooban yihiin lakabka monatomic ee carbon. Radiuska atamka kaarboonku wuu ka yar yahay kan silikoon, markaa transistor-ku-salaysan nanotube waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa elektarooniga ah iyo cufnaanta hadda jirta. Natiijo ahaan, xawaaraha hawlgalka transistor-ku wuu kordhaa oo isticmaalkiisu hoos u dhaco. By injineerada ka socda Jaamacadda Wisconsin-Madison, wax soo saarku wuxuu kordhiyaa shan laab.
Xaqiiqda ah in nanotubes kaarboon ay leeyihiin sifooyin ka wanaagsan silikoon ayaa la yaqaanay muddo dheer - transistor-kii ugu horreeyay ayaa u muuqday . Laakiin dhawaanahan saynisyahannadu waxay ku guuleysteen inay ka gudbaan tiro xaddidaadyo tignoolajiyadeed si ay u abuuraan qalab ku filan oo waxtar leh. Saddex sano ka hor, physicists oo ka socda Jaamacadda hore ee Wisconsin ayaa soo bandhigay nooc ka mid ah transistor ku salaysan nanotube, kaas oo ka sarreeya qalabka casriga ah ee silikon.
Hal codsi oo ah aaladaha ku saleysan kaarboon nanotubes waa elektaroonigga dabacsan. Laakin ilaa hadda tignoolajiyadu ma dhaafin shaybaadhka mana jiro hadal ku saabsan hirgalinteeda baaxadda leh.
Graphene nanoribbons
Waa xariijimo cidhiidhi ah dhowr tobanaan nanometer ballaaran iyo Mid ka mid ah qalabka ugu muhiimsan ee abuurista transistor-ka mustaqbalka. Hantida ugu weyn ee cajaladda graphene waa awoodda lagu dardargelinayo socodka hadda iyada oo la adeegsanayo goob birlab ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, graphene koronto ka weyn silikoon.
By , Processor-rada ku salaysan graphene transistor-ka waxay awood u yeelan doonaan inay ku shaqeeyaan mawjadaha u dhow terahertz. Iyadoo inta jeer ee hawlgalka ee chips casriga ah lagu dejiyay 4-5 gigahertz.
Tusaalooyinka ugu horreeya ee transistor-ka graphene . Tan iyo markaas injineerada hababka "ururinta" qalabka ku salaysan iyaga. Dhawaan, natiijadii ugu horreysay ayaa la helay - koox horumariyayaal ah oo ka socda Jaamacadda Cambridge bishii Maarso ku saabsan bilaabista wax soo saarka . Injineerada ayaa sheegay in qalabkan cusub uu soo dadajin karo shaqada aaladaha elegtarooniga ah toban laab.
Hafnium dioxide iyo selenide
Hafnium dioxide ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa soo saarista microcircuits . Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo lakab daaha ah oo ku yaal albaabka transistor. Laakiin maanta injineerada waxay soo jeedinayaan in loo isticmaalo si loo wanaajiyo shaqada transistor-ka silikoon.
/ sawir PD
Horraantii sannadkii hore, saynisyahano ka socda Stanford , in haddii qaab-dhismeedka crystal ee hafnium dioxide dib loo habeeyo hab gaar ah, ka dibna waa (mas'uul ka ah awoodda dhexdhexaadinta si ay u gudbiso garoon koronto) waxay kordhin doontaa in ka badan afar jeer. Haddii aad isticmaasho walxahan oo kale markaad abuurayso albaabbada transistor, waxaad si weyn u yareyn kartaa saameynta .
Sidoo kale saynisyahano Maraykan ah yaree xajmiga transistor-ka casriga ah adoo isticmaalaya hafnium iyo zirconium selenides. Waxa loo isticmaali karaa insulator wax ku ool ah transistor-ka halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen silicon oxide. Selenides waxay leeyihiin dhumuc aad u yar (saddex atomi), iyada oo la ilaalinayo farqiga band ee wanaagsan. Tani waa tilmaame go'aaminaya isticmaalka tamarta transistor-ka. Injineerada ayaa hore u lahaa dhowr nooc oo shaqeynaya oo ah aaladaha ku saleysan hafnium iyo zirconium selenides.
Hadda injineeradu waxay u baahan yihiin inay xalliyaan dhibaatada isku xirka transistor-yada noocaas ah - si ay u horumariyaan xiriirada yaryar ee ku habboon iyaga. Kaliya markaa ka dib ayaa suurtagal noqon doonta in laga hadlo wax soo saarka ballaaran.
Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum sulfide lafteedu waa semiconductor liidata, kaas oo ka hooseeya silikoon. Laakiin koox physicists ah oo ka socota Jaamacadda Notre Dame ayaa ogaaday in filimada molybdenum-ka khafiifka ah (hal atom qaro weyn) ay leeyihiin sifooyin gaar ah - transistor-yada ku saleysan iyaga ma dhaafaan hadda marka la damiyo waxayna u baahan yihiin tamar yar si ay u beddelaan. Tani waxay u oggolaaneysaa inay ku shaqeeyaan koronto yar.
Molybdenum transistor prototype shaybaadhka dhexdiisa. Lawrence Berkeley sanadkii 2016. Qalabku waa hal nanometer oo balac ah. Injineerada ayaa sheegaya in transistarrada noocan oo kale ah ay gacan ka geysan doonaan fidinta Sharciga Moore.
Sidoo kale molybdenum disulfide transistor sannadkii hore injineero ka socda jaamacad South Korea. Tiknoolajiyada ayaa la filayaa inay hesho codsi ku jira wareegyada xakamaynta ee bandhigyada OLED. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli ma jiro hadal ku saabsan wax soo saarka ballaaran ee transistors noocan oo kale ah.
Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, cilmi-baarayaasha Stanford in kaabayaasha casriga ah ee wax soo saarka transistor-ka dib loo dhisi karo si ay ugu shaqeeyaan aaladaha "molybdenum" qiimaha ugu yar. Haddii ay suurtogal tahay in la hirgeliyo mashaariicdan oo kale waa la arki doonaa mustaqbalka.
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Source: www.habr.com