{"id":101086,"date":"2021-08-25T10:22:45","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T08:22:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-30-let"},"modified":"2021-08-25T10:22:45","modified_gmt":"2021-08-25T08:22:45","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-30-let","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-30-let","title":{"rendered":"B\u00ebrthama Linux mbushi 30 vjet","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>M\u00eb 25 gusht 1991, pas pes\u00eb muajsh zhvillimi, studenti 21-vje\u00e7ar Linus Torvalds njoftoi n\u00eb telekonferenc\u00ebn comp.os.minix krijimin e nj\u00eb prototipi funksional t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb ri operativ Linux, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin u sh\u00ebnua p\u00ebrfundimi i portimit t\u00eb bash 1.08 dhe gcc 1.40. Shp\u00ebrndarja e par\u00eb publike e kernelit Linux u paraqit m\u00eb 17 shtator. Kernel 0.0.1 kishte nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi prej 62 kb n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb kompresuar dhe p\u00ebrmbante rreth 10 mij\u00eb linja kodi burimor. Kernel i tanish\u00ebm Linux ka mbi 28 milion linja kodi. Sipas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb kryer n\u00eb vitin 2010 me porosi t\u00eb Bashkimit Evropian, kostoja e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt e zhvillimit nga cero e nj\u00eb projekti t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me kernelin modern Linux do t\u00eb ishte mbi nj\u00eb miliard dollar\u00eb amerikan\u00eb (llogaritja \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb kur n\u00eb kernel kishte 13 milion linja kodi), sipas vler\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb tjera - mbi 3 miliard\u00eb.    <\/p>\n<p>B\u00ebrthama Linux u krijua n\u00ebn ndikimin e sistemit operativ MINIX, i cili nuk e k\u00ebnaqte Linusin p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb licenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij kufizuese. M\u00eb von\u00eb, kur Linux u b\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt i njohur, keqdash\u00ebsit u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn ta akuzonin Linusin p\u00ebr kopjim t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb disa n\u00ebnsistemeve t\u00eb MINIX. K\u00ebtyre akuzave iu p\u00ebrgjigj Andrew Tanenbaum, autori i MINIX, i cili i ngarkoi nj\u00ebrit prej student\u00ebve t\u00eb b\u00ebnte nj\u00eb krahasim t\u00eb detajuar mes kodit t\u00eb Minix dhe versioneve t\u00eb para publike t\u00eb Linux. Rezultatet e studimit treguan vet\u00ebm kat\u00ebr p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb blloqet e kodit, t\u00eb kusht\u00ebzuara nga k\u00ebrkesat e POSIX dhe ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>Fillimisht Linus kishte parapar\u00eb ta quaj\u00eb kernelin Freax, nga fjal\u00ebt \"free\", \"freak\" dhe X (Unix). Por emri \"Linux\" u shpik nga Ari Lemmke, i cili me k\u00ebrkes\u00eb t\u00eb Linusit e vendosi kernelin n\u00eb serverin FTP t\u00eb universitetit, duke e em\u00ebrtuar dosjen me arkiv jo \"freax\", si\u00e7 kishte k\u00ebrkuar Torvalds, por \"linux\". Sh\u00ebnimi se tregtari i kujdessh\u00ebm William Della Croce arriti ta regjistronte mark\u00ebn tregtare Linux dhe donte me kalimin e koh\u00ebs t\u00eb mbledh\u00eb taksa, por m\u00eb von\u00eb u t\u00ebrhoq dhe ia kaloi t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb drejtat Linusit. Maskota zyrtare e kernelit Linux, pinguini Tux, u zgjodh si rezultat i nj\u00eb gar\u00eb q\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb vitin 1996. Emri Tux shkurtimisht n\u00ebnkupton Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dinamika e rritjes s\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb kodit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs (numri i rreshtave t\u00eb kodit burimor):  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 - Shtator 1991, 10 mij\u00eb rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 - Mars 1994, 176 mij\u00eb rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 - Mars 1995, 311 mij\u00eb rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 - Qershor 1996, 778 mij\u00eb rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 - Janar 1999, 1.8 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 - Janar 2001, 3.4 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 - Dhjetor 2003, 5.9 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 - Dhjetor 2008, 10.2 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 - Gusht 2010, 13.4 milion rreshta kodi;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 - gusht 2011, 14.6 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 - korrik 2012, 15.5 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 - Korrik 2013, 15.8 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 - Gusht 2014, 17.5 milion rreshta kodi;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 - Qershor 2015, 19.5 milion rreshta kodi;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 - Korrik 2016, 21.7 milion rreshta kodi;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 - Korrik 2017, 24.1 milion rreshta kodi;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 - gusht 2018, 25.3 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 - korrik 2019, 26.55 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 - gusht 2020, 28.4 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 - qershor 2021, 29.2 milion linja kodi.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Progresi i zhvillimit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 - Shtator 1991, publikimi i par\u00eb publik, duke mb\u00ebshtetur vet\u00ebm CPU i386 dhe duke u ngarkuar nga disku;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 - Janar 1992, kodi b\u00ebri fillimin e shp\u00ebrndarjes n\u00ebn licenc\u00ebn GPLv2;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 - Mars 1992, u sigurua mund\u00ebsia e funksionimit t\u00eb sistemit X Window, u realizua mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr memorie virtuale dhe ndarje swap.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, filloi puna p\u00ebr grumbullin e rrjetit. U prezantua sistemi i skedar\u00ebve Ext2, u shtua mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr formatin e skedar\u00ebve ELF, u prezantuan drejtuesit p\u00ebr kartat e z\u00ebrit dhe kontrollor\u00ebt SCSI, u realizua ngarkimi i moduleve t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs dhe sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve \/proc.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb vitin 1992 u shfaq\u00ebn shp\u00ebrndarjet e para SLS dhe Yggdrasil. N\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1993 u themeluan projektet Slackware dhe Debian.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 - Mars 1994, publikimi i par\u00eb zyrtarisht stabil;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 mars 1995, rritje t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb drajver\u00ebve, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr platformat Alpha, MIPS dhe SPARC, zgjerimi i mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb stek\u00ebs rrjet\u00eb, shfaqja e filtrit t\u00eb paketave, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr NFS;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 qershor 1996, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr sisteme me shum\u00eb procesor\u00eb;    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mars 1997: u themelua LKML, lista e postimeve e zhvilluesve t\u00eb kernelit Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Viti 1998: u vu n\u00eb pun\u00eb klasteri i par\u00eb me baz\u00eb Linux q\u00eb hyri n\u00eb list\u00ebn Top500, i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 68 nyje me CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 - janar 1999, rritur efikasitetin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories, shtuar <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"mb\u00ebshtetje IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"387\">mb\u00ebshtetje IPv6<\/a>, u implementua nj\u00eb firewall i ri, u prezantua nj\u00eb n\u00ebnsistem i ri audio;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 shkurt 2001, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr sisteme 8-procesor\u00ebsh dhe 64 GB RAM, sistemi i skedar\u00ebve Ext3, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr USB, ACPI;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 dhjetor 2003, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr SELinux, mjete p\u00ebr rregullimin automatik t\u00eb parametrave t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, sysfs, sistem i ri i menaxhimit t\u00eb memories;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb vitin 2005 u prezantua hipervizori Xen, i cili hapi epok\u00ebn e virtualizimit;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb shtator 2008 u formua versioni i par\u00eb i platform\u00ebs Android, i bazuar n\u00eb kernelin Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb korrik 2011, pas 10 vitesh zhvillimi t\u00eb deg\u00ebs 2.6.x, u b\u00eb kalimi te numerimi 3.x. Numri i objekteve n\u00eb depozit\u00ebn Git arriti n\u00eb 2 milion\u00eb;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb vitin 2015 u publikua kerneli Linux 4.0. Numri i objekteve git n\u00eb depozit\u00eb arriti n\u00eb 4 milion\u00eb;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb prill 2018 u tejkalua pragu prej 6 milion\u00eb objektesh git n\u00eb depozit\u00ebn e kernelit.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb janar 2019 u formua dega e kernelit Linux 5.0. Depozita arriti nivelin prej 6.5 milion\u00eb objektesh git.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Kerneli 5.8, i publikuar n\u00eb gusht 2020, u b\u00eb m\u00eb i madhi p\u00ebr nga numri i ndryshimeve mes t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kerneleve gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb projektit.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb kernelin 5.13 u vendos rekord p\u00ebr numrin e zhvilluesve (2150), ndryshimet e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve u p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e kernelit.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb vitin 2021, n\u00eb deg\u00ebn e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux-next u shtua kodi p\u00ebr zhvillimin e drejtorive n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn Rust. Po punohet p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirjen e komponent\u00ebve p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb Rust n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn kryesore.  <\/ul>\n<p>68% e t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimeve n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nga 20 kompanit\u00eb m\u00eb aktive. P\u00ebr shembull, gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs 5.13, 10% e t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimeve jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nga kompania Intel, 6.5% \u2014 Huawei, 5.9% \u2014 Red Hat, 5.7% \u2014 Linaro, 4.9% \u2014 Google, 4.8% \u2014 AMD, 3.1% \u2014 NVIDIA, 2.8% \u2014 Facebook, 2.3% \u2014 SUSE, 2.1% \u2014 IBM, 1.9% \u2014 Oracle, 1.5% \u2014 ARM, 1.4% \u2014 Canonical. 13.2% e ndryshimeve jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nga pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs t\u00eb pavarur ose zhvillues q\u00eb nuk e kan\u00eb deklaruar qart\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre p\u00ebr kompanit\u00eb e caktuara. 1.3% e ndryshimeve jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nga student\u00eb, doktorant\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb institucioneve arsimore. N\u00eb numrin e rreshtave t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb shtuar n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn 5.13, kompania lider \u00ebsht\u00eb AMD, me nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb prej 20.2% (driver-i amdgpu p\u00ebrfshin rreth 3 milion rreshta kodi, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn rreth 10% t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb totale t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs \u2014 2.4 milion rreshta i takojn\u00eb skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb titujve t\u00eb gjeneruar automatikisht me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna p\u00ebr regjistrat e GPU).<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55678\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta 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