{"id":102933,"date":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b7-%d1%8f%d0%b4%d1%80%d0%b0-linux-5-16"},"modified":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","title":{"rendered":"Lansimi i kernelit Linux 5.16","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pas dy muajsh zhvillimi, Linus Torvalds prezantoi l\u00ebshimin e kernelit Linux 5.16. Nd\u00ebr ndryshimet m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme jan\u00eb: thirrja sistemike futex_waitv p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar performanc\u00ebn e loj\u00ebrave Windows n\u00eb Wine, ndjekja e gabimeve n\u00eb FS p\u00ebrmes fanotify, koncepti i volumit n\u00eb sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr instrukcionet e procesor\u00ebve AMX, mund\u00ebsia e rezervimit t\u00eb memories p\u00ebr socketet rrjet, mb\u00ebshtetje n\u00eb netfilter p\u00ebr klasifikimin e paketeve n\u00eb faz\u00ebn \"egress\", angazhimi i n\u00ebn-sistemit DAMON p\u00ebr d\u00ebbimin parashikues t\u00eb zonave t\u00eb pamjaftueshme t\u00eb memories, p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimi i trajtimit t\u00eb mbingarkesave gjat\u00eb operacioneve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha shkruese, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr disqet e ngurta multi-disk.    <\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb versionin e ri jan\u00eb pranuar 15415 rregullime nga 2105 zhvillues, madh\u00ebsia e patch-it \u00ebsht\u00eb 45 MB (ndryshimet prekin 12023 skedar\u00eb, jan\u00eb shtuar 685198 rreshta kodi, jan\u00eb fshir\u00eb 263867 rreshta). Rreth 44% e t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimeve t\u00eb paraqitura n\u00eb 5.16 lidhen me drejtuesit e pajisjeve, rreth 16% e ndryshimeve lidhen me p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimin e kodit t\u00eb specializuar p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn harduerike, 16% lidhen me rrjetin, 4% me sistemet e skedar\u00ebve dhe 4% me n\u00ebn-sistemet e brendshme t\u00eb kernelit.    <\/p>\n<p>  Novitetet kryesore n\u00eb kernelin 5.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sistemi i disqeve, hyrja\/ dalje dhe sistemet e skedar\u00ebve<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb mekanizmin fanotify jan\u00eb shtuar mjete p\u00ebr mbik\u00ebqyrjen e gjendjes s\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve dhe ndjekjen e shfaqjes s\u00eb gabimeve. Informacioni rreth gabimeve d\u00ebrgohet p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb ri ngjarjesh - FAN_FS_ERROR, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb kapen n\u00eb sistemet e mbik\u00ebqyrjes n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit p\u00ebr t\u00eb informuar menj\u00ebher\u00eb administratorin ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur procese rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjeje. N\u00eb rastin e nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb gabimesh n\u00eb zinxhir, fanotify garanton dor\u00ebzimin e mesazhit p\u00ebr gabimin e par\u00eb s\u00eb bashku me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr total t\u00eb problemeve, p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar analiz\u00ebn e m\u00ebvonshme t\u00eb shkaqeve t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimit. Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr ndjekjen e gabimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr FS Ext4.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimi i menaxhimit t\u00eb ngarkesave gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit t\u00eb operacioneve t\u00eb shkruar (write congestion), q\u00eb ndodhin kur volumi i operacioneve t\u00eb shkruara tejkalon kapacitetin e ruajt\u00ebsit dhe sistemi \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruar t\u00eb bllokoj\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr procesin e shkruar deri n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin e ekzekutimit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb dor\u00ebzuara m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb versionin e ri, mekanizmi i b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, i p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb informacion mbi ngarkesat dhe bllokimin e detyrave, \u00ebsht\u00eb riparuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb, pasi n\u00eb implementimin e vjet\u00ebr ishin v\u00ebrejtur probleme me kombinimin e menaxhimit t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb shkruar me shkarkimin e faqeve t\u00eb memories n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e shkarkimit kur kishte munges\u00eb memories n\u00eb sistem.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb Btrfs \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr teknologjin\u00eb e zonifikimit t\u00eb pajisjeve (Zoned Namespace), e cila p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb disqet e forta ose NVMe SSD p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e ruajtjes n\u00eb zona, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb grupe bllokesh ose sektor\u00ebsh, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat lejohet vet\u00ebm shtimi sekuencial i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duke p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuar krejt grupin e bllokesh. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb disa optimizime t\u00eb vogla n\u00eb regjistrimin e inode-\u00ebve, duke lejuar rritjen e kapacitetit n\u00eb testin dbench me 3% dhe zvog\u00eblimin e vonesave me 11%. \u00cbsht\u00eb rishikuar mekanizmi i regjistrimit t\u00eb katalogeve, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur efikasitetin \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar numri i operacioneve t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimit dhe bllokimit n\u00eb pem\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar futja e elementeve n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn btree n\u00eb modin grupor (koha e masiv\u00ebve t\u00eb futjes s\u00eb elementeve u reduktua me 4%, dhe e fshirjes me 12%). \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje e kufizuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e kompresionit gjat\u00eb shkrimit t\u00eb faqeve jo t\u00eb plota, si dhe mund\u00ebsia e defragm\u00ebnit t\u00eb n\u00ebnfaqeve (subpage). \u00cbsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirjen e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr versionin e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit p\u00ebr komand\u00ebn \u201csend\u201d.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve XFS \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar konsumimi i memories p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebr elementet e p\u00ebrdorura shpesh dhe reduktimin e disa strukturave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve Ext4 jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar vet\u00ebm rregullime gabimesh dhe llogaritje m\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb t\u00eb parametrave t\u00eb inicializimit t\u00eb vonuar t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs s\u00eb Inode.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb nivelin e pajisjeve t\u00eb bllokuar jan\u00eb realizuar optimizime q\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e efikasitetit t\u00eb lidhjes s\u00eb operacioneve me b\u00ebrthamat e CPU-s\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje fillestare p\u00ebr hard disk\u00ebt me disa drive t\u00eb pavarur (multi-actuator), q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u adresuar simultan disa sektor\u00ebve n\u00eb zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb pllak\u00ebs magnetike.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtesa e nj\u00eb komande t\u00eb re ioctl CDROM_TIMED_MEDIA_CHANGE p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar ngjarjet e nd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb mediave n\u00eb nj\u00eb disku optik.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemi i skedar\u00ebve EROFS (Sistemi i Skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb Lexuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb Zgjeruar) fiton mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar mbi disa pajisje ruajtjeje. Pajisje t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb reflektohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb adresash blokash 32-bit. Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr kompresimin duke p\u00ebrdorur algoritmin LZMA.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb FS F2FS jan\u00eb shtuar opsione t\u00eb montimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar fragmentimin e skedar\u00ebve gjat\u00eb vendosjes n\u00eb ruajtje (p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr debugging t\u00eb optimizimeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me ruajtjet e fragmentuara).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb CEPH jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb si parazgjedhje operacionet e krijimit dhe fshirjes s\u00eb katalogeve n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb asinkrone (p\u00ebr t\u00eb kthyer sjelljen e vjet\u00ebr, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret flagu \u2018-o wsync\u2019 gjat\u00eb montimit). \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar ndjekja e metrikave q\u00eb monitorojn\u00eb operacionet e kopjimit t\u00eb objekteve t\u00eb jashtme.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb CIFS \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar parametri i montimit tcpnodelay, me t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebr socket-in e rrjetit aktivizohet m\u00ebnyra tcp_sock_set_nodelay, duke \u00e7aktivizuar pritjen p\u00ebr mbushjen e radh\u00ebs n\u00eb TCP-stek. Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr DFS Link (Sistemi i Skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb Distribuar) t\u00eb thella gjat\u00eb ri-montimit.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtesa e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfundimin e k\u00ebrkesave n\u00eb pajisje blloku n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb paketore. Testimi i ndryshimit tregoi nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb intensitetit t\u00eb operacioneve t\u00eb leximit t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm nga ruajt\u00ebsit Optane nga 6.1 n\u00eb 6.6 milion IOPS n\u00eb nj\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb CPU.                            <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie dhe sh\u00ebrbime sistemike<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtesa e nj\u00eb thirrje t\u00eb re sistemike futex_waitv, e cila lejon monitorimin e gjendjes s\u00eb disa futex-eve p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb thirrje sistemike. Kjo mund\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me funksionalitetin e disponuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Windows t\u00eb WaitForMultipleObjects, emulimi i t\u00eb cilit p\u00ebrmes futex_waitv mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e performanc\u00ebs s\u00eb loj\u00ebrave Windows q\u00eb drejtohen n\u00ebn Wine ose Proton. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, pritja e nj\u00ebkohshme e futex-eve mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret gjithashtu p\u00ebr optimizimin e performanc\u00ebs s\u00eb versioneve native t\u00eb loj\u00ebrave p\u00ebr Linux.\n<li class=\"l\"> Koncepcioni i folianteve t\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb memories (page folios) \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar, p\u00ebrdorimi i t\u00eb cilave n\u00eb disa n\u00ebn-sisteme t\u00eb kernel-it do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb shpejtimin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories n\u00eb ngarkesa tipike. Aktualisht, n\u00ebn-sistemi kryesor i menaxhimit t\u00eb memories n\u00eb kernel \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb foliante dhe realizimi i cache-it t\u00eb faqeve, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen planifikohet p\u00ebrkthimi i sistemeve t\u00eb skedave. Gjithashtu, n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen \u00ebsht\u00eb planifikuar q\u00eb t\u00eb shtohet mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr foliantet me shum\u00eb faqe n\u00eb kernel.\n<p> Folianteve u ngjan faqeve t\u00eb memories t\u00eb kombinuara (compound pages), por dallohet p\u00ebr semantik\u00ebn e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar dhe organizimin m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. P\u00ebr menaxhimin e memories sistemike, RAM-i i disponuesh\u00ebm ndahet n\u00eb faqe memories, madh\u00ebsia e s\u00eb cilave varet nga arkitektura, por n\u00eb sistemet x86 matet n\u00eb kilobajt (zakonisht 4096 byte). Sistemet moderne jan\u00eb t\u00eb pajisura me dhjet\u00ebra gigabajt RAM, q\u00eb e komplikon menaxhimin e memories p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb trajtuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh faqesh memories. P\u00ebr t\u00eb reduktuar numrin e faqeve, m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb kernel \u00ebsht\u00eb zbatuar koncepti i faqeve t\u00eb kombinuara (compound pages) me struktura q\u00eb mbulojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb faqe fizike memories. Por API p\u00ebr manipulimin e faqeve t\u00eb kombinuara t\u00eb memories la p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar dhe solli shpenzime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shtes\u00eb.    <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb planifikuesin e detyrave \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpunues q\u00eb merr parasysh klasterizimin e cache-it n\u00eb CPU. N\u00eb disa procesor\u00eb, si Kunpeng 920 (ARM) dhe Intel Jacobsville (x86), nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i caktuar b\u00ebrthama CPU, zakonisht 4, mund t\u00eb bashk\u00ebngjiten L3 ose L2 cache. Marrja parasysh e k\u00ebtyre topologjive mund t\u00eb rris\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm efikasitetin e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb detyrave n\u00ebp\u00ebr b\u00ebrthama CPU n\u00eb planifikuesin e detyrave, pasi l\u00ebvizja e detyrave brenda nj\u00eb klasteri CPU lejon t\u00eb rritet kapaciteti i aksesit n\u00eb memorie dhe t\u00eb ulen konkurencat n\u00eb cache.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr instrukcionet AMX (Advanced Matrix Extensions), t\u00eb implementuara n\u00eb procesor\u00ebt e ardhsh\u00ebm server\u00eb Intel Xeon Scalable, q\u00eb zhvillohen me emrin kodor Sapphire Rapids. AMX ofron regjistra t\u00eb rinj t\u00eb konfiguruesh\u00ebm TMM \u201cTILE\u201d dhe instrukcione p\u00ebr manipulimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb k\u00ebto regjistra, si TMUL (Tile matrix MULtiply) p\u00ebr shum\u00ebzimin e matri\u00e7ave.\n<li class=\"l\"> Jan\u00eb realizuar disa mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb reja, t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb n\u00ebn-sistemin e shtuar n\u00eb edicionin e kaluar DAMON (Data Access MONitor), i cili mund\u00ebson monitorimin e aksesit n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb memorien operuese, duke e lidhur me procesin e zgjedhur q\u00eb funksionon n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebn-sistemi ofron mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb analizuar se cilave zona t\u00eb memories iu \u00ebsht\u00eb qasur procesi gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb tij, dhe cilat zona t\u00eb memories kan\u00eb mbetur t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura.\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMON_RECLAIM p\u00ebr identifikimin dhe z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimin e zonave t\u00eb memories t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb aksesuar. Mekanizmi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimin e but\u00eb t\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb memories n\u00eb kushtet e afrimit me shterimin e memories s\u00eb lir\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMOS (Data Access Monitoring-based Operation Schemes) p\u00ebr aplikimin e operacioneve t\u00eb caktuara madvise(), si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb lirimi i memories shtes\u00eb, n\u00eb zonat e memories s\u00eb procesit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat regjistrohet nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb e caktuar e aksesit n\u00eb memory. Konfigurimi i parametrave t\u00eb DAMOS b\u00ebhet p\u00ebrmes debugfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> Mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr monitorimin e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs adresuese fizike t\u00eb memories (m\u00eb par\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndiqeshin vet\u00ebm adresat virtuale).  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementimi i algoritmit t\u00eb kompresimit zstd \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuar n\u00eb versionin 1.4.10, ndihmuar n\u00eb rritjen e ndjeshme t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs s\u00eb n\u00ebnngjyrave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, ku aplikohet kompresimi (p\u00ebr shembull, shpejt\u00ebsia e shkarkimit t\u00eb imazhit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs u p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsua me 35%, performanca e shkarkimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kompresuara n\u00eb Btrfs dhe SquashFS u rrit me 15%, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb ZRAM - me 30%). Fillimisht, n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb implementim i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb i zstd, i bazuar n\u00eb versionin 1.3.1, i dal\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tre vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe pa shum\u00eb optimizime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 kalimit n\u00eb versionin aktual, patch-i i shtuar gjithashtu e thjeshton sinkronizimin me deg\u00ebn upstream t\u00eb zstd, duke lejuar gjenerimin e kodit p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirje n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb direkt nga repo kryesor i zstd. N\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, ekipi ka n\u00eb plan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsoj\u00eb kodin e zstd n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb sipas daljes s\u00eb versioneve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebs zstd.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtesa e nj\u00eb sasie t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimesh n\u00eb n\u00ebnsistemin e eBPF. Shtohet mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb thirrur funksionet e moduleve t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs nga programet BPF. Funksioni bpf_trace_vprintk() \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar, ndryshe nga bpf_trace_printk(), q\u00eb mund\u00ebson q\u00eb t\u00eb performohet me m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tre argumente nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb e re p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (BPF map) t\u00eb tipit bloom filter, q\u00eb lejohar p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb strukture probabilistike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me emrin e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar pranin\u00eb e nj\u00eb elementi n\u00eb nj\u00eb grup. Shtohet atributi i ri BTF_KIND_TAG, i cili mund t\u00eb aplikohet n\u00eb programet BPF p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur etiketat me parametrat e funksioneve, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar identifikimin e gabimeve n\u00eb programet e p\u00ebrdoruesve. N\u00eb libbpf, \u00ebsht\u00eb lejuar krijimi i seksioneve t\u00eb veta .rodata.*\\\/data.*, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr ngjarjet e ndjekjes uprobe dhe kprobe, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar API p\u00ebr kopjimin e t\u00eb gjitha llojeve t\u00eb BTF nga nj\u00eb objekt n\u00eb tjetrin. Mb\u00ebshtetja AF_XDP \u00ebsht\u00eb shk\u00ebputur nga libbpf dhe e vendosur n\u00eb librarin\u00eb e vet libxdp. P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn MIPS, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyes JIT p\u00ebr makinerin\u00eb virtuale BPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn ARM64, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr zgjerimet ARMv8.6 p\u00ebr timer\u00ebt, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb vet\u00eb-sinchronizimin e paraqitjes s\u00eb regjistrave t\u00eb sistemit pa p\u00ebrdorur instrukcione ISB.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn PA-RISC, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb mekanizmit KFENCE p\u00ebr identifikimin e gabimeve gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs me memorie, si dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr detektorin e gjendjeve garat KCSAN.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e konfigurimit t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb aksesit n\u00eb tracefs n\u00eb nivelin e p\u00ebrdoruesve dhe grupeve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, p\u00ebr shembull, tani mund t\u00eb lejohet aksesimi n\u00eb mjetet e ndjekjes vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb caktuar.                        <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizimi dhe siguria<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebnsistemin io_uring dhe device-mapper \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr gjenerimin e ngjarjeve t\u00eb auditi. N\u00eb io_uring, \u00ebsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e menaxhimit t\u00eb aksesit p\u00ebrmes moduleve LSM. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mund\u00ebsia e auditi t\u00eb thirrjes s\u00eb sistemit openat2().\n<li class=\"l\"> Kodi i b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7liruar plot\u00ebsisht nga shprehjet e vazhdueshme case n\u00eb switch (pa return ose break pas \u00e7do blloku case). Gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs tani do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb aplikohet m\u00ebnyra \u00ab-Wimplicit-fallthrough\u00bb.\n<li class=\"l\"> Jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ndryshime p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur kontrollin e kufijve gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit t\u00eb funksionit memcpy().\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen e hyrjes\/ihjeve asinkrone io_uring \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e aplikimit t\u00eb politikave t\u00eb siguris\u00eb p\u00ebr operacionet e hyrjes\/ihjeve, t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar nga modulet SELinux dhe Smack.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebnsiat\u00ebn IMA (Arkitektura e Matjes s\u00eb Integritetit), e cila lejon nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm t\u00eb verifikoj\u00eb gjendjen e n\u00ebnsiatave t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar autenticitetin e tyre, realizohet mund\u00ebsia e aplikimit t\u00eb rregullave t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb identifikuesin e grupit (GID) t\u00eb cilit i p\u00ebrket skedari ose n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin hyn p\u00ebrdoruesi q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon aksesin n\u00eb skedar.\n<li class=\"l\"> Disa mekanizma t\u00eb avancuar mbrojt\u00ebs seccomp() jan\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizuar nga default p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur kund\u00ebr sulmeve t\u00eb klas\u00ebs Spectre, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb konsideruar t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta dhe ndjesh\u00ebm nuk rrisin sigurin\u00eb, por ndikon negativisht n\u00eb performanc\u00eb. Aplikimi i mbrojtjes Retpoline \u00ebsht\u00eb rishikuar.\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementimi i mekanizmit cryptoloop \u00ebsht\u00eb eliminuar, t\u00eb cilin dm-crypt e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsoi n\u00eb vitin 2004 dhe mb\u00ebshtet t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat algoritme n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme.\n<li class=\"l\"> Qasja e paprivilegjuar n\u00eb n\u00ebnsiat\u00ebn e eBPF \u00ebsht\u00eb ndaluar nga default. Ky ndryshim \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar p\u00ebrdorimin e programeve BPF p\u00ebr t\u00eb anashkaluar mbrojtjen nga sulmet p\u00ebrmes kanaleve an\u00ebsore. Administratori mund ta rikthej\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb eBPF nga p\u00ebrdorues t\u00eb paprivilegjuar n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb hipervizorin ACRN, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i destinuar p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e detyrave n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale dhe p\u00ebrdorimin n\u00eb sisteme kritik, \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr krijimin\/zhbllokimin e pajisjeve virtuale dhe transmetimin e pajisjeve MMIO.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb motorin e kriptografis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkufizimet KPP (Primitivat e Protokollit t\u00eb Marr\u00ebveshjes p\u00ebr \u00c7el\u00ebsat), q\u00eb thjeshtojn\u00eb logjik\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb drejtuesve p\u00ebr sistemet kriptografike.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr hipervizorin Hyper-V, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr modin e izolimit <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/vps\/\"   title=\"makinat virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2084\">makinat virtuale<\/a>, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton enkriptimin e p\u00ebrmbajtjes s\u00eb memories.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb hipervizor <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4404\">KVM<\/a> \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn RISC-V. \u00cbsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e migros\u00eb brenda mjedisit t\u00eb hostit t\u00eb makinave virtuale q\u00eb ekzekutohen duke p\u00ebrdorur zgjerimet AMD SEV dhe SEV-ES. API \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar p\u00ebr migrimin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb sistemeve mysafir\u00eb, t\u00eb enkriptura me ndihm\u00ebn e AMD SEV (Virtualizimi i Enkriptuar n\u00eb Siguri).\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn PowerPC, modin STRICT_KERNEL_RWX \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar nga default, duke bllokuar p\u00ebrdorimin e faqeve t\u00eb memories q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb t\u00eb qasshme p\u00ebr shkruar dhe ekzekutuar.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemet 32-bit x86, mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr lidhjen e nxeht\u00eb t\u00eb memories (Memory hotplug) \u00ebsht\u00eb ndalur, e cila ka qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje jo funksionale p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb vit.\n<li class=\"l\"> Biblioteka liblockdep \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga b\u00ebrthama, e cila tani do t\u00eb menaxhohet ndaras nga b\u00ebrthama.                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sistemi rrjetor<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr soket\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar nj\u00eb opsion i ri SO_RESERVE_MEM, me an\u00eb t\u00eb cilit mund t\u00eb rezervoni nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb caktuar memorie p\u00ebr soket\u00ebn, e cila do t\u00eb mbetet gjithmon\u00eb e aksesueshme p\u00ebr soket\u00ebn dhe nuk do t\u00eb tentohet nga sistemi. P\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebtij opsioni lejon rritjen e performanc\u00ebs duke reduktuar operacionet e alokimit dhe rikthimit t\u00eb memories n\u00eb grack\u00ebn rrjet, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kur paraqiten kushtet e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb memories n\u00eb sistem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr protokollin e tunelingut automat t\u00eb trafik\u00ebve multicast (Automatic Multicast Tunneling, RFC 7450), i cili lejon dor\u00ebzimin e trafik\u00ebve multicast nga rrjetet q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin Multicast te marr\u00ebsit n\u00eb rrjete pa Multicast. Protokolli funksionon p\u00ebrmes inkapsulimit n\u00eb paketa UDP.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar inkapsulimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave IOAM (In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) n\u00eb paketa transit.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb ethtool netlink API \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mund\u00ebsia e menaxhimit t\u00eb mod\u00ebve t\u00eb konsumit t\u00eb energjis\u00eb s\u00eb pranuesve.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebn sistemin netfilter \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar mund\u00ebsia e klasifikimit t\u00eb paketimeve n\u00eb nivelin e egress, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb faz\u00ebn kur drejtuesi merr paket\u00ebn nga gracka rrjetore e kernelit. N\u00eb nftables, mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr filtrat p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs u shfaq n\u00eb versionin 1.0.1. N\u00eb netfilter \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrputhjes dhe ndryshimeve t\u00eb titujve t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr UDP dhe TCP (inner header \/ payload) q\u00eb vijn\u00eb pas titullit t\u00eb transportit (transport header).\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtuar parametra t\u00eb rinj sysctl arp_evict_nocarrier dhe ndisc_evict_nocarrier t\u00eb cil\u00ebt, kur vendosen, do t\u00eb pastronin cache-n\u00eb ARP dhe tabel\u00ebn ndisc (zbulesa e fqinj\u00ebve) n\u00eb rast t\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerjes s\u00eb lidhjes (NOCARRIER).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb mekanizmin e menaxhimit t\u00eb radh\u00ebve rrjetore fq_codel (Kontrolli i Vonesave) jan\u00eb shtuar modet Low Latency, Low Loss dhe Scalable Throughput (L4S).                          <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pajisje<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb drejtuesin amdgpu \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar mb\u00ebshtetje fillestare p\u00ebr specifikimin DP 2.0 (DisplayPort 2.0) dhe mund\u00ebsia e tunelimit t\u00eb DisplayPort p\u00ebrmes USB4. P\u00ebr APU Cyan Skillfish (me GPU Navi 1x) \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr kontrollor\u00ebt e ekranit. Mb\u00ebshtetje e zgjeruar p\u00ebr APU Yellow Carp (procesor\u00ebt mobil\u00eb Ryzen 6000 \u00abRembrandt\u00bb).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb drejtuesin i915 \u00ebsht\u00eb stabilizuar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr \u00e7ipat Intel Alderlake S dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb implementuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr teknologjin\u00eb Intel PXP (Protected Xe Path), e cila lejon organizimin e nj\u00eb seance grafike t\u00eb mbrojtur harduerik n\u00eb sisteme me \u00e7ipa Intel Xe.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb drejtuesin nouveau \u00ebsht\u00eb punuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar stilin e kodit.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr CPU Vortex t\u00eb kompatibilsh\u00ebm me x86 (Vortex86MX). Linux-i ka punuar m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebto procesor\u00eb, por identifikimi i qart\u00eb i k\u00ebtyre CPU-ve ishte i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizuar mbrojtjen nga sulmet Spectre\/Meltdown, t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb aplikueshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebto \u00e7ipa.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja fillestare p\u00ebr platformat x86 Surface Pro 8 dhe Surface Laptop Studio.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet nj\u00eb drejtues p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkrahjen e \u00e7ip\u00ebve audio t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb APU-t\u00eb AMD Yellow Carp, Van Gogh; gjithashtu shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr sistemet audio dhe kodek\u00ebt Cirrus CS35L41, Maxim MAX98520\/MAX98360A, Mediatek MT8195, Nuvoton NAU8821, NVIDIA Tegra210, NXP i.MX8ULP, Qualcomm AudioReach, Realtek ALC5682I-VS, RT5682S, RT9120, Rockchip RV1126 dhe RK3568.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet drejtuesi ishtp_eclite p\u00ebr qasje n\u00eb kontrollor\u00ebt e integruar Intel PSE (Programmable Service Engine) p\u00ebrmes protokollit ISHTP (Integratd Sensor Hub Transport Protocol), p.sh., p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna mbi baterin\u00eb, temperatur\u00ebn dhe informacione lidhur me UCSI (USB Type-C Connector System Software Interface).\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet drejtuesi p\u00ebr kontrollor\u00ebt e loj\u00ebrave Nintendo Switch, duke mb\u00ebshtetur pajisjet Switch Pro dhe Joy-Cons. Shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr tableta Wacom Intuos BT (CTL-4100WL\/CTL-6100WL) dhe tastier\u00ebn Apple 2021 Magic Keyboard. P\u00ebrmir\u00ebsohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr kontrollet Sony PlayStation DualSense. Shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr butonat an\u00ebsor\u00eb t\u00eb miut Xiaomi Mi.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet drejtuesi RT89 me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr \u00e7ipat wireless Realtek 802.11ax, si dhe drejtues p\u00ebr adaptr\u00ebt Ethernet Asix AX88796C-SPI dhe nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs Realtek RTL8365MB-VC.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr \u00e7ipat Apple M1, shtohet drejtues p\u00ebr PCI dhe PASemi i2c.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtohet p\u00ebrkrahja p\u00ebr SoC ARM, pajisjet dhe platformat Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, Fairphone 4, Snapdragon 690, LG G Watch R, Sony Xperia 10 III, Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Value Edition, Xiaomi MSM8996 (Mi 5, Mi Note 2, Mi 5s, Mi Mix, Mi 5s Plus dhe Xiaomi Mi 5), Sony Yoshino (Sony Xperia XZ1 dhe Sony Xperia XZ Premium), F(x)tec Pro1 QX1000, Microchip LAN966, CalAmp LMU5000, Exegin Q5xR5, sama7g5, Samsung ExynosAutov9, Rockchip RK3566, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4A+, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4B+, Firefly ROC-RK3328-PC, Firefly ROC-RK3399-PC-PLUS, ASUS Chromebook Tablet CT100, Pine64 Quartz64-A, Netgear GS110EMX, Globalscale MOCHAbin 7040, NXP S32G2, Renesas R8A779M*, Xilinx Kria, Radxa Zero, JetHub D1\/H1, Netronix E70K02.          <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=56478\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.16. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: 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