{"id":104123,"date":"2022-05-23T15:36:40","date_gmt":"2022-05-23T13:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-18"},"modified":"2022-05-23T15:36:40","modified_gmt":"2022-05-23T13:36:40","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-18","title":{"rendered":"Lan\u00e7imi i b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux 5.18","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pas dy muajsh zhvillimi, Linus Torvalds shpalli lansimin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux 5.18. Nd\u00ebr ndryshimet m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme: u krye nj\u00eb pastrim i madh i funksionaliteteve t\u00eb vjetra, sistemi i file-ve Reiserfs u shpall i vjet\u00ebruar, u implementuan evente gjurmimi t\u00eb proceseve p\u00ebrdorues, u shtua mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr mekanizmin e bllokimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb exploiteve Intel IBT, u p\u00ebrfshi nj\u00eb mod p\u00ebr identifikimin e mbushjes s\u00eb tampon\u00ebve gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb funksionit memcpy(), u shtua nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr gjurmimin e thirrjeve t\u00eb funksioneve fprobe, u rrit rendimenti i planifikuesit t\u00eb detyrave p\u00ebr CPU AMD Zen, u p\u00ebrfshi nj\u00eb drejtues p\u00ebr menaxhimin e funksionalitetit t\u00eb CPU Intel (SDS), u integruan disa patches p\u00ebr restrukturimin e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb titujve, u miratua p\u00ebrdorimi i standardit C11.      <\/p>\n<p>Versioni e reja p\u00ebrmban 16206 korrigjime nga 2127 zhvillues (n\u00eb daljen e kaluar ishin 14203 korrigjime nga 1995 zhvillues), madh\u00ebsia e patch-it \u00ebsht\u00eb 108 MB (ndryshimet preken 14235 skedar\u00eb, jan\u00eb shtuar 1340982 rreshta kodi, jan\u00eb fshir\u00eb 593836 rreshta). Rreth 44% e t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimeve t\u00eb paraqitura n\u00eb 5.18 lidhen me drejtor\u00ebt e pajisjeve, af\u00ebrsisht 16% e ndryshimeve kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimin e kodit specifik p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn e harduerit, 11% lidhen me shkakun rrjet, 3% me sistemet e skedar\u00ebve dhe 3% me n\u00ebn-sistemet e brendshme t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs.           <\/p>\n<p>Risi kryesore n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn 5.18:    <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sistemi i disqeve, hyrja\/ dalje dhe sistemet e skedar\u00ebve<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve Btrfs u shtua mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr kalimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kompresuara gjat\u00eb operacioneve send dhe receive. M\u00eb par\u00eb, kur p\u00ebrdorej send\/receive, pala d\u00ebrguese shp\u00ebrndante t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e ruajtura n\u00eb format t\u00eb kompresuar, nd\u00ebrsa pala pranues p\u00ebrs\u00ebri i kompresonte para se t'i shkruante. N\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn 5.18, aplikacionet n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin thirrjet send\/receive, u jepet mund\u00ebsia t\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb kompresuara pa ripakimin. Funksionaliteti \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar p\u00ebrmes operacioneve t\u00eb reja ioctl BTRFS_IOC_ENCODED_READ dhe BTRFS_IOC_ENCODED_WRITE, q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb leximin dhe shkrimin direkt t\u00eb informacionit n\u00eb ekstent.\n<p>P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb Btrfs \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur rendimenti i fsync. U shtua mund\u00ebsia e deduplikimit dhe ekzekutimit t\u00eb reflink (klonimi i metadatave t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve duke krijuar nj\u00eb lidhje me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb tashm\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb pa i kopjuar ato n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb faktike) p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb magazinimin, pa u kufizuar n\u00eb pikat e montimit.         <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb modalitetin e hyrjes\/tyrjes direkte (Direct I\/O) \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb aksesohen skedar\u00ebt e enkriptuar duke p\u00ebrdorur fscrypt inline-enkriptimin, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin operacionet e enkriptimit dhe dekryptimitExecutohen nga kontrolleri i memorjes, jo nga b\u00ebrthama. Me enkriptimin e zakonsh\u00ebm nga b\u00ebrthama, aksesimi i skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb enkriptuar p\u00ebrmes Direct I\/O mbetet i pamundur, pasi qasja n\u00eb skedar\u00eb realizohet duke anashkaluar mekanizmin e buferizimit n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb serverin NFS, mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr protokollin NFSv3 tani \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar si parazgjedhje dhe nuk k\u00ebrkon aktivizim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e disponueshme me aktivizimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb NFS. NFSv3 konsiderohet si nj\u00eb version themelor dhe gjithmon\u00eb i mb\u00ebshtetur i NFS, nd\u00ebrsa mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr NFSv2 gjithsesi mund t\u00eb ndalohet n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Ndjesh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur efikasiteti i leximit t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjeve t\u00eb katalog\u00ebve.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemi i skedar\u00ebve ReiserFS \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur i vjet\u00ebr dhe pritet t\u00eb hiqet n\u00eb vitin 2025. Klasifikimi i ReiserFS si i vjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb uljen e kostove t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjes p\u00ebr ndryshimet e zakonshme n\u00eb sistemet e skedar\u00ebve, q\u00eb lidhen me mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb reja API p\u00ebr montimin, iomap dhe foliant\u00ebt.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr FS F2FS \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e hartimit t\u00eb identifikuesve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb montuar t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, e cila aplikohet p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhur skedar\u00ebt e nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb parti t\u00eb huaj t\u00eb montuar me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb sistemin aktual.\n<li class=\"l\"> Kodi p\u00ebr llogaritjen e statistikave n\u00eb trajtuesit e Device-mapper \u00ebsht\u00eb rishkruar, duke lejuar rritjen e sakt\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb akountimin e trajtuesve t\u00eb till\u00eb si dm-crypt.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr pajisjet NVMe \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr kontrolle t\u00eb 64-bit\u00ebve p\u00ebr verifikimin e integritetit.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr sistemin e skedar\u00ebve exfat \u00ebsht\u00eb propozuar nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi e re montimi \"keep_last_dots\", e cila ndalon pastrimin e pikave n\u00eb fund t\u00eb emrit t\u00eb skedarit (n\u00eb Windows, pikat n\u00eb fund t\u00eb emrit fshihen automatikisht).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb EXT4 \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur performanca e modit fast_commit dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur shkall\u00ebzimi. Opsioni i montimit \"mb_optimize_scan\", q\u00eb lejon rritjen e performanc\u00ebs n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb fragmentimit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb FS, \u00ebsht\u00eb adaptuar p\u00ebr pun\u00eb me skedar\u00ebt me ekstenta.\n<li class=\"l\"> Mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr rrjedhat e shkrimit (write stream) n\u00eb n\u00ebn-sistemin q\u00eb siguron funksionimin e pajisjeve bllokuese i ka ardhur fundi. Kjo mund\u00ebsi ishte propozuar p\u00ebr SSD, por nuk u p\u00ebrhap dhe tani nuk ka pajisje q\u00eb e mb\u00ebshtesin k\u00ebt\u00eb mod dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e pak\u00ebt mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb ato t\u00eb shfaqen n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen.                      <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie dhe sh\u00ebrbime sistemike<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ka nisur integrimi i nj\u00eb grupi patch-e q\u00eb lejon ndjesh\u00ebm t\u00eb shkurtoj\u00eb koh\u00ebn e rind\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs p\u00ebrmes ristrukturimit t\u00eb hierarkis\u00eb s\u00eb skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb titujve dhe zvog\u00eblimit t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb var\u00ebsive t\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurura. N\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn 5.18 jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb patch-e q\u00eb optimizojn\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb titujve t\u00eb planifikuesit t\u00eb detyrave (kernel\/sched). Krahasuar me l\u00ebshimin e kaluar, konsumi i koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb kodit kernel\/sched \u00ebsht\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar me 61%, nd\u00ebrsa koha reale ka r\u00ebn\u00eb me 3.9% (nga 2.95 n\u00eb 2.84 sek).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb kodin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb lejuar p\u00ebrdorimi i standardit C11, i publikuar n\u00eb vitin 2011. Kodi i shtuar m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhej me specifikimin ANSI C (C89), i formuar q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1989. N\u00eb skriptet nd\u00ebrtuese t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs 5.18, opsioni \u2018--std=gnu89\u2019 \u00ebsht\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar me \u2018--std=gnu11 -Wno-shift-negative-value\u2019. U shqyrtua mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb standardit C17, por n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb rritej versioni minimal i mb\u00ebshtetur t\u00eb GCC, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrfshirja e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr C11 p\u00ebrputhet me k\u00ebrkesat aktuale t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb GCC (5.1).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb rritur performanca e planifikimit t\u00eb detyrave n\u00eb procesor\u00ebt AMD me mikroarkitektur\u00eb Zen, ku p\u00ebr \u00e7do nyje me kanale lokal t\u00eb memories ofrohen disa memorie kesh t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb fundit (LLC, Last Level Cache). N\u00eb versionin e ri \u00ebsht\u00eb eliminuar disbalanci LLC midis nyjave NUMA, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ka \u00e7uar n\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs n\u00ebn disa lloje ngarkesash.\n<li class=\"l\"> Jan\u00eb zgjeruar mjetet p\u00ebr ndjekjen e aplikacioneve n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit. N\u00eb versionin e ri t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mund\u00ebsia e krijimit t\u00eb ngjarjeve t\u00eb ndjekjes nga proceset e p\u00ebrdoruesve dhe regjistrimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb tamponin e ndjekjes, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb shihen n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet mjeteve standarde t\u00eb ndjekjes s\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, t\u00eb tilla si ftrace dhe perf. Ngjarjet e ndjekjes nga hap\u00ebsira e p\u00ebrdoruesit jan\u00eb t\u00eb izoluara nga ngjarjet e ndjekjes s\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs. Gjendja e ngjarjeve mund t\u00eb shikohet p\u00ebrmes skedarit \/sys\/kernel\/debug\/tracing\/user_events_status, nd\u00ebrsa regjistrimi i nj\u00eb ngjarjeje dhe ruajtja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave b\u00ebhet p\u00ebrmes skedarit \/sys\/kernel\/debug\/tracing\/user_events_data.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm ndjekjeje (probe) i thirrjeve t\u00eb funksioneve - fprobe. API fprobe \u00ebsht\u00eb i bazuar n\u00eb ftrace, por i kufizuar vet\u00ebm n\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e lidhjes s\u00eb trajtuesve callback me pikat e hyrjes n\u00eb funksion dhe p\u00ebrfundimin e funksionit. Ndryshe nga kprobes dhe kretprobes, mekanizmi i ri lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb trajtuesi menj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr disa funksione.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr procesor\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr ARM (ARMv4 dhe ARMv5) q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebs i kontrollit t\u00eb memories (MMU). Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr sistemet ARMv7-M pa MMU mbetet.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb ndaluar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn e ngjashme me RISC NDS32, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb procesor\u00ebt e kompanis\u00eb Andes Technologies. Kodi \u00ebsht\u00eb hequr p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes dhe k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb NDS32 n\u00eb kernin kryesor t\u00eb Linux-it (p\u00ebrdoruesit e mbetur p\u00ebrdorin nd\u00ebrtimet e specializuara t\u00eb kernit nga prodhuesit e pajisjeve).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb default \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7aktivizuar nd\u00ebrtimi i kernit me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr formatin e skedar\u00ebve ekzekutiv\u00eb a.out p\u00ebr arkitekturat alpha dhe m68k, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ky format vazhdon t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret. Probabilisht, mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr formatin e vjet\u00ebruar a.out do t\u00eb hiqet plot\u00ebsisht nga kerni n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb ardhme t\u00eb af\u00ebrt. Planet p\u00ebr heqjen e formatit a.out jan\u00eb diskutuar q\u00eb nga viti 2019.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn PA-RISC \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje minimale p\u00ebr mekanizmin vDSO (objekte t\u00eb ndara dinamike virtuale), q\u00eb ofron nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb kufizuar thirrjesh sistemore, t\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit pa kalim konteksti. Mb\u00ebshtetja vDSO e lejoi realizimin e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb paekzekutueshme.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr mekanizmin Intel HFI (Hardware Feedback Interface), q\u00eb lejon pajisjeve t\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb n\u00eb kerne informacion p\u00ebr performanc\u00ebn aktuale dhe efikasitetin energjetik t\u00eb \u00e7do CPU.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb drejtues p\u00ebr mekanizmin Intel SDSi (Software-Defined Silicon), i cili lejon menaxhimin e aktivizimit t\u00eb mund\u00ebsive shtes\u00eb n\u00eb procesor (p.sh., instruksione t\u00eb specializuara dhe memorie t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme shtes\u00eb). Ideja \u00ebsht\u00eb se me nj\u00eb \u00e7mim m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt mund t\u00eb dor\u00ebzohen \u00e7ipa me funksione t\u00eb zgjeruara t\u00eb bllokuara, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb pas mund t\u00eb \"blehen\" dhe aktivizohen pa e nd\u00ebrruar \u00e7ipin fizikisht.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dhe u shtua drejtuesi amd_hsmp p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes AMD HSMP (Host System Management Port), q\u00eb ofron qasje n\u00eb funksionet e menaxhimit t\u00eb procesorit n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb regjistrave t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, q\u00eb kan\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb n\u00eb procesor\u00ebt server\u00eb AMD EPYC q\u00eb nga brezi Fam19h. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmes HSMP mund t\u00eb merrni t\u00eb dh\u00ebna mbi konsumimin e energjis\u00eb dhe temperatur\u00ebn, t\u00eb vendosni kufizime n\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb, t\u00eb aktivizoni modet e ndryshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimit t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs, dhe t\u00eb menaxhoni parametrat e funksionimit t\u00eb memories.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen e hyrjes\/asistenc\u00ebs asinkrone io_uring \u00ebsht\u00eb zbatuar opsioni IORING_SETUP_SUBMIT_ALL p\u00ebr regjistrimin n\u00eb buferin e unaz\u00ebs t\u00eb nj\u00eb grupi descriptor\u00ebsh skedar\u00ebsh, si dhe operacioni IORING_OP_MSG_RING, q\u00eb lejon d\u00ebrgimin e nj\u00eb sinjali nga nj\u00eb bufer unaz\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr bufer unaz\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb mekanizmin DAMOS (Skemat e Operacionit t\u00eb Monitorimit t\u00eb Qasjes n\u00eb T\u00eb Dh\u00ebna), q\u00eb lejon lirimin e memories duke marr\u00eb parasysh frekuenc\u00ebn e operimeve n\u00eb memorie, jan\u00eb zgjeruar mund\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr kontrollin mbi operacionet me memorie nga hap\u00ebsira e p\u00ebrdoruesit.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb integruar seria e tret\u00eb e patch-eve me realizimin e konceptit t\u00eb folio-ve t\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb memories (page folios), t\u00eb cilat duken si faqe t\u00eb bashkuara t\u00eb memories (compound pages), por dallohen nga semantika e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar dhe organizimi m\u00eb i qart\u00eb i pun\u00ebs. P\u00ebrdorimi i folio-ve lejon p\u00ebrshpejtimin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories n\u00eb disa n\u00ebn-sisteme t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs. N\u00eb patch-et e propozuara \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar kalimi n\u00eb folio gjat\u00eb funksioneve t\u00eb brendshme t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb memories, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb llojet e funksionit get_user_pages(). \u00cbsht\u00eb ofruar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr krijimin e folio t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb kodin e parashikimit t\u00eb leximit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e nd\u00ebrtimit u shtua mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr variablat e mjedisit USERCFLAGS dhe USERLDFLAGS, me ndihm\u00ebn e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoni flamuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb kompajlerit dhe nd\u00ebrlidh\u00ebsit.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebn-sisteminin e eBPF n\u00eb mekanizmin BTF (BPF Type Format), q\u00eb ofron informacione p\u00ebr verifikimin e llojeve n\u00eb pseudokodin BPF, \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e shtimit t\u00eb anotacioneve p\u00ebr variablat q\u00eb referohen n\u00eb fushat e memories n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit. Anotacionet ndihmojn\u00eb sistemin e verifikimit t\u00eb kodit BPF t\u00eb identifikoj\u00eb dhe verifikoj\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb qasjet n\u00eb memorie.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb paraqitur nj\u00eb trajtues i ri i alokimit t\u00eb memories p\u00ebr ruajtjen e programeve t\u00eb ngarkuara BPF, i cili lejon p\u00ebrdorimin m\u00eb efektiv t\u00eb memories n\u00eb situatat e ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh programesh BPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb thirrjen sistemore madvise(), e cila ofron m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr optimizimin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories s\u00eb procesit, \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar flagu MADV_DONTNEED_LOCKED, q\u00eb plot\u00ebson flagun ekzistues MADV_DONTNEED, duke e informuar kernelin paraprakisht p\u00ebr lirimin e nj\u00eb blloku memorjeje, pra se ky bllok nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nga kernel. Ndryshe nga MADV_DONTNEED, p\u00ebrdorimi i flagut MADV_DONTNEED_LOCKED lejohet p\u00ebr faqet e memorie s\u00eb caktuara n\u00eb RAM, t\u00eb cilat gjat\u00eb thirrjes madvise z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen pa ndryshuar statusin e tyre t\u00eb caktuar dhe n\u00eb rastin e nj\u00eb thirrjeje t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme ndaj bllokut dhe gjenerimit t\u00eb 'page fault' kthehen me mbetje t\u00eb lidhjes. Gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb ndryshim q\u00eb lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e flagut MADV_DONTNEED me faqe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha memorie n\u00eb HugeTLB.              <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizimi dhe siguria<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn x86 \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr mekanizmin e mbrojtjes s\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb ekzekutimit t\u00eb komandave Intel IBT (Indirect Branch Tracking), i cili pengon p\u00ebrdorimin e teknikave t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb eksploitave duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda t\u00eb programimit t\u00eb orientuar nga kthimi (ROP, Return-Oriented Programming), ku eksploit formohet n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb zinxhiri thirrjesh t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl t\u00eb instruksioneve machine t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb memorien, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb me instruksionin e rikthimit t\u00eb kontrollit (zakonisht, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimet e funksioneve). Q\u00ebllimi i metod\u00ebs s\u00eb mbrojtjes t\u00eb realizuar \u00ebsht\u00eb bllokimi i kalimeve indirekte n\u00eb trupin e funksionit p\u00ebrmes shtimit n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb funksionit nj\u00eb instruksioni t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ENDBR dhe lejimi i ekzekutimit p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kalimi indirekt vet\u00ebm n\u00eb rastin e kalimit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb instruksion (thirrja indirekte p\u00ebrmes JMP dhe CALL duhet gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb bjer\u00eb n\u00eb instruksionin ENDBR, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb funksionit).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb nj\u00eb kontroll m\u00eb i rrept\u00eb i kufijve t\u00eb bufeve n\u00eb funksionet memcpy(), memmove() dhe memset(), i cili kryhet n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e kompilimit me aktivizimin e modit CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE. Ndryshimi i shtuar konsiston n\u00eb kontrollin e daljes p\u00ebrtej kufijve t\u00eb elementeve t\u00eb strukturove, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmas\u00eb t\u00eb njohur. V\u00ebrehet se ky mund\u00ebsim i realizuar mund t\u00eb bllokoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha tejkalimet e bufeve t\u00eb lidhura me memcpy() n\u00eb kernel, t\u00eb identifikuara t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn gjat\u00eb tre viteve t\u00eb fundit.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar pjesa e dyt\u00eb e kodit t\u00eb implementimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar t\u00eb gjeneratorit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm RDRAND, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr funksionimin e pajisjeve \/dev\/random dhe \/dev\/urandom. Implementimi i ri \u00ebsht\u00eb i shquar p\u00ebr unifikimin e funksionimit t\u00eb \/dev\/random dhe \/dev\/urandom, duke shtuar mbrojtjen kund\u00ebr shfaqjes s\u00eb duplicatave n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm gjat\u00eb fillimit. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/vps\/\"   title=\"makinat virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2100\">makinat virtuale<\/a> dhe kalimin n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e funksionit hash BLAKE2s n\u00eb vend t\u00eb SHA1 p\u00ebr operacionet e p\u00ebrzierjes s\u00eb entropis\u00eb. Ky ndryshim ka lejuar p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e siguris\u00eb s\u00eb gjeneratorit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm, duke larguar algoritmin problematik SHA1 dhe duke p\u00ebrjashtuar rishtazimin e vektorit t\u00eb inicializimit RNG. Duke qen\u00eb se algoritmi BLAKE2s \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se SHA1 n\u00eb performanc\u00eb, p\u00ebrdorimi i tij ka pasur gjithashtu nj\u00eb ndikim pozitiv n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn ARM64 \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm t\u00eb ri autentifikimi t\u00eb treguesve \u2014 'QARMA3', i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se algorithmi QARMA duke ruajtur nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb duhura mbrojtjeje. Teknologjia lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e instruksioneve t\u00eb specializuara ARM64 p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar adresat e kthimit p\u00ebrmes n\u00ebnshkrimeve digjitale, t\u00eb cilat ruhen n\u00eb bit\u00ebt e sip\u00ebrm t\u00eb pa p\u00ebrdorur t\u00eb vet\u00eb treguesit.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn ARM64 \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin me aktivizimin n\u00eb GCC 12 t\u00eb modit t\u00eb mbrojtjes nga riparimi i adres\u00ebs s\u00eb kthimit nga funksioni n\u00eb rastin e mbingarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb memories n\u00eb stack. Thelbi i mbrojtjes \u00ebsht\u00eb ruajtja e adres\u00ebs s\u00eb kthimit pas kalimit t\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb funksionit n\u00eb nj\u00eb 'stack t\u00eb err\u00ebt' t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb dhe nxjerrja e k\u00ebsaj adrese para daljes nga funksioni.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb depo e re \u00e7elesh (keyring) \u2014 'machine', e cila p\u00ebrmban \u00e7el\u00ebsat e pronarit t\u00eb sistemit (MOK, Machine Owner Keys), t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb bootloader-in shim. \u00c7el\u00ebsat e p\u00ebrmendur mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar n\u00ebnshkrimin digjital t\u00eb komponent\u00ebve t\u00eb kernelit, t\u00eb ngarkuar n\u00eb faz\u00ebn pas ngarkimit fillestar (p.sh., moduleve t\u00eb kernelit).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb hequr mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr \u00e7el\u00ebsat e mbyllur asimetrik\u00eb p\u00ebr TPM, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb propozuar n\u00eb versionin e vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb TPM, kan\u00eb probleme t\u00eb njohura me sigurin\u00eb dhe nuk kan\u00eb gjetur shp\u00ebrndarje n\u00eb praktik\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mbrojtje p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat me tipin size_t nga mbingarkesat numerike. N\u00eb kod jan\u00eb angazhuar menaxher\u00ebt size_mul(), size_add() dhe size_sub(), t\u00eb cilat lejojn\u00eb kryerjen e sigurt t\u00eb shum\u00ebzimit, shtimit dhe zbritjes s\u00eb madh\u00ebsive me tipin size_t.\n<li class=\"l\"> Gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb kernelit jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb flagat '-Warray-bounds' dhe '-Wzero-length-bounds', q\u00eb l\u00ebshojn\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrime kur indeksi tejkalon kufirin e array-it dhe p\u00ebrdorimi i array-eve me gjat\u00ebsi zero.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb pajisjen virtio-crypto \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr enkriptimin duke p\u00ebrdorur algoritmin RSA.                                 <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sistemi rrjetor<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb implementimin e urave rrjet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr modin e lidhjes s\u00eb porteve (mode t\u00eb mbyllur), ku p\u00ebrdoruesi mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb trafik p\u00ebrmes portit vet\u00ebm me adres\u00ebn MAC t\u00eb lejuar. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar gjithashtu mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb strukturave t\u00eb shumta p\u00ebr vler\u00ebsimin e gjendjes s\u00eb protokollit STP (Spanning Tree Protocol). M\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebr VLAN ishte e mundur vet\u00ebm lidhja e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me STP (1:1), ku \u00e7do VLAN menaxhohej n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur. N\u00eb versionin e ri \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar parametri mst_enable, ku, kur aktivizohet, gjendja e VLAN-ve kontrollohet nga moduli MST (Multiple Spanning Trees) dhe lidhja e VLAN-ve mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet me modelin M:N.\n<li class=\"l\"> Puna vazhdon mbi integrimin n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn rrjetore t\u00eb mjeteve p\u00ebr gjurmimin e shkakut t\u00eb humbjes s\u00eb pakove (kodet e shkakut). Kodi i shkakut d\u00ebrgohet gjat\u00eb \u00e7lirimit t\u00eb memories t\u00eb lidhur me paket\u00ebn dhe lejon marjen n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb t\u00eb situatave t\u00eb tilla si humbja e paket\u00ebs p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gabimeve n\u00eb plot\u00ebsimin e fushave n\u00eb kok\u00eb, zbulimi i spofingut nga filtri rp_filter, llogaritja e gabuar, mungesa e memories, aktivizimi i rregullave IPSec XFRM, numri i gabuar i sekuenc\u00ebs TCP dhe t\u00eb tjera.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb siguruar mund\u00ebsia e d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb paketave rrjet\u00eb nga programet BPF, t\u00eb cilat ekzekutohen nga hap\u00ebsira e p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb modin BPF_PROG_RUN, ku programet BPF ekzekutohen n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb, por kthejn\u00eb rezultatin n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit. Paketat d\u00ebrgohen duke p\u00ebrdorur n\u00ebn-sistemin XDP (eXpress Data Path). Mb\u00ebshtetet regjimi live i p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb paketave, ku p\u00ebrpunuesi XDP mund t\u00eb ridrejtoj\u00eb paketat rrjet\u00eb n\u00eb grumbullin rrjet\u00eb ose n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb tjera n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme. Gjithashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb krijohen gjenerator\u00eb programatik\u00eb t\u00eb trafikut t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm ose t\u00eb futen korniza rrjet\u00eb n\u00eb grumbullin rrjet\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> P\u00ebr programet BPF, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me cgroups rrjet\u00eb, jan\u00eb propozuar funksione ndihm\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur shprehimisht vler\u00ebn q\u00eb kthehet nga thirrjet sistemore, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet m\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion n\u00eb lidhje me arsyet e bllokimit t\u00eb thirrjes sistemore.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebn-sistemin XDP (eXpress Data Path) \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr paketat e fragmentuara, t\u00eb vendosura n\u00eb disa bufer\u00eb, duke lejuar p\u00ebrpunimin e kadrove Jumbo n\u00eb XDP dhe zbatimin e TSO\/GRO (TCP Segmentation Offload\/Generic Receive Offload) p\u00ebr XDP_REDIRECT.\n<li class=\"l\"> Procesi i fshirjes s\u00eb hap\u00ebsirave t\u00eb emrave rrjet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar ndjesh\u00ebm, \u00e7ka ishte e k\u00ebrkuar n\u00eb disa sisteme t\u00eb m\u00ebdha me volum t\u00eb lart\u00eb trafiku.                      <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Pajisje<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb driverin amdgpu, teknologjia e adaptivitetit t\u00eb sinkronizimit FreeSync \u00ebsht\u00eb e aktivizuar nga e para, e cila lejon rregullimin e frekuenc\u00ebs s\u00eb rifreskimit t\u00eb informacionit n\u00eb ekran, duke siguruar nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb dhe pa shqet\u00ebsime gjat\u00eb loj\u00ebrave dhe shikimit t\u00eb videove. \u00cbsht\u00eb shpallur mb\u00ebshtetje e q\u00ebndrueshme p\u00ebr GPU Aldebaran.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb driverin i915 \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr \u00e7ipat Intel Alderlake N dhe kartat grafike diskrete Intel DG2-G12 (Arc Alchemist).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb driverin nouveau \u00ebsht\u00eb siguruar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr bitrates m\u00eb t\u00eb larta p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrfaqet DP\/eDP dhe mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr zgjat\u00ebsit e kabllit lttprs (Link-Training Tunable PHY Repeaters).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb n\u00ebn-sisteminin drm (Direct Rendering Manager) n\u00eb driverat armada, exynos, gma500, hyperv, imx, ingenic, mcde, mediatek, msm, omap, rcar-du, rockchip, sprd, sti, tegra, tilcdc, xen dhe vc4 \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr parametrin nomodeset, i cili lejon \u00e7aktivizimin e kalimeve t\u00eb mod\u00ebs video n\u00eb nivelin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e mjeteve p\u00ebr akselerimin harduerik t\u00eb vizatimit, duke ruajtur vet\u00ebm funksionalitetin e lidhur me framebuffer-in sistemor.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr ARM SoC Qualcomm Snapdragon 625\/632 (e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb smartfonat LG Nexus 5X dhe Fairphone FP3), Samsung Exynos 850, Samsung Exynos 7885 (e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb Samsung Galaxy A8), Airoha (Mediatek\/EcoNet) EN7523, Mediatek mt6582 (tablet Prestigio PMT5008 3G), Microchip Lan966, Renesas RZ\/G2LC, RZ\/V2L, Tesla FSD, TI K3\/AM62 dhe i.MXRTxxxx.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr ARM-\u00e7el\u00ebsat dhe platforma Broadcom (Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W), Qualcomm (Google Herobrine R1 Chromebook, SHIFT6mq, Samsung Galaxy Book2), Rockchip (Pine64 PineNote, Bananapi-R2-Pro, STM32 Emtrion emSBS, Samsung Galaxy Tab S, tablet Prestigio PMT5008 3G), Allwinner (A20-Marsboard), Amlogic (Amediatek X96-AIR, CYX A95XF3-AIR, Haochuangy H96-Max, Amlogic AQ222 dhe OSMC Vero 4K+), Aspeed (Quanta S6Q, ASRock ROMED8HM3), Marvell MVEBU\/Armada (Ctera C200 V1 dhe V2 NAS), Mstar (DongShanPiOne, Miyoo Mini), NXP i.MX (Protonic PRT8MM, emCON-MX8M Mini, Toradex Verdin, Gateworks GW7903).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr sistemet audio dhe kodek\u00ebt AMD PDM, Atmel PDMC, Awinic AW8738, i.MX TLV320AIC31xx, Intel CS35L41, ESSX8336, Mediatek MT8181, nVidia Tegra234, Qualcomm SC7280, Renesas RZ\/V2L, Texas Instruments TAS585M. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb implementim fillestar i driverit audio p\u00ebr \u00e7ipin DSP t\u00eb Intel AVS. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr driverat p\u00ebr Intel ADL dhe Tegra234, si dhe jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb ndryshime p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr audio n\u00eb pajisjet Dell, HP, Lenovo, ASUS, Samsung dhe Clevo.    <\/ul>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Fondi Latinoamerikan i Softuerit t\u00eb Lir\u00eb formoi nj\u00eb variant t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb lir\u00eb 5.18 \u2014 Linux-libre 5.18-gnu, e pastruar nga elementet e firmware-it dhe t\u00eb drejtuesve, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb komponente ose pjes\u00eb kodi jo t\u00eb lira, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuara nga prodhuesi. N\u00eb edicionin e ri jan\u00eb pastruar drejtuesit p\u00ebr panelet MIPI DBI, VPU Amphion, WiFi MediaTek MT7986 WMAC, Mediatek MT7921U (USB) dhe Realtek 8852a\/8852c, \u00e7ipet audio Intel AVS dhe Texas Instruments TAS5805M. Po ashtu, jan\u00eb pastruar skedar\u00ebt DTS p\u00ebr SoC t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm Qualcomm me procesor\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn AArch64. Kodi i pastrimit t\u00eb blob-eve n\u00eb drejtuesit dhe n\u00ebn-sistem\u00ebt AMD GPU, MediaTek MT7915, Silicon Labs WF200+ WiFi, Mellanox Spectru Ethernet, Realtek rtw8852c, Qualcomm Q6V5, Wolfson ADSP, MediaTek HCI UART \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuar.                         <\/ul>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57235\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.18. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0424\u0421 Reiserfs, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 Intel IBT, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0451\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 memcpy(), \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 fprobe, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b 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