{"id":104906,"date":"2022-08-21T15:36:41","date_gmt":"2022-08-21T13:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov"},"modified":"2022-08-21T15:36:41","modified_gmt":"2022-08-21T13:36:41","slug":"vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/vypusk-standartnoj-si-biblioteki-cosmopolitan-2-0-razvivaemoj-dlya-perenosimyh-ispolnyaemyh-fajlov","title":{"rendered":"L\u00ebshimi i versionit standard t\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebs C Cosmopolitan 2.0, q\u00eb po zhvillohet p\u00ebr skedar\u00eb ekzekutiv\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
\u00cbsht\u00eb publikuar versioni i projektit Cosmopolitan 2.0, i cili zhvillon bibliotek\u00ebn standard t\u00eb C dhe formatin univers t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ekzekutiv\u00eb, t\u00eb cilin mund ta p\u00ebrdorni p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e programeve p\u00ebr sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme operative pa p\u00ebrdorur interpreter\u00eb dhe makina virtuale. Rezultati i marr\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kompikimit n\u00eb GCC dhe Clang \u00ebsht\u00eb i nd\u00ebrtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb skedar ekzekutiv univers t\u00eb lidhur statikisht, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb nyjtuar n\u00eb \u00e7do shp\u00ebrndarje Linux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, madje edhe thirret nga BIOS. Kodi i projektit shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00ebn licenc\u00ebn ISC (nj\u00eb version i thjeshtuar i MIT\/BSD). <\/p>\n
Kontejneri p\u00ebr formimin e skedave ekzekutiv\u00eb universale bazohet n\u00eb kombinimin e segmenteve dhe titujve specifik\u00eb p\u00ebr sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme operative (PE, ELF, MACHO, OPENBSD) n\u00eb nj\u00eb sked\u00eb, duke kombinuar n\u00eb t\u00eb disa formate t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb Unix, Windows dhe macOS. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar ekzekutimin e nj\u00eb skede ekzekutive n\u00eb Windows dhe sistemet Unix aplikohet nj\u00eb truk, i lidhur me kodimin e skedave Windows PE si nj\u00eb skript shell, duke p\u00ebrfituar nga fakti q\u00eb Thompson Shell nuk p\u00ebrdor shenj\u00ebn e skriptit «#!». P\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar programe q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb disa skeda (komponimi i t\u00eb gjitha burimeve n\u00eb nj\u00eb sked\u00eb), mb\u00ebshtetet formimi i sked\u00ebs ekzekutive si nj\u00eb arkiv ZIP i formatuar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht. Schemi e formatit t\u00eb propozuar (shembulli i aplikacionit hello.com): <\/p>\n
Fillimisht n\u00eb sked\u00eb sh\u00ebnohet etiketa «MZqFpD», e cila perceptohet si titulli i formatit Windows PE. Kjo sekuenc\u00eb gjithashtu dekodohet n\u00eb udh\u00ebzimin «pop %r10 ; jno 0x4a ; jo 0x4a», dhe shenja «\177ELF» n\u00eb udh\u00ebzimin «jg 0x47», q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr kalimin n\u00eb pik\u00ebn e hyrjes. N\u00eb sistemet Unix ekzekutohet kodi shell, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebrdoret komanda exec me kalimin e kodit ekzekutive p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kanali t\u00eb paem\u00ebruar. Kufizimi i metod\u00ebs s\u00eb propozuar \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e ekzekutimit n\u00eb OS t\u00eb ngjashme me Unix vet\u00ebm duke p\u00ebrdorur shell-e q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin modalitetin e kompatibilitetit me Thompson Shell. <\/p>\n
Thirrja e qemu-x86_64 \u00ebsht\u00eb parashikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar portabilitet t\u00eb shtuar dhe lejon ekzekutimin e kodit t\u00eb kompiliuar p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn x86_64 n\u00eb platforma t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebrve\u00e7 x86, si n\u00eb pllak\u00ebza Raspberry Pi dhe pajisje Apple t\u00eb pajisura me procesor\u00eb ARM. Projekti gjithashtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar aplikacione autonome q\u00eb punojn\u00eb pa nj\u00eb sistem operativ (bare metal). N\u00eb k\u00ebto aplikacione, nj\u00eb ngarkues i bashkangjitet skedarit t\u00eb ekzekutuesh\u00ebm dhe programi vepron si nj\u00eb sistem operativ q\u00eb ngarkohet. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebn standarde t\u00eb C zhvilluar nga projekti libc jan\u00eb propozuar 2024 funksione (n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e par\u00eb ishin rreth 1400 funksione). N\u00eb rendiment, Cosmopolitan punon po aq shpejt sa glibc dhe duksh\u00ebm e tejkalon Musl dhe Newlib, duke qen\u00eb se Cosmopolitan \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmas\u00eb m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl se glibc dhe p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht p\u00ebrputhet me Musl dhe Newlib. P\u00ebr optimizimin e funksioneve q\u00eb thirren shpesh si memcpy dhe strlen, p\u00ebrdoret gjithashtu teknika «trickle-down performance», n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb makro-p\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs p\u00ebr thirrjen e funksionit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin kompajleri informohet p\u00ebr regjistrat e CPU t\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb procesin e ekzekutimit t\u00eb kodit, duke lejuar k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb burimet duke mbajtur vet\u00ebm regjistrat e ndryshuesh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n
Mes ndryshimeve n\u00eb versionin e ri: <\/p>\n
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\u00cb ndryshua skema e qasjes n\u00eb burimet e brendshme brenda skedarit zip (kur hapin skedar\u00ebt tani p\u00ebrdoren rrug\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme \/zip\/... n\u00eb vend t\u00eb qasjes sipas prefiksit zip:..). Po ashtu, p\u00ebr qasje n\u00eb disk\u00eb n\u00eb Windows \u00ebsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb rrug\u00ebve si \u00ab\/c\/...\u00bb n\u00eb vend t\u00eb \u00abC:\/...\u00bb.\n
Nj\u00eb ngarkues i ri APE (Actually Portable Executable) \u00ebsht\u00eb propozuar, i cili p\u00ebrcakton formatin e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb ekzekutuesh\u00ebm universale. Ngarkuesi i ri p\u00ebrdor mmap p\u00ebr ta vendosur programin n\u00eb memorje dhe nuk e ndryshon m\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen n\u00eb flak\u00eb. N\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, skedari universale i ekzekutuesh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb konvertohet n\u00eb skedar\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm ekzekutues, t\u00eb lidhur me platforma t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.\n
N\u00eb platform\u00ebn Linux \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb modulit t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs binfmt_misc p\u00ebr t\u00eb ekzekutuar programe APE. Theksohet se p\u00ebrdorimi i binfmt_misc \u00ebsht\u00eb metoda m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur.\n
P\u00ebr Linux \u00ebsht\u00eb propozuar nj\u00eb implementim i funksionaliteteve t\u00eb thirrjeve sistemore pledge() dhe unveil(), q\u00eb zhvillohen nga projekti OpenBSD. Ofron nj\u00eb API p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e k\u00ebtyre thirrjeve n\u00eb programe n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt C, C++, Python dhe Redbean, si dhe nj\u00eb utilitar pledge.com p\u00ebr izolimin e proceseve t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme.\n
P\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur utilitari Landlock Make \u2014 nj\u00eb redaktim i GNU Make me kontroll m\u00eb t\u00eb rrept\u00eb t\u00eb var\u00ebsive dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e thirrjes s\u00eb sistemit Landlock p\u00ebr izolimin e programit nga pjesa tjet\u00ebr e sistemit dhe rritjen e efikasitetit t\u00eb cache-it. Si mund\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb ruajtur mund\u00ebsia e nd\u00ebrtimit me GNU Make t\u00eb zakonshme.\n
Jan\u00eb realizuar funksionet p\u00ebr shum\u00ebfijezimin \u2014 _spawn() dhe _join(), t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje universale mbi API-t\u00eb specifike p\u00ebr sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme operative. Po ashtu, po punohet p\u00ebr implementimin e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr POSIX Threads.\n
\u00cbsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs ky\u00e7e _Thread_local p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e depozita t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do fije (TLS, Thread-Local Storage). N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paracaktuar, runtime i C inicializon TLS p\u00ebr fijen kryesore, q\u00eb ka \u00e7uar n\u00eb rritjen e madh\u00ebsis\u00eb minimale t\u00eb skedarit ekzekutues nga 12 n\u00eb 16 KB.\n
N\u00eb skedar\u00ebt ekzekutues \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr parametrat \u00ab--ftrace\u00bb dhe \u00ab--strace\u00bb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb n\u00eb stderr informacionin mbi t\u00eb gjitha thirrjet e funksioneve dhe thirrjet e sistemit.\n
Shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr thirrjen sistemore closefrom(), e mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb Linux 5.9+, FreeBSD 8+ dhe OpenBSD.\n
N\u00eb platform\u00ebn Linux \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur deri n\u00eb 10 her\u00eb performanca e thirrjeve clock_gettime dhe gettimeofday p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb mekanizmit vDSO (virtual dynamic shared object), q\u00eb lejon t\u00eb kalosh p\u00ebrpunuesin e thirrjes sistemore n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit dhe t\u00eb shmang\u00ebsh kalimet e kontekstit.\n
Funksionet matematikore p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn me numra kompleks\u00eb jan\u00eb transferuar nga biblioteka Musl. Shpejt\u00ebsia e shum\u00eb funksioneve matematikore \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar.\n