{"id":121428,"date":"2025-01-20T15:46:03","date_gmt":"2025-01-20T13:46:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-6-13"},"modified":"2025-01-20T15:46:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T13:46:03","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-6-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-6-13","title":{"rendered":"Publikimi i kernelit Linux 6.13","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pas dy muajsh zhvillim, Linus Torvalds prezantoi l\u00ebshimin e kernelit Linux 6.13. Disa nga ndryshimet m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb: m\u00ebnyra e nxjerrjes 'lazy eviction' n\u00eb planifikuesin e detyrave, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr shkrimin atomic n\u00eb XFS dhe Ext4, mekanizmi 'multigrain timestamps', m\u00ebnyra adaptuese e aktivizimit t\u00eb polling n\u00eb n\u00ebnstruktura rrjet, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbledhje me optimizimet AutoFDO, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr mekanizmin e mbrojtjes ARM65 Guarded Control Stack, izolimi i makinave virtuale p\u00ebrmes zgjerimit ARM CCA, steka t\u00eb ndara n\u00eb BPF, heqja e ReiserFS, drejtuesi virtual-cpufreq, API netlink net-shaper, m\u00ebnyra e montimit tmpfs me ndjeshm\u00ebri p\u00ebr regjistrin e karaktereve, mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr zgjerimet POSIX n\u00eb SMB3, dhe drejtuesi AMD Cache Optimizer.      <\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb versionin e ri jan\u00eb pranuar 14172 korrigjime nga 2086 zhvillues, madh\u00ebsia e patch-it \u00ebsht\u00eb 46 MB (ndryshimet prekin 15375 skedar\u00eb, jan\u00eb shtuar 598707 linja kodi, dhe jan\u00eb fshir\u00eb 406294 linja). N\u00eb versionin e kaluar ishin 14607 korrigjime nga 2167 zhvillues, madh\u00ebsia e patch-it ishte 37 MB. Rreth 52% e t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimeve t\u00eb paraqitura n\u00eb 6.13 lidhen me drejtuesit e pajisjeve, af\u00ebrsisht 13% e ndryshimeve kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimin e kodit t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn harduerike, 11% lidhen me stakun rrjet\u00eb, 4% me sistemet e skedar\u00ebve dhe 3% me n\u00ebnstrukturat e brendshme t\u00eb kernelit.        <\/p>\n<p>Risit\u00eb kryesore n\u00eb kernelin 6.13:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Sistemi i disqeve, hyrja\/ dalje dhe sistemet e skedar\u00ebve<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mekanizmi 'multigrain timestamps' \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar, duke lejuar marrjen e informacionit mbi koh\u00ebn e ndryshimit ose qasjes n\u00eb skedar\u00eb me sakt\u00ebsi m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb milisekond\u00eb, por pa ndikuar negativisht n\u00eb performanc\u00eb. Rritja e sakt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb etiketave \u00e7on n\u00eb shpenzime shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb intensitetit t\u00eb shkrimit t\u00eb meta t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb disk, prandaj n\u00eb implementimin e propozuar, etiketat m\u00eb t\u00eb sakta krijohen jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb skedar\u00ebt, por vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ata p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt proceset k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb k\u00ebto etiketa p\u00ebrmes thirrjes getattr().\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr operacionet atomike t\u00eb shkrimit, ku shkrimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe se madh\u00ebsia e sektorit kryhet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb atomike n\u00eb pajisjet e ruajtjes q\u00eb e ofrojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mund\u00ebsi. Aktualisht, shkrimi atomik \u00ebsht\u00eb zbatuar p\u00ebr XFS, Ext4 n\u00eb modalitetin O_DIRECT (Direct I\/O) dhe md RAID 0\/1\/10.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb propozuar nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i ri p\u00ebr num\u00ebrimin e referencave p\u00ebr skedar\u00ebt, i cili siguron nj\u00eb rritje performance prej 3-5% n\u00eb ngarkesa pune me m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 255 rrjedha.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb hequr implementimi i sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ReiserFS, i cili u shpall i vjet\u00ebruar nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb.\n<li class=\"l\"> Parametri sysctl 'fs.dentry-negative' \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb VFS politik\u00ebn e pastrimit t\u00eb sh\u00ebnimeve 'dentry' (p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i brendsh\u00ebm i elementeve t\u00eb katalog\u00ebve) pas fshirjes s\u00eb skedaeve t\u00eb lidhura. P\u00ebr disa lloje ngarkesash, \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb optimal t\u00eb mbahen k\u00ebto sh\u00ebnime mbi skedar\u00ebt e fshir\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr disa t\u00eb tjera - t\u00eb fshihen, prandaj n\u00eb kernel ofrohet mund\u00ebsia e zgjedhjes (me default 'dentry' nuk fshihen automatikisht).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb thirrjen sistemike statmount() \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar flagu STATMOUNT_OPT_ARRAY p\u00ebr t\u00eb kthyer nj\u00eb list\u00eb opsionesh p\u00ebr sistemin e skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb array nga stringje, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb me nj\u00eb simbol zero dhe q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrdorin escaping &#171;&#092;000&#187;. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr kthimin e n\u00ebnllojit t\u00eb FS (fs_subtype, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrdorimin e FUSE), opsione t\u00eb montimit t\u00eb sigurt dhe superblokun origjinal (sb_source).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb OverlayFS \u00ebsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e specifikimit t\u00eb shtresave p\u00ebrmes deskriptor\u00ebve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, dhe jo p\u00ebrmes emrave t\u00eb shtigjeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve tmpfs \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar opsioni i montimit &#171;casefold&#187; p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar pa marr\u00eb parasysh regjistrin e simboleve dhe opsioni &#171;strict_encoding&#187; p\u00ebr t\u00eb bllokuar krijimin e skedar\u00ebve me emra q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb simbole t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme UTF-8.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cbsht\u00eb propozuar nj\u00eb grup i ri thirrjesh sistemi p\u00ebr menaxhimin e atributeve t\u00eb zgjeruara t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve: setxattrat(), getxattrat(), listxattrat() dhe removexattrat(). Ndryshe nga thirrjet e sistemit setxattr(), getxattr(), listxattr() dhe removexattr(), variantet e reja k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb specifikimin e deskriptorit t\u00eb skedarit t\u00eb direktorise, ndaj t\u00eb cilit kryhet k\u00ebrkimi i shtegut t\u00eb skedarit.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb Btrfs \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar operacioni ioctl BTRFS_IOC_SUBVOL_SYNC_WAIT, i cili p\u00ebrfshin pritjen e p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb pastrimit t\u00eb n\u00ebnvolumeve, duke lejuar ekzekutimin e komand\u00ebs &#171;btrfs subvolume sync&#187; nga nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues jo privilegjuar, i cili nuk ka akses n\u00eb ioctl SEARCH_TREE (i dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb aplikacione rezervimi, q\u00eb pastron n\u00ebnvolume). \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar operacioni ioctl ENCODED_READ p\u00ebr leximin p\u00ebrmes io_uring t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb koduara, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr leximin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb ekstent\u00ebve t\u00eb kompresuar pa dekompresim. \u00cbsht\u00eb vazhduar puna p\u00ebr kalimin n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e folias s\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb memories (page folios). \u00cbsht\u00eb reduktuar ndodhia e bllokimeve konkuruese (&#171;lock contention&#187;) gjat\u00eb k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb referencave t\u00eb integruara dhe gjat\u00eb kalimit p\u00ebrmes bufereve t\u00eb ekstent\u00ebve. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar eficienca e kompresimit t\u00eb hart\u00ebs s\u00eb ekstent\u00ebve.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve EROFS (Extendable Read-Only File System), i projektuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb disponueshme vet\u00ebm n\u00eb regjim leximi, \u00ebsht\u00eb zbatuar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb opsioneve SEEK_HOLE dhe SEEK_DATA n\u00eb thirrjen e sistemit lseek().\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb F2FS \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr reflektimin e pajisjeve (&#171;device aliasing&#187;), e cila lejon rezervimin p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsisht t\u00eb nj\u00eb zone n\u00eb F2FS p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb pajisjes blloku n\u00eb nj\u00eb FS tjet\u00ebr. Pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb operacionit t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm, zona e rezervuar mund t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb F2FS. P\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb FS me komand\u00ebn &#171;mkfs.f2fs -c \/dev\/vdc@vdc.file \/dev\/vdb&#187;, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs p\u00ebrmbajtja e pajisjes \/dev\/vdc do t\u00eb rezervohet dhe do t\u00eb refletohet n\u00eb skedarin vdc.file dhe pjesa \/dev\/vdc mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr nevojat tuaja, p\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb formatoni n\u00ebn nj\u00eb FS tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kthyer p\u00ebrmbajtjen e rezervuar \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme t\u00eb fshini skedarin vdc.file.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb XFS \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr kuotat n\u00eb pajisjet realtime. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetja p\u00ebr drejtorin\u00eb e metadatave (metadata directory), ku vendosen t\u00eb gjitha inode-t me metadata.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb mekanizmin FUSE \u00ebsht\u00eb aktive mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar dinamikisht numrin maksimal t\u00eb faqeve (FUSE_MAX_MAX_PAGES), duke p\u00ebrdorur &#171;sysctl fs.fuse.max_pages_limit&#187;. N\u00eb pun\u00eb jan\u00eb angazhuar foliat e faqeve t\u00eb memories (page folios).\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb SMB \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr zgjatjet POSIX p\u00ebr SMB3, t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr ruajtjen e llojeve speciale t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, si fifo, skedar\u00eb pajisjeje dhe lidhje simbolike. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mund\u00ebsia e montimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb seksioni me nj\u00eb fjal\u00ebkalim alternativ, e cila aplikohet gjat\u00eb rrotullimit t\u00eb fjal\u00ebkalimeve. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb opsion i ri montimi &#171;cifs.upcall&#187; p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn em\u00ebrore. \u00cbsht\u00eb siguruar njohja e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb lidhjeve simbolike dhe pajisjeve bllokuese, t\u00eb krijuara n\u00eb Windows NFS Server. \u00cbsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr lidhje simbolike n\u00eb stilin WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux).\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemet e skedar\u00ebve UBIFS, ADFS, BEFS, HFS, HFSPLUS, HPFS, JFS dhe ECRYPTFS jan\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e API-s\u00eb s\u00eb re p\u00ebr montimin e ndarjeve.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemet e skedar\u00ebve ECRYPTFS, UFS dhe NILFS2 jan\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e page folios t\u00eb memories.                          <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie dhe sh\u00ebrbime sistemike<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb planifikuesin \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb model i vones\u00ebs s\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb detyrave (PREEMPT_LAZY, vones\u00eb e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb but\u00eb), i cili korrespondon me modelin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit (&#171;full preemption&#187;) p\u00ebr detyrat realtime (RR\/FIFO\/DEADLINE), por shtyn z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimin e detyrave t\u00eb zakonshme (SCHED_NORMAL) deri n\u00eb kufirin e ciklit. Kjo vones\u00eb rezulton n\u00eb reduktimin e rasteve t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb mbajt\u00ebsve t\u00eb bllokimeve, \u00e7ka lejon q\u00eb performanca t\u00eb afroj\u00eb me konfigurimet q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin modelin e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit vullnetar (voluntary preemption). K\u00ebshtu, modeli i ri lejon ruajtjen e mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb plot\u00eb p\u00ebr detyrat realtime, por minimizon r\u00ebnien e performanc\u00ebs p\u00ebr detyrat e zakonshme. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, modeli i ri thjeshtson logjik\u00ebn e operacioneve t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb detyrave n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrjashtuar nga procesi i planifikimit menaxher\u00ebt q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb komponente t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs (jasht\u00eb planifikuesit t\u00eb detyrave).\n<li class=\"l\"> Gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit me kompiluesin Clang \u00ebsht\u00eb ofruar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb optimizimeve<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62587\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 6.13. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 XFS \u0438 Ext4, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c &#171;multigrain timestamps&#187;, \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 AutoFDO, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b ARM65 Guarded Control Stack, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 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