{"id":121448,"date":"2025-01-22T21:46:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T19:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/zametki-teodora-tso-o-yadre-linux-kodekse-povedeniya-ext4-btrfs-i-zfs"},"modified":"2025-01-22T21:46:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T19:46:00","slug":"zametki-teodora-tso-o-yadre-linux-kodekse-povedeniya-ext4-btrfs-i-zfs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/zametki-teodora-tso-o-yadre-linux-kodekse-povedeniya-ext4-btrfs-i-zfs","title":{"rendered":"Shenimet e Teodor Ts\u2019o p\u00ebr b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e Linux-it, kodin e sjelljes, ext4, btrfs dhe ZFS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrkthimi i mendimeve t\u00eb Theodore Ts'o, krijuesit t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve Ext4, mbi zhvillimin e ext4, sistemin e skedar\u00ebve BcacheFS, b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Linux, ZFS, kodin e sjelljes dhe sistemet e skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi: <\/p>\n

Rreth zhvillimit t\u00eb ext4<\/b>. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00c7do l\u00ebshim i b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs ext4 \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultat i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjasht\u00eb personave. Aktualisht, shumica e koh\u00ebs time shpenzohet n\u00eb rishikimin e kodit, kryerjen e testeve dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e aplikacionit t\u00eb testeve {kvm<\/a>,gce,qemu,android}-xfstests. Dhe mb\u00ebshtetem shum\u00eb n\u00eb 2-3 zhvillues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb SUSE dhe IBM, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt m\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb me rishikimin e kodit. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rreth BcacheFS<\/b> <\/p>\n

\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb i sinqert\u00eb, bcachefs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt krejt i vet\u00ebm \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, Kent ishte autori i 72% t\u00eb patch-eve nd\u00ebrmjet l\u00ebshimeve t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs 6.11 dhe 6.12, nd\u00ebrsa nga 103 patch-e p\u00ebr ext4 gjat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs periudh\u00eb, un\u00eb isha autor i sakt\u00ebsisht 0%. Kjo sepse un\u00eb besoj fort se programimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sport ekipor, dhe puna ime si udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs teknik \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t'u jap mund\u00ebsi pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb ext4 t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar sistemin e skedar\u00ebve. Ne organizojm\u00eb konferenca \u00e7do jav\u00eb, dhe Derrick Wong, zhvillues i lart\u00eb i XFS dhe ish-mbik\u00ebqyr\u00ebs i XFS, merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebto konferenca \u2014 dhe un\u00eb, si\u00e7 dihet, e kam ndihmuar at\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e testimit t\u00eb XFS, dhe Derrick m\u00eb ka ndihmuar n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb testimit t\u00eb ext4 dhe madje ka shqyrtuar disa patch-e t\u00eb ext4. Ne bashk\u00ebpunojm\u00eb me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Un\u00eb i l\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt t\u00eb vendosin n\u00ebse duan t\u00eb besojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e tyre nj\u00eb programuesi t\u00eb vetmuar t\u00eb talentuar, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb i talentuar se un\u00eb, por do t'ju jap nj\u00eb k\u00ebshill\u00eb \u2014 mund t\u00eb 'mashtrosh' duke sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb ekip p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme t\u00eb b\u00ebhet kjo vet\u00ebm. Sigurisht, p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ju nevojitet t\u00eb dini si t\u00eb zgjidhni m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebn nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt dhe duhet t\u00eb punoni s\u00eb bashku. Dhe nj\u00eb sjellje e kujdesshme ndaj nj\u00ebri-tjetrit n\u00eb listat e postimeve nuk do t\u00eb d\u00ebmtonte. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rreth b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, CoC, mund\u00ebsive dhe t\u00eb ardhmes s\u00eb ext4<\/b> <\/p>\n

\n

Ext4 v\u00ebrtet fiton disa funksione t\u00eb reja, por ato jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb kompanit\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb gatshme t'i financojn\u00eb, sepse kthimi i investimit p\u00ebr zhvillimin e funksioneve ka kuptim nga pik\u00ebpamja e kostove dhe p\u00ebrfitimeve. P\u00ebr shembull, fscrypt dhe katalog\u00ebt pa regjistrim ishin funksione t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr Android dhe Chrome OS, dhe jan\u00eb financuar, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn pjes\u00ebrisht, nga k\u00ebto grupe zhvilluesish (Steam gjithashtu ishte i shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zhvendosje t\u00eb regjistrit dhe mb\u00ebshteti nj\u00eb nga inxhinier\u00ebt). Ne d\u00ebshirojm\u00eb t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr shkruarjen pa nd\u00ebrprerje, sepse kjo do t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb pajisjet e imituara t\u00eb bllokut n\u00eb cloud, ku mund t\u00eb garantohen 16k regjistrime atomike, duke eliminuar nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr dyfisht t\u00eb tamponizimit n\u00eb MySQL dhe PostgreSQL. <\/p>\n

(N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb Amazon dhe Google mund ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb produktet e tyre t\u00eb DBMS, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb supozime p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si punojn\u00eb Amazon EBS dhe Google Persistent Disk, por ne duam ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb afatin e gjat\u00eb). Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e pakta t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse se gj\u00ebra si reflinks, por kthimi mbi investimin \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u justifikuar, si p\u00ebr shkak se kostot jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ulta (m\u00eb pak pun\u00eb p\u00ebr zhvillimin, testimin dhe kualifikimin p\u00ebr implementimin n\u00eb sip\u00ebrmarrje), ashtu edhe sepse p\u00ebrfitimet jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr tu vler\u00ebsuar n\u00eb terma t\u00eb sasis\u00eb. Gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tilla si 'mund t\u00eb kursej koston e pag\u00ebs XX inxhinier\u00ebve programues t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar gjat\u00eb pes\u00eb viteve' jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t'u zhvilluar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj ve\u00e7orie t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb produktivitetit. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me k\u00ebt\u00eb, reflinks jan\u00eb arg\u00ebtuese, por nuk kam mundur t\u00eb gjej klient q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb p\u00ebr kostot e zhvillimit, ose kompani q\u00eb beson se klient\u00ebt e tyre do t\u00eb blejn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb produktin e tyre n\u00ebse ata shtojn\u00eb reflinks n\u00eb ext4. Kjo mund t\u00eb duket jasht\u00ebzakonisht korporative, por ekziston nj\u00eb histori se si inxhinier\u00ebt e ZFS filluan nj\u00eb projekt nga e para, pa pyetur leje nga menaxhim dhe pa marr\u00eb sugjerime nga departamenti i shitjeve, dhe i paraqit\u00ebn Sun-it at\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb fakt ishte nj\u00eb fakt i kryer. <\/p>\n

Duket e shk\u00eblqyer, por n\u00ebse e kujton se n\u00eb fund Sun filloi t\u00eb humbiste para derisa u detyrua t\u00eb shitej nj\u00eb kompanie tjet\u00ebr, dhe n\u00eb fakt organizata inxhinierike q\u00eb mb\u00ebshteste ZFS nuk ekziston m\u00eb. Rreth koh\u00ebs kur u njoftua ZFS, un\u00eb isha pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb studi n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kompanin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00ebse kishte kuptim t\u00eb investohej n\u00eb ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve p\u00ebr AIX dhe Linux \u2014 dhe arrit\u00ebm n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se jo, kthimi mbi investimin ishte i vog\u00ebl, dhe ve\u00e7orit\u00eb e reja t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve nuk do t'i sillnin m\u00eb shum\u00eb klient\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb bler\u00eb pajisje, softuer ose sisteme IBM. Mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb pasur koh\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr IBM, por ajo ende ekziston, nd\u00ebrsa Sun nuk ekziston m\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Rreth k\u00ebsaj kohe, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb disa kompanive Linux u mblodh\u00ebn s\u00eb bashku p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar se si Linux do t\u00eb konkurronte me ZFS. Ishte n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb takim q\u00eb u paraqit ideja se btrfs do t\u00eb ishte p\u00ebrgjigjja afatgjat\u00eb, dhe ext4 do t\u00eb ishte zgjidhja afatshkurt\u00ebr q\u00eb do t\u00eb siguronte mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr gj\u00ebra si ndryshimi i madh\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale, numra bllokesh 64-bit dhe gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb sistemet tradicionale Legacy Unix OS dhe q\u00eb nuk ishin t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb ext3. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb takim, m\u00eb k\u00ebrkuan t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb nevojitej p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb ri skedar\u00ebsh. Un\u00eb b\u00ebra nj\u00eb studim, duke par\u00eb sa p\u00ebrpjekje ishin k\u00ebrkuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar sisteme skedar\u00ebsh t\u00eb till\u00eb si GPFS dhe JFS nga IBM, advfs nga Digital, vler\u00ebsova sa kishte k\u00ebrkuar Sun p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar ZFS dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7uar k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem skedar\u00ebsh n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb gatshme p\u00ebr prodhim. P\u00ebrgjigjja q\u00eb mora ishte rreth 100 veta-vite, me nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb ul\u00ebt n\u00eb 50 veta-vite dhe nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb 200 veta-vite (por kjo ishte p\u00ebr GPFS, e cila ishte nj\u00eb sistem skedar\u00ebsh klastra, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye shum\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar). <\/p>\n

Un\u00eb e raportova k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb takim dhe nj\u00eb inxhinier i lart\u00eb nga Intel tha: 'Jo, mos u shprehni p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb me menaxher\u00ebt, sepse ata kurr\u00eb nuk do ta miratojn\u00eb projektin! D\u00ebrgojuni atyre q\u00eb btrfs do t\u00eb jet\u00eb gati n\u00eb 18 muaj'. Un\u00eb u l\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve t\u00eb vendosin kur btrfs arrin statusin 'gati p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb sip\u00ebrmarrje', ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr ato ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb reja atraktive q\u00eb do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb konkuronin me ZFS, por nuk mendoj se \u00ebsht\u00eb e diskutueshme q\u00eb kjo nuk ka ndodhur brenda 18 muajve. <\/p>\n

Edhe para se Sun t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebhej, shum\u00eb kompani q\u00eb d\u00ebrguan p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e tyre n\u00eb takim, refuzuan pjes\u00ebmarrjen e inxhinier\u00ebve n\u00eb pun\u00ebn mbi btrfs, dhe kjo, natyrisht, nuk ndihmoi. Por, ndoshta, kjo ishte e lidhur me faktin se kompanit\u00eb jan\u00eb organizata t\u00eb arsyeshme, q\u00eb marrin vendime t\u00eb veta p\u00ebr rikthimin e investimeve, dhe financimi i nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb ri skedar\u00ebsh nuk kishte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kuptim si t\u00eb thuash njer\u00ebzve se Linux do t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr ZFS. <\/p>\n

Duke u kthyer pas, mund t\u00eb thuhet se, ndon\u00ebse ZFS kishte k\u00ebto karakteristika v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb mrekullueshme, ato ishin t\u00eb pamjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb shumica e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb zgjidhnin Solaris n\u00eb krahasim me blerjen e platformave x86 shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lira dhe instalimin e Linux. Dhe deri n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kur Sun vendosi t\u00eb provonte strategjin\u00eb OpenSolaris dhe Solaris x86, ishte tep\u00ebr von\u00eb. Efektet rrjet\u00ebrore ishin t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, dhe strategjia x86 nuk jepte p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr pyetjen se si nj\u00eb kompani, Sun, mund t\u00eb paguante pagat e gjith\u00eb inxhinier\u00ebve super t\u00eb talentuar q\u00eb punonin mbi Solaris. Blerja e nj\u00eb serveri x86 p\u00ebr 5000 dollar\u00eb nuk ofron nj\u00eb kthim t\u00eb madh t\u00eb investimit krahasuar me serverin<\/a> SunFire E10k Sparc p\u00ebr 100,000 dollar\u00eb, q\u00eb Sun e quante 'pik\u00eb' n\u00eb 'dot Com'. <\/p>\n

Thelbi \u00ebsht\u00eb se veprimtaria inxhinierike n\u00eb bot\u00ebn reale \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompromis, dhe realitetet biznesore jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e k\u00ebtij kompromisi. Nuk k\u00ebrkoj ndjes\u00eb q\u00eb preferoj t\u00eb ha ushqim dhe q\u00eb dua t\u00eb fitoj mjaftuesh\u00ebm para q\u00eb nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb dal n\u00eb pension. Kjo, nga ana e saj, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb kuptoj mir\u00eb se si i sjell p\u00ebrfitim pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit tim, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se paga ime. N\u00ebse mund ta b\u00ebj k\u00ebt\u00eb, duke vazhduar t\u00eb punoj me burim t\u00eb hapur dhe duke ndihmuar kompanit\u00eb e tjera t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb para q\u00eb ato t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb gatshme t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb ext4, at\u00ebher\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e sfid\u00ebs dhe arsyeja pse dua t\u00eb punoj me burim t\u00eb hapur. <\/p>\n

Dhe, duke u kthyer te Kodi i sjelljes, do t\u00eb them se pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajt\u00ebsit e sistemeve kryesore t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebn Kodin jo p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsyesh t\u00eb dob\u00ebta liberale. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sepse na nevojitet \u00e7do inxhinier i gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb kontribuoj\u00eb n\u00eb projektin ton\u00eb, dhe shumica nga ne kemi par\u00eb njer\u00ebz q\u00eb jan\u00eb hequr dor\u00eb nga puna n\u00eb Linux dhe jan\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb sisteme t\u00eb tjera operative (e di p\u00ebr nj\u00eb person q\u00eb kaloi n\u00eb Windows dhe ishte nj\u00eb zhvillues i \u00e7muar i b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux n\u00eb IBM Linux Technology Center) ose punonin n\u00eb projekte t\u00eb brendshme, por jo n\u00eb ato q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin bashk\u00ebpunim me LKML, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb ambienti toksik nga disa njer\u00ebz n\u00eb list\u00ebn e postimeve. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb disa raste, shqet\u00ebsimet kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb pabazuara; p\u00ebr shembull, Linus b\u00ebri z\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb ndaj nj\u00eb zhvilluesi t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb duhej ta dinte m\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe me t\u00eb cilin Linus kishte takime personale n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve, dhe kishin marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb ngjashme. Problemi \u00ebsht\u00eb se t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb nuk e dinin k\u00ebt\u00eb dhe frik\u00ebsoheshin - '\u00e7far\u00eb n\u00ebse Linus m\u00eb n\u00ebn\u00e7mon publikisht ashtu si\u00e7 b\u00ebri me Steve', pa e kuptuar se n\u00eb praktik\u00eb kjo nuk do t\u00eb ndodhte. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse kemi CoC; nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr ne, inxhinier\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr, por p\u00ebr t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur inxhinier\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb rinj n\u00eb ekipet tona, q\u00eb ne duam t'i edukojm\u00eb q\u00eb ata nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb na z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb kur t\u00eb vij\u00eb koha p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb pension, ose n\u00ebse na ndodh ndonj\u00eb tragjedi. <\/p>\n

Mos harroni p\u00ebr 50-100 vite pun\u00eb mbi krijimin e nj\u00eb sistemi skedar\u00ebsh t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr tu p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb mjedisin korporativ. Na duhen t\u00eb gjith\u00eb inxhinier\u00ebt q\u00eb mund t\u00eb t\u00ebrheqim, dhe shum\u00eb prej nesh po punojn\u00eb jasht\u00eb orarit, sepse kjo na intereson. Krijimi i nj\u00eb sistemi skedar\u00ebsh me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00eb ekipore dhe na nevojitet \u00e7do inxhinier i talentuar q\u00eb mund t\u00eb joshim. Edhe n\u00ebse nj\u00eb inxhinier \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb programues super 10-her\u00eb, n\u00eb fund n\u00ebse ai nxit frik\u00eb tek shum\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb testimin, optimizimin e performanc\u00ebs, etj., thjesht nuk ia vlen t\u00eb lejojm\u00eb dik\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb i pahijsh\u00ebm. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Burimi: opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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