Gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb programimit Nim 3.0 po zhvillohet nj\u00eb kompilator i ri Nimony, i cili ka si parim themelor t\u00eb dizajnit arritjen e parashikueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb ekzekutimit n\u00eb rastin m\u00eb t\u00eb keq (Worst Case Execution Time, WCET). Kjo k\u00ebrkes\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e diktuar nga orientimi drejt sistemeve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs reale t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, ku sjellja e padeterminueshme nuk lejohet. Si rezultat, arkitektura Nimony p\u00ebrjashton p\u00ebrdorimin e kompilator\u00ebve JIT dhe mbledh\u00ebsve t\u00eb plehrave me gjurmim (tracing garbage collectors), pasi operacionet e tyre mund t\u00eb sjellin vonesa t\u00eb paparashikueshme. <\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur parashikueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb, tipet primare t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb, karaktere) shfaqen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb fjal\u00eb makine dhe byte t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. Tipet kompozite (strukturat, objektet) formohen pa p\u00ebrdorimin e adresimit t\u00eb t\u00ebrthort\u00eb (indirection), duke u vendosur direkt n\u00eb stack ose brenda strukturave t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Ky qasje minimizon shpenzimet dhe siguron nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb midis kodit burimor dhe kodit t\u00eb gjeneruar t\u00eb makin\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e menaxhimit automatik t\u00eb memories (MM), Nimony largohet nga shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebria e mund\u00ebsive n\u00eb Nim 2.0, duke ofruar nj\u00eb mod t\u00eb standardizuar: «mm:atomicArc». Ky mod bazuar n\u00eb num\u00ebrimin e referencave duke p\u00ebrdorur operacione atomike, \u00ebsht\u00eb i kompletuar me semantik\u00ebn e l\u00ebvizjes (move semantics) dhe thirrjen e shkat\u00ebrruesve gjat\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb objektit, duke afruar qasjen me praktikat e pranuara n\u00eb Rust dhe C++-n\u00eb moderne. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb risit\u00eb ky\u00e7e \u00ebsht\u00eb ndarja e qart\u00eb e objekteve n\u00eb aciklike dhe potencialisht ciklike. Sipas parazgjedhjes, objektet konsiderohen aciklike (.acyclic), q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sjellje e re. P\u00ebr llojet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, instancat e t\u00eb cilave mund t\u00eb formojn\u00eb lidhje ciklike, k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb annotim i qart\u00eb me pragm\u00ebn .cyclic. Vihet n\u00eb dukje se po zhvillohet nj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm i ri p\u00ebr mbledhjen e lidhjeve ciklike, megjithat\u00eb gatishm\u00ebria e tij p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim industrial aktualisht nuk garantohet. Avantazhi i MM p\u00ebr baz\u00eb t\u00eb destruktoreve \u00ebsht\u00eb kompozueshm\u00ebria e tij: menaxhimi i burimeve q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb \u00e7lirimin (p.sh., deshifruesit e skedar\u00ebve, socketet rrjetit, kanalet), integrohet natyrsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes destruktoreve t\u00eb llojeve p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. <\/p>\n
Qasja n\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e gabimeve n\u00eb Nimony ka p\u00ebsuar ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Autori Nim shpreh pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij me mekanizmat tradicional\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimeve dhe emulimin e tyre p\u00ebrmes llojeve algebrike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (llojet e p\u00ebrmbledhura). N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, propozohet koncepti i integrimit t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb gabimit direkt n\u00eb vet\u00eb objektin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Si shembuj, p\u00ebrmenden: p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i gabimit n\u00eb rrjedhat e hyrjeve-daljeve p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb gjendjeje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, p\u00ebrdorimi i NaN p\u00ebr numrat me pik\u00eb t\u00eb flotueshme, ose low(int) p\u00ebr vlera t\u00eb pavlefshme t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb plot\u00eb. N\u00eb rastet kur objekti nuk mund t\u00eb inkorporoj\u00eb gjendjen e gabimit, rekomandohet p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb variabli t\u00eb lokalizuar n\u00eb thread p\u00ebr sinjalizim. <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, mekanizmi tradicional i p\u00ebrjashtimeve n\u00eb Nim mbetet, por me nj\u00eb sqarim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm: \u00e7do procedur\u00eb q\u00eb ka potencialin t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim tani duhet t\u00eb annotohet domosdoshm\u00ebrisht me pragm\u00ebn {.raises.}. Kjo k\u00ebrkes\u00eb synon t\u00eb sh\u00ebnoj\u00eb qart\u00eb kalimet e mundshme jolonale t\u00eb menaxhimit. <\/p>\n
Si nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb ose shtes\u00eb, prezantohet nj\u00eb tip i ri enumerues ErrorCode. Ky tip \u00ebsht\u00eb tipobez\u00eb dhe k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb trajtim t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha mund\u00ebsive (analog me rastin p\u00ebr enum). ErrorCode \u00ebsht\u00eb projektuar me q\u00ebllimin e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb t\u00eb mapimit n\u00eb kodet standarde t\u00eb gabimeve t\u00eb sistemeve dhe protokolleve t\u00eb ndryshme, si errno POSIX, kodet e gabimeve t\u00eb Windows API dhe statuset HTTP. Q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb unifikohet trajtimi i gabimeve midis librarive t\u00eb ndryshme dhe t\u00eb sigurohet mund\u00ebsia e transmetimit t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb gabimeve sistemore (p.sh., «disk i mbushur») n\u00eb kodet e gjendjes p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse (p.sh., HTTP 507) pa transformime t\u00eb tjera. P\u00ebrdorimi i ErrorCode gjithashtu lejon trajtimin dhe shp\u00ebrndarjen e gabimeve pa alokimin e memories n\u00eb heap, gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kritike p\u00ebr trajtimin e situatave t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb memories (OOM). <\/p>\n
Trajtimi i situatave t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb memories (Out of Memory, OOM) n\u00eb Nimony \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar duke u distancuar nga praktika e zakonshme t\u00eb mbylljes s\u00eb papritur t\u00eb programit («die on OOM»). N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ofrohet nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm q\u00eb lejon aplikacionin t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb pun\u00ebn. Kontenier\u00ebt dhe operacionet e alokimit t\u00eb memories q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn, th\u00ebrrasin nj\u00eb trajtues ri t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm oomHandler. Implementimi i paracaktuar shkruan madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs s\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb variabl\u00eb t\u00eb lokalizuar n\u00eb thread dhe lejon q\u00eb ekzekutimi t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb. Gjendja e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb memories p\u00ebr thread-in aktual mund t\u00eb kontrollohet duke thirrur threadOutOfMem(). <\/p>\n
Zhvilluesi mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb nj\u00eb implementim t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr oomHandler, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr regjistrimin apo p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrprerjen e aplikacionit n\u00eb rast se nj\u00eb sjellje e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e preferuar. Nj\u00eb aspekt i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb trajtimi i operacioneve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb objekteve referuese (ref object), t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb OOM. N\u00eb Nimony, rezultati i k\u00ebtyre operacioneve (p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet new ose nd\u00ebrtuesve t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm) mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nil, dhe kompajleri e detyron trajtimin e k\u00ebtij rasti n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me punimin me llojet opsionale (Option), duke parandaluar k\u00ebshtu gabimet e dereferenc\u00ebs s\u00eb treguesit null. N\u00eb kontekstin e procedurave t\u00eb anotuar me {.raises.}, vlera e kthyer nil mund t\u00eb konvertohet automatikisht n\u00eb ErrorCode.OutOfMemError. <\/p>\n
Mekanizmi i programimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm (generics) n\u00eb Nimony ka zhvilluar m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa n\u00eb Nim 2.0. P\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimi kryesor q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se kontrolli i plot\u00eb i tipave t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm tani kryhet n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb tij, dhe jo vet\u00ebm kur instancohet me tipe specifike. Pritet q\u00eb kjo t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb identifikimin e gabimeve n\u00eb faza m\u00eb t\u00eb her\u00ebshme t\u00eb kompilimit, t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb mesazhe m\u00eb informuese p\u00ebr gabimet dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjen nga mjetet e zhvillimit (IDE), ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht autocompletion-in e kodit. <\/p>\n
Konceptele (concepts) q\u00eb tashm\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb Nim mbajn\u00eb rolin e tyre si mekaniz\u00ebm i p\u00ebrshkrimit statik t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr tipet parametrike t\u00eb funksioneve dhe tipeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme. Ato lejojn\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb formale t\u00eb spesifikohet se cilave operacione ose pron\u00ebsi duhet t'i p\u00ebrkoj\u00eb nj\u00eb tip p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n
Nimony synon t\u00eb unifikohet modelet e programimit asinkron dhe shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb n\u00ebn nj\u00eb konstruksion t\u00eb vet\u00ebm, spawn. Vendimi n\u00ebse nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb, e nisur p\u00ebrmes spawn, do t\u00eb ekzekutohet n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn kalim (asinkron) apo n\u00eb nj\u00eb kalim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb nga pool-i (shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb), merret nga planifikuesi gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit (runtime). Kjo vendos k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr argumentet q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb spawn: ato duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb sigurta p\u00ebr kalimet e shum\u00ebfishta. <\/p>\n
Implementimi i brendsh\u00ebm i modelit t\u00eb konkurrenc\u00ebs do t\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsit\u00eb (continuations), dhe kompileri do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb transformimin e programit n\u00eb stilin e kalimit t\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsive (Continuation-Passing Style, CPS). V\u00ebrehet se konstrukti spawn nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar si nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi e integruar e gjuh\u00ebs, por si nj\u00eb plugin i kompilerit. <\/p>\n
Paralelizmi konsiderohet si nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb krahasuar me konkurrenc\u00ebn. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar kod t\u00eb past\u00ebr paralel, orientuar nga llogaritjet (p.sh., trajtimi i grupeve t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave), Nimony do t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb konstruksione speciale, si ciklet paralel for, t\u00eb treguara me operatorin «||». Kjo do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb realizimin e algoritmeve paralel pa nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e variablave t\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit (flow vars), q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e dobishme p\u00ebr detyra t\u00eb llogaritjeve shkencore apo programimin p\u00ebr GPU. <\/p>\n
Sistemi i metaprogramimit t\u00eb Nim, i njohur p\u00ebr makros, n\u00eb Nimony evoluon drejt shtesave t\u00eb kompilatorit (compiler plugins). Shtesat jan\u00eb kod q\u00eb kompilohen n\u00eb instruksione natyrore dhe ekzekutohen n\u00eb faza t\u00eb vona t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb kompilatorit, pas faz\u00ebs s\u00eb verifikimit t\u00eb tipeve. Kjo i jep shtesave qasje n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha informacionet rreth tipeve dhe semantik\u00ebs s\u00eb kodit q\u00eb po analizohet. <\/p>\n
Jan\u00eb premtuar API m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr zhvillimin e shtesave. P\u00ebrdorimi i formatit nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs NIF (Nim Intermediate Format) gjithashtu do ta b\u00ebj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb implementimin e transformimeve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb kodit. Shtesat mund t\u00eb ekzekutohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb inkrementale dhe paralelisht, \u00e7ka ndihmon n\u00eb rritjen e produktivitetit t\u00eb kompilimit. <\/p>\n
Llojet e shtesave: <\/p>\n