{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn drejt teoris\u00eb themelore t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Origjina dhe natyra e p\u00ebrvojave t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshme \u2014 ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ato quhen me fjal\u00ebn latine qualia<\/b> \u2014 kan\u00eb qen\u00eb nj\u00eb mister p\u00ebr ne q\u00eb nga antikiteti deri n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e fundit. Shum\u00eb filozof\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ata modern\u00eb, e konsiderojn\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e saj nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb t\u00eb papranueshme me ato q\u00eb ata besojn\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb bota e materies dhe e boshll\u00ebkut, duke e shpallur at\u00eb iluzion. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ata ose e mohojn\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e qualia n\u00eb parim, ose deklarojn\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur ta studiojm\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kuptimplote p\u00ebrmes shkenc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse kjo tez\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u2014 ky artikull do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb i shkurt\u00ebr. Dhe n\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb titull nuk do t\u00eb kishte asgj\u00eb. Por ka disa gj\u00ebra\u2026<\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nN\u00ebse vet\u00ebdija nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohet me mjete shkencore, do t\u00eb duhej vet\u00ebm t\u00eb shpjegohej pse ju, un\u00eb dhe pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt jemi kaq t\u00eb sigurt se ne n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb kemi ndjenja. Megjithat\u00eb, dh\u00ebmbi i s\u00ebmur\u00eb m\u00eb shkaktoi nj\u00eb inflamacion. Nj\u00eb arsyetim i rafinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb bindur se dhimbja ime \u00ebsht\u00eb iluzore, as q\u00eb do t\u00eb m\u00eb ndihmonte pak nga k\u00ebto mundime. Un\u00eb nuk e kam simpati p\u00ebr nj\u00eb interpretim kaq t\u00eb paqart\u00eb t\u00eb lidhjes midis shpirtit dhe trupit, prandaj ndoshta do t\u00eb vazhdoj.<\/p>\n

Vet\u00ebdija \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ndjen (bazuar n\u00eb informacionin e organeve sensory) dhe pastaj p\u00ebrjeton (p\u00ebrmes perceptimit dhe kuptimit). <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb melodin\u00eb q\u00eb ngel n\u00eb kok\u00eb, shija e nj\u00eb \u00ebmb\u00eblsire me \u00e7okollat\u00eb, dhimbja e tmerrshme e dh\u00ebmbit, dashuria p\u00ebr nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb, t\u00eb menduarit abstrakt dhe kuptimi se nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ndjenjat do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb fund.<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt po afroheshin ngadal\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar misterin q\u00eb ka shqet\u00ebsuar filozof\u00ebt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Dhe kulmi i k\u00ebtyre k\u00ebrkimeve shkencore pritet t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb teori funksionale e strukturuar e vet\u00ebdijes. Shembulli m\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm i aplikimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie \u00ebsht\u00eb inteligjenca artificiale e plota (kjo nuk e p\u00ebrjashton mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e krijimit t\u00eb AI pa nj\u00eb teori t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes, p\u00ebrmes qasjeve empirike q\u00eb tashm\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e AI).<\/p>\n

Shumica e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve e pranojn\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen si nj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb lidhjen e saj me bot\u00ebn objektive, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shkenca e p\u00ebrshkruan. Nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli m\u00eb par\u00eb, Francis Crick dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt neurobiolog\u00ebt kognitiv\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> vendos\u00ebn ta l\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnjan\u00eb diskutimet filozofike rreth vet\u00ebdijes (t\u00eb cilat e shqet\u00ebsuan dijetar\u00ebt shkencor\u00eb q\u00eb nga koha e Aristotelit) dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb angazhohen n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e gjurm\u00ebve t\u00eb saj fizike. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht krijon vet\u00ebdijen n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb ngacmuar t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs cerebrale? Duke e ditur k\u00ebt\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt mund t\u00eb shpresojn\u00eb t\u00eb afrohen me zgjidhjen e nj\u00eb problemi m\u00eb themelor.
\nN\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, neurobiolog\u00ebt po k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb korelatet neurologjike t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes (NKS) \u2014 mekanizmat m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl neuronik\u00eb, n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar vet\u00ebdijesore n\u00eb ndjenja. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb tru q\u00eb ju t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoni dhimbje dh\u00ebmbi, p\u00ebr shembuj? A duhet q\u00eb disa qeliza nervore t\u00eb vibrojn\u00eb me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb magjike? A nevojitet aktivizimi i disa 'neuron\u00ebve t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes'? N\u00eb cilat zona t\u00eb trurit mund t\u00eb ndodhen ato qeliza?<\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Korelat neurologjike t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizimin e NKS, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb t\u00eb theksohet 'minimal'. Sepse truri si nj\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb mund t\u00eb konsiderohet NKS \u2014 \u00e7do dit\u00eb ai krijon ndjenja. Megjithat\u00eb, vendndodhja mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. Le t\u00eb marrim palc\u00ebn kurrizore \u2014 nj\u00eb tub fleksib\u00ebl nervor prej 46 cm brenda kolon\u00ebs vertebrale, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban rreth nj\u00eb miliard qelizash nervore. N\u00ebse p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb l\u00ebndimi palca kurrizore \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar plot\u00ebsisht deri n\u00eb zon\u00ebn qafore, i l\u00ebnduari paralizohet n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb, duar dhe trup, ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb zorr\u00ebn dhe fshik\u00ebz\u00ebn urinore dhe do t\u00eb jet\u00eb pa ndjenja trupore. Megjithat\u00eb, ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb paralizuar vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj: ata shohin, d\u00ebgjojn\u00eb, nuhasin, p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb emocione dhe e mbajn\u00eb mend po aq mir\u00eb sa para se ngjarja tragjike t\u00eb ndryshonte rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht jet\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n

Ose le t\u00eb marrim cerebellumin \u2014 'truri i vog\u00ebl' n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb trurit. Ky sistem cerebral, nj\u00eb nga m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetrit n\u00eb kuptimin evolucionar, merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb kontrollin e motorik\u00ebs, pozicionit t\u00eb trupit dhe ecjes, dhe gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr realizimin e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb sekuencave t\u00eb komplikuara t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve.
\nLoj\u00eb n\u00eb piano, shkrim n\u00eb tastier\u00eb, patinazh artistik ose ngjitje n\u00eb shk\u00ebmb \u2014 n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto aktivitete \u00ebsht\u00eb e angazhuar cerebellumi. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i pajisur me neuron\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm t\u00eb quajtur qelizat Purkinj\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb deg\u00eb q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb si korale deti dhe mbajn\u00eb nj\u00eb dinamik\u00eb elektrike komplekse. Dhe gjithashtu, cerebellumi p\u00ebrmban numrin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb neuron\u00ebve<\/b>, rreth 69 miliard\u00eb (kryesisht, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb laborator\u00ebt cerebellar\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb ylli) \u2014 kat\u00ebr her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb<\/b>, sesa mbar\u00eb trurin s\u00eb bashku (mbajeni mend \u2014 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb moment i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm).<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb ndodh me vet\u00ebdijen, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb person humb pjes\u00ebrisht cerebellumin p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb goditjeje ose nd\u00ebrhyrjeje kirurgjikale?<\/p>\n

Gati asgj\u00eb kritike p\u00ebr vet\u00ebdijen! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacient\u00ebt me k\u00ebt\u00eb l\u00ebndim ankohet p\u00ebr disa probleme, si nj\u00eb loj\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb rrjedhshme n\u00eb piano ose nj\u00eb shkrim m\u00eb pak t\u00eb zhd\u00ebrvjell\u00ebt n\u00eb tastier\u00eb, por kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr humbjen e plot\u00eb t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb aspekti t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes s\u00eb tyre. <\/p>\n

Studimi m\u00eb i detajuar mbi ndikimin e d\u00ebmtimeve t\u00eb cerebellumit n\u00eb funksionet njoh\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb kontekstin e sindrom\u00ebs afektive t\u00eb cerebellumit post-goditje.<\/a><\/noindex>Por edhe n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 problemeve koordinuese-hapsinore (m\u00eb sip\u00ebr), jan\u00eb identifikuar vet\u00ebm shqet\u00ebsime jo kritike n\u00eb aspektet ekzekutive t\u00eb menaxhimit, t\u00eb karakterizuara nga perserveracionet<\/a><\/noindex>, shp\u00ebrndarja dhe nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb aft\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Pajisja e gjer\u00eb cerebellare nuk ka lidhje me p\u00ebrjetimet subjektive. Pse? Nj\u00eb m\u00ebndje e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin e saj nervor - ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb ekskluzivisht homogjene dhe paralel.<\/h4>\n

\nCerebellumi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb thelb nj\u00eb rrjet i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i shp\u00ebrndarjes: nj\u00eb radh\u00eb neuron\u00ebsh ushqen radh\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, e cila, nga ana e saj, ndikon n\u00eb t\u00eb tretin. Nuk ka kthime t\u00eb feedback-ut q\u00eb rezonojn\u00eb n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb aktivitetit elektrik. M\u00eb tep\u00ebr, cerebellumi ndan funksionalisht n\u00eb qindra, n\u00ebse jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb, module t\u00eb pavarura llogaritjeje. Secili prej tyre funksionon paralelisht, me hyrje-dalje t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta dhe t\u00eb pavarura, t\u00eb cilat kontrollojn\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet ose sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme motorike ose njoh\u00ebse. Ato praktikisht nuk nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn, n\u00eb krahasim me vet\u00ebdijen - kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e patjet\u00ebrsueshme.<\/p>\n

M\u00ebsimi i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxirret nga analiza e palc\u00ebs s\u00eb kurrizit dhe cerebellumit \u00ebsht\u00eb se gjenialiteti i vet\u00ebdijes nuk lind thjesht n\u00eb \u00e7do vend t\u00eb ngacmimit t\u00eb indit nervor. Duhet di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr. Ky faktor shtes\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb substanc\u00ebn gri q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn k\u00ebrmimin e famsh\u00ebm t\u00eb cortexit t\u00eb trurit - sip\u00ebrfaqen e tij t\u00eb jashtme. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e disponueshme tregojn\u00eb se pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs t\u00eb ndjenjave jan\u00eb neokortikale<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb asaj.<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb ngushtohet edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb zona e vendndodhjes s\u00eb fokusit t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes. Le t\u00eb marrim, p\u00ebr shembull, eksperimente n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat syri i djatht\u00eb dhe ai i majt\u00eb ekspozohen ndaj stimujve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Imagjinoni se fotografia e \"Lad\u00ebs Priora\" \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr syrin tuaj t\u00eb majt\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa fotografia e \"Tesl\u00ebs S\" - vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb djathtin. Mund t\u00eb supozohet se do t\u00eb shihni nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb re nga mbivendosjet e Lad\u00ebs dhe Tesl\u00ebs nd\u00ebrmjet tyre. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebr disa sekonda do t\u00eb shihni Lad\u00ebn, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs do t\u00eb zhduket dhe do t\u00eb shfaqet Tesla - pastaj ajo do t\u00eb zhduket dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri do t\u00eb shfaqet Lada. Dy imazhe do t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb vazhdimisht nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn - shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e quajn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gar\u00eb binokulare, ose gar\u00eb retinike. Informacioni ambigu i futet n\u00eb tru, dhe ai nuk mund t\u00eb vendos\u00eb: \u00ebsht\u00eb Lada apo Tesla?<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse ndodheni brenda nj\u00eb tomografi q\u00eb regjistron aktivitetin cerebral, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt v\u00ebrejn\u00eb aktivitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb zonash kortikale, t\u00eb cilat gjithashtu quhen \"zona e nxeht\u00eb e pasme\" (posterior hot zone). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb zona parietale, occipitale dhe temporale t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb pasme t\u00eb cortexit t\u00eb trurit, dhe ato luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol ky\u00e7 n\u00eb ndjekjen e asaj q\u00eb ne shohim. <\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb interesante se cortexi i par\u00eb vizual, i cili merr dhe transmeton informacionin q\u00eb vjen nga syt\u00eb, nuk reflekton at\u00eb q\u00eb sheh njeriu. Nj\u00eb ndarje e ngjashme e pun\u00ebs v\u00ebrehet gjithashtu p\u00ebr d\u00ebgjimin dhe ndjenj\u00ebn: cortexi i par\u00eb auditiv dhe cortexi i par\u00eb somatosensorik nuk kontribuojn\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs d\u00ebgjimore dhe somatosensorike. Perceptimi i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm (duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb imazhet e Lad\u00ebs dhe Tesl\u00ebs) lind n\u00eb etapat e m\u00ebvonshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit - n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e nxeht\u00eb t\u00eb pasme.<\/p>\n

Pra, imazhet vizuale, tingujt dhe p\u00ebrvojat e tjera t\u00eb jet\u00ebs lindin brenda cortexit t\u00eb pasm\u00eb t\u00eb trurit. Sa e p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb neurobiolog\u00ebt, pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrvojat e vet\u00ebdijshme kan\u00eb burimin pik\u00ebrisht atje. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Num\u00ebruesi i vet\u00ebdijes<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebr operacione, p\u00ebr shembull, pacient\u00ebt n\u00ebnvihen anestezis\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos l\u00ebvizin, t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb presionin e stabilizuar t\u00eb gjakut, t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb dhimbje, dhe m\u00eb pas t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb kujtime traumatike. fatkeq\u00ebsisht, kjo nuk arrihet gjithmon\u00eb: \u00e7do vit qindra pacient\u00eb n\u00ebn efektin e anestezis\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb kategori tjet\u00ebr pacient\u00ebsh me d\u00ebmtime t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb trurit nga trauma, infeksionet ose helmimi i r\u00ebnd\u00eb mund t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb pa pasur mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb folur ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb reaguar ndaj thirrjeve. T\u00eb d\u00ebshtosh t\u00eb provosh se ata ndiejn\u00eb jet\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb tep\u00ebr e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb.<\/h4>\n

\nImagjinoni nj\u00eb astronaut t\u00eb humbur n\u00eb univers, i cili i p\u00ebrkushtohet p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb qendr\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb fluturimeve p\u00ebr t'u lidhur me t\u00eb. Radiot q\u00eb jan\u00eb prishur nuk transmetojn\u00eb z\u00ebrin e tij, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb bota ta mendonte at\u00eb si t\u00eb humbur. E nj\u00ebjta situat\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruaj\u00eb pa shpres\u00eb pacient\u00ebt, truri i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve i ka larguar ata nga kontakti me bot\u00ebn, nj\u00eb lloj forme ekstreme e izolimit.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 2000, Giulio Tononi nga Universiteti i Wisconsin-Madison dhe Marcello Massimini aplikuan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00ebse nj\u00eb person \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije apo jo.<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt vendosnin nj\u00eb bobin\u00eb me tela mbi kok\u00eb dhe d\u00ebrgonin nj\u00eb goditje elektrike (zap) - nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb magnetike q\u00eb shkaktonte nj\u00eb rrym\u00eb elektrike t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme. Kjo aktivizonte dhe frenonte qelizat partnere t\u00eb neuroneve n\u00eb zonat e lidhura t\u00eb zinxhirit, dhe vala rezononte p\u00ebrmes korteksit t\u00eb trurit deri sa aktiviteti ndalonte.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb rrjet i sensor\u00ebve t\u00eb elektroencefalogram\u00ebs t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb kok\u00eb regjistronte sinjalet elektrike. Me kalimin gradual t\u00eb sinjaleve, gjurm\u00ebt e tyre, secila p\u00ebrgjigjeje nj\u00eb pike t\u00eb caktuar n\u00ebn sip\u00ebrfaqen e kafk\u00ebs, u transformuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb film.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimet nuk treguan nj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm - por as nuk ishin krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. <\/h4>\n

\n\u00cbsht\u00eb interesant se sa m\u00eb parashikues ishin ritmet q\u00eb ndizeshin dhe fiken, aq m\u00eb e lart\u00eb ishte pjesa e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb q\u00eb truri ishte n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshme. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e mat\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb supozim duke kompresuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e videos me nj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb arkivuar skedar\u00ebt kompjuterik\u00eb n\u00eb formatin ZIP. Kompresimi ofroi nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb kompleksitetit t\u00eb reagimit t\u00eb trurit. Vullnetar\u00ebt q\u00eb ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije treguan nj\u00eb \"ndezje kompleksiteti t\u00eb perturbacioneve\" nga 0.31 deri n\u00eb 0.70, nd\u00ebrsa indeksi ra posht\u00eb 0.31 n\u00ebse ata ishin n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb thell\u00eb gjumi ose n\u00ebn anestezi.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas ekipi testoi zip and zap n\u00eb 81 pacient\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin n\u00eb nj\u00eb vet\u00ebdije minimale ose ishin t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm (n\u00eb koma). N\u00eb grupin e par\u00eb, q\u00eb tregonte disa shenja t\u00eb sjelljes jo-refleksive, metoda tregoi sakt\u00ebsisht se 36 nga 38 ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije. Nga 43 pacient\u00ebt n\u00eb gjendje \"perimesh\", t\u00eb cil\u00ebve t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit p\u00ebrball\u00eb krevatit t\u00eb spitalit nuk mund\u00ebn asnj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushnin nj\u00eb komunikim, 34 u klasifikuan si t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebnt\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb jo. Truri i tyre reagoi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me ata q\u00eb ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije, q\u00eb tregonte se ata gjithashtu ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije, por nuk ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb komunikonin me t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebrkimet aktuale synojn\u00eb standardizimin dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e metodologjis\u00eb p\u00ebr pacient\u00ebt neurologjik\u00eb, si dhe zgjerimin e saj n\u00eb pacient\u00ebt e departamenteve psikiatrike dhe pediatrike. Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt do t\u00eb identifikojn\u00eb nj\u00eb grup specifik mekanizmash nervor\u00eb q\u00eb krijojn\u00eb p\u00ebrjetime. <\/h4>\n

\n\"N\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb thelb na nevojitet nj\u00eb teori shkencore bind\u00ebse e vet\u00ebdijes, q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjej n\u00eb pyetjen se n\u00eb cilat kushte nj\u00eb sistem fizik i caktuar - qoft\u00eb nj\u00eb zinxhir i nd\u00ebrlikuar neuronesh apo transistor\u00ebsh silikoni - ndien p\u00ebrjetime. Dhe pse cil\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrjetimeve ndryshon? Pse nj\u00eb qiell i past\u00ebr blu ndjehet ndryshe nga p\u00ebrplasja e nj\u00eb violine t\u00eb keq t\u00eb kaluar? A ka ndonj\u00eb funksion specifik p\u00ebr k\u00ebto dallime n\u00eb ndjenja? N\u00ebse po, cili? Teoria do t\u00eb mund\u00ebsoj\u00eb parashikimin e cilat sisteme do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ndiejn\u00eb di\u00e7ka. N\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb teorie me parashikime t\u00eb vler\u00ebsueshme, \u00e7do p\u00ebrfundim p\u00ebr vet\u00ebdijen e makinave mb\u00ebshtetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb ndjenj\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, si\u00e7 e ka treguar historia e shkenc\u00ebs, duhet t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetemi me kujdes.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga teorit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes \u00ebsht\u00eb teoria e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs globale neuronale t\u00eb pun\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), e propozuar nga psikologu Bernard Baars dhe neurobiolog\u00ebt Stanislas Dehaene dhe Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nS\u00eb pari, ata pretendojn\u00eb se, kur nj\u00eb person e kupton di\u00e7ka, informacioni i k\u00ebsaj njohurie arrin n\u00eb shum\u00eb zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb trurit. Ndryshe nga kjo, kur nj\u00eb person vepron pa e kuptuar, informacioni lokalizohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb caktuar ndijor-l\u00ebviz\u00ebs (senzorik-motorik). P\u00ebr shembull, kur shkruani shpejt, ju e b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb automatike. N\u00ebse ju pyesin se si e b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjeni, sepse keni akses t\u00eb kufizuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion, i cili lokalizohet n\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebt nervor\u00eb q\u00eb lidhin syt\u00eb me l\u00ebvizjet e shpejta t\u00eb gishtave. <\/p>\n

Disponueshm\u00ebria globale krijon vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegjeje, pasi n\u00ebse nj\u00eb proces \u00ebsht\u00eb i aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb proceset e tjera, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb aksesues p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb \u2013 gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me gjith\u00e7ka. K\u00ebshtu realizohet mekanizmi i shtypjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrketimeve alternative.<\/b>
\nNj\u00eb teori e till\u00eb shpjegon mir\u00eb \u00e7do \u00e7rregullim psikik, ku d\u00ebshtimi i qendrave funksionale t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, t\u00eb lidhura me modelet e aktivitetit neuronik (apo nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi zone t\u00eb trurit), sjellin d\u00ebmtime n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb \"hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs punuese\", duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb deformuar n\u00eb krahasim me gjendjen \"n\u00eb norm\u00eb\" (t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetsh\u00ebm).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn drejt nj\u00eb teorie themelore<\/h2>\n

\nTeoria \"GWT\" pretendon se nd\u00ebrgjegjja lind nga nj\u00eb tip t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit: ajo na \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur q\u00eb nga koha e lindjes s\u00eb AI-s\u00eb, kur programet speciale kishin akses n\u00eb nj\u00eb depo t\u00eb vog\u00ebl publike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. \u00c7do informacion i shkruar n\u00eb \"tabel\u00ebn e njoftimeve\" b\u00ebhej i aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb procesesh ndihm\u00ebse \u2014 memoria e p\u00ebrkohshme, gjuha, moduli i planifikimit, njohja e fytyrave, objekteve, etj. Sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, nd\u00ebrgjegjja shfaqet kur informacioni i hyrjes sensorial t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb tabel\u00eb i kalon shum\u00eb sistemeve njoh\u00ebse \u2014 dhe ato i p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr riprodhimin e gjuh\u00ebs, ruajtjen n\u00eb memorie ose kryerjen e veprimeve.<\/p>\n

Duke qen\u00eb se vendi n\u00eb nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb njoftimesh \u00ebsht\u00eb i kufizuar, n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb caktuar ne mund t\u00eb kemi vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl informacioni. Rrjeti i neuroneve q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb k\u00ebto mesazhe ndodhet, supozohet, n\u00eb lobet frontale dhe parietale.<\/b><\/p>\n

Sapo q\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb kufizuara (t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara) d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb rrjet dhe b\u00ebhen publike, informacioni b\u00ebhet i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se subjekti e kupton at\u00eb. Makinerit\u00eb moderne ende nuk e kan\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb kompleksitetit kognitiv, por ky \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje kohe. <\/p>\n

Teoria \u00abGWT\u00bb pohon se kompjuter\u00ebt e s\u00eb ardhmes do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria e p\u00ebrgjithshme informative p\u00ebr vet\u00ebdijen (IIT), e zhvilluar nga Tononi dhe bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e tij, p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb pik\u00ebnisje krejt tjet\u00ebr \u2014 p\u00ebrjetimet vet\u00eb. \u00c7do p\u00ebrjetim ka karakteristika t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb immanent, ekziston vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr subjektin si \u00abpronar\u00bb; \u00ebsht\u00eb i strukturuar (nj\u00eb taksi e verdh\u00eb ndalon nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb qen i kafshuar kalon rrug\u00ebn); dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb konkret \u2014 ndryshon nga \u00e7do p\u00ebrjetim tjet\u00ebr vet\u00ebdij\u00ebsor, si nj\u00eb \u043a\u0430\u0434\u00ebr i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb film. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i plot\u00eb dhe i p\u00ebrcaktuar. Kur n\u00eb nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb qart\u00eb uleni n\u00eb nj\u00eb park n\u00eb nj\u00eb stol dhe v\u00ebzhgoni f\u00ebmij\u00ebt n\u00eb loj\u00eb, element\u00ebt e ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb eksperienc\u00ebs \u2014 era q\u00eb jep ndjenj\u00ebn e l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb flok\u00ebve, ndjenja e g\u00ebzimit nga t\u00eb qeshurat e vog\u00eblush\u00ebve \u2014 nuk mund t\u00eb ndahet nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri pa iu hequr asaj p\u00ebrjetimi me at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tononi postulat, se k\u00ebto veti \u2014 pra dhe nj\u00eb nivel i caktuar vet\u00ebdij\u00ebsie \u2014 ka \u00e7do mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar dhe t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhur, n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit \u00ebsht\u00eb enkriptuar nj\u00eb grup lidhjesh t\u00eb shkak-p\u00ebrgjigje. Kjo do t\u00eb perceptohet si nj\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb buron nga brenda.<\/p>\n

Por n\u00ebse, si\u00e7 ndodh me cerebellerin, mekanizmit i mungon kompleksiteti dhe lidhshm\u00ebria, ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijesohet p\u00ebr asgj\u00eb. Si\u00e7 thot\u00eb kjo teori, <\/p>\n

vet\u00ebdija \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aft\u00ebsi rast\u00ebsore e pashk\u00ebputshme, e lidhur me mekanizma t\u00eb till\u00eb kompleks\u00eb si truri i njeriut.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria gjithashtu nxjerr nga kompleksiteti q\u00eb q\u00ebndron pas struktur\u00ebs s\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb vet\u00ebm jo negativ \u03a6 (shkruhet \u201cfi\u201d), i cili shpreh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e k\u00ebt\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshm\u00ebri. N\u00ebse \u03a6 \u00ebsht\u00eb zero, sistemi nuk e njeh veten fare. P\u00ebrkundrazi, sa m\u00eb i madh t\u00eb jet\u00eb numri, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb forc\u00eb rast\u00ebsore thelb\u00ebsore ka sistemi dhe aq m\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb ai. Nj\u00eb truri, t\u00eb cilit i takon lidhshm\u00ebria e madhe dhe shum\u00eb specifike, ka nj\u00eb \u03a6 shum\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe kjo n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshm\u00ebrie. Teoria shpjegon fakte t\u00eb ndryshme: p\u00ebr shembull, pse cerebelumi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i angazhuar n\u00eb vet\u00ebdij\u00ebsi ose pse num\u00ebruesi zip and zap funksionon realisht (numrat e dh\u00ebn\u00eb nga num\u00ebruesi jan\u00eb \u03a6 n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsi t\u00eb groposur).<\/p>\n

Teoria \u00abIIT\u00bb parashikon se simulatimi i avancuar i trurit njer\u00ebzor mbi nj\u00eb kompjuter digjital nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm \u2014 madje n\u00ebse fjalimi i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb i pa dalluesh\u00ebm nga ai njer\u00ebzor. Ashtu si simulimi i gravitationalizmit t\u00eb mas\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb nuk deformon kontinumin hap\u00ebsinor dhe kohor p\u00ebrreth produktit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nga kompjuteri, e programuar<\/b> vet\u00ebdija nuk do t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb kurr\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm. Giulio Tononi dhe Marcello Massimini, revista \u00abNature\u00bb 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sipas IIT \u2014 vet\u00ebdija nuk mund t\u00eb llogaritet dhe t\u00eb matet: ajo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e inkorporuar n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e sistemit.<\/h3>\n

\nDetyra kryesore e neurobiolog\u00ebve modern\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin t\u00eb gjitha mjetet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara q\u00eb kan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar lidhjet e pafund mes neuron\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm q\u00eb formojn\u00eb trurin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb tej gjurm\u00ebt neuronale t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh kompleksitetin e organizimit t\u00eb CNS-s\u00eb, do t\u00eb ndodhin dekada. Dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb nj\u00eb teori themelore mbi fragmente ekzistuese. Nj\u00eb teori q\u00eb do t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb enigm\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs son\u00eb: si nj\u00eb organ q\u00eb peson 1.36 kg dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebrja e t\u00eb cilit i ngjan tofu-s\u00eb soje, mish\u00ebron ndjenj\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrdorimet m\u00eb interesante t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie t\u00eb re, sipas mendimit tim \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e krijimit t\u00eb AI-s\u00eb, e cila ka vet\u00ebdij\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja \u2014 ndjenja. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, teoria themelore e vet\u00ebdijes do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb zhvillimin e metodave dhe rrug\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb evolucion m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00ebsive kognitive t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve. Njeriut \u2014 t\u00eb ardhmes. <\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n
\nBurimi kryesor<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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