{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn drejt nj\u00eb teorie themelore t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Origjina dhe natyra e p\u00ebrjetimeve t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshme \u2014 ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb i quajn\u00eb me fjal\u00ebn latine qualia<\/b> \u2014 ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb mister p\u00ebr ne nga antikiteti i hersh\u00ebm deri n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e fundit. Shum\u00eb filozof\u00eb t\u00eb mendjes dhe p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ata modern\u00eb e konsiderojn\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e vet\u00ebdijes si nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb t\u00eb papranueshme ndaj asaj q\u00eb, sipas mendimit t\u00eb tyre, \u00ebsht\u00eb bota e materies dhe boshll\u00ebkut, duke e shpallur at\u00eb iluzion. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ata ose e mohojn\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e qualia n\u00eb parim, ose shpallin se nuk mund t\u00eb studiohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb arsyeshme me an\u00eb t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Sikur kjo gjykim t\u00eb ishte e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u2014 ky artikull do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb i shkurt\u00ebr. Dhe posht\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb kishte asgj\u00eb. Por ka di\u00e7ka\u2026<\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nN\u00ebse vet\u00ebdija nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohet me ndihm\u00ebn e instrumenteve shkencore, do t\u00eb duhej vet\u00ebm t\u00eb shpjegohej pse ju, un\u00eb dhe pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt jemi kaq t\u00eb sigurt se ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kemi ndjenja. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb dhimbje dh\u00ebmbi m\u00eb shkaktoi edem\u00eb. Nj\u00eb argument i sofistikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb bindur q\u00eb dhimbja ime \u00ebsht\u00eb iluzore, nuk do t\u00eb m\u00eb liroj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto mundime as edhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7ast. Nuk ndiej simpati p\u00ebr nj\u00eb interpretim t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb pafund mbi lidhjen mes shpirtit dhe trupit, ndoshta prandaj do t\u00eb vazhdoj.<\/p>\n

Vet\u00ebdija \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ndjen (n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb informacionit nga organet e ndjenjave), dhe pastaj e p\u00ebrjeton (p\u00ebrmes perceptimit dhe reflektimit). <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb melodi e ngjyer n\u00eb kok\u00eb, shija e nj\u00eb \u00ebmb\u00eblsire me \u00e7okollat\u00eb, dhimbja e r\u00ebnd\u00eb e dh\u00ebmbit, dashuria p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebn, mendimi abstrakt dhe kuptimi se nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ndjenjat do t'i vij\u00eb fundi.<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt po afrohen ngadal\u00eb n\u00eb zgjidhjen e misterit q\u00eb i ka shqet\u00ebsuar filozof\u00ebt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Dhe kulminimi i k\u00ebtyre k\u00ebrkimeve shkencore pritet t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb teori e strukturuar e vet\u00ebdijes. Shembulli m\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm i aplikimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie \u00ebsht\u00eb inteligjenca artificiale e plot\u00eb (kjo nuk p\u00ebrjashton mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e shfaqjes s\u00eb IA-s\u00eb pa teorin\u00eb e vet\u00ebdijes, por mbi baz\u00ebn e qasjeve ekzistuese empirike n\u00eb zhvillimin e IA-s\u00eb)<\/p>\n

Shumica e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve e pranojn\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen si t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb lidhjen e saj me bot\u00ebn objektive, e cila p\u00ebrshkruhet nga shkenca. Nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli m\u00eb par\u00eb, Francis Crick dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt neurobiolog\u00ebt kognitiv\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnjan\u00eb diskutimet filozofike mbi vet\u00ebdijen (t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar njer\u00ebzit shkencor\u00eb t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn q\u00eb nga koha e Aristotelit) dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb nisin k\u00ebrkimin e gjurm\u00ebve t\u00eb saj fizike. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb ndjeshme t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs cerebrale krijon vet\u00ebdijen? Duke e m\u00ebsuar k\u00ebt\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt shpresojn\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb p\u00ebrparime n\u00eb zgjidhjen e nj\u00eb problemi m\u00eb themelor.
\nN\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, neurobiolog\u00ebt po k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb korrelatat neuronale t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes (KNV) \u2014 mekanizmat neuronale m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla, q\u00eb kolektivisht mjaftojn\u00eb p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb specifike t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshme n\u00eb ndjenja. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb tru, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeni dhimbje dh\u00ebmbi, p\u00ebr shembull? A duhet q\u00eb disa qeliza nervore t\u00eb vibrojn\u00eb me ndonj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb magjike? A duhet t\u00eb aktivizohen ndonj\u00eb \"neurone t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes\"? N\u00eb cilat zona t\u00eb trurit mund t\u00eb ndodhen k\u00ebto qeliza?<\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Korrelatat neuronale t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin e KNV, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksohet \"minimal\". Sepse truri si nj\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb mund t\u00eb merret si KNV \u2014 \u00e7do dit\u00eb ai krijon ndjenja. Megjithat\u00eb, vendndodhjen mund ta precizojm\u00eb edhe m\u00eb sakt\u00eb. Le t\u00eb marrim palc\u00ebn kurrizore \u2014 nj\u00eb tub fleksib\u00ebl nervor i gjat\u00eb 46 centimetra brenda vertebrave, i cili p\u00ebrmban rreth nj\u00eb miliard qelizash nervore. N\u00ebse si pasoj\u00eb e nj\u00eb l\u00ebndimi, palca e kurrizit \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar plot\u00ebsisht deri n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e qaf\u00ebs, i l\u00ebnduari paralizohet n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb, duar dhe trup, nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb zorr\u00ebt dhe fshik\u00ebz\u00ebn e urin\u00ebs dhe do t\u00eb jet\u00eb pa ndjenja trupore. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebta paralizues vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb njohin jet\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj: ata shohin, d\u00ebgjojn\u00eb, nuhasin, p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb emocione dhe kujtojn\u00eb dhe aq mir\u00eb sa m\u00eb par\u00eb se ndodhi incidenti tragjik q\u00eb i ndryshoi jet\u00ebn thell\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\n

Ose t\u00eb marrim cerebellumin \u2014 \"truri i vog\u00ebl\" n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb trurit. Ky sistem cerebral, nj\u00eb nga m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetrat n\u00eb sensin e evolucionit, merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb kontrollin e motorik\u00ebs, pozit\u00ebs s\u00eb trupit dhe ecjes, si dhe p\u00ebrgjigjet p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfundimin e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb sekuencave komplekse t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve.
\nLuajtja e pianos, shkruarja n\u00eb tastier\u00eb, patinazhi artistik ose ngjitja n\u00eb shk\u00ebmb \u2014 n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto aktivitete \u00ebsht\u00eb i angazhuar cerebellumi. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i pajisur me neuron\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb quajtur qelizat Purkinje, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb deg\u00ebza, q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb si korale t\u00eb detit, dhe fshehin nj\u00eb dinamik\u00eb elektrike t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar. Dhe gjithashtu, cerebellumi p\u00ebrmban numrin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb neuron\u00ebve<\/b>, rreth 69 miliard\u00eb (kryesisht k\u00ebto jan\u00eb labrocitet cerebellare n\u00eb form\u00eb ylli) \u2014 kat\u00ebr her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb<\/b>, se s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb gjith\u00eb trurin (mbani mend \u2014 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb moment i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm).<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb ndodh me vet\u00ebdijen n\u00ebse nj\u00eb njeri humbet pjes\u00ebrisht cerebellumin si rezultat i nj\u00eb goditjeje apo n\u00ebn skalpelin e kirurgut?<\/p>\n

Gati asgj\u00eb kritike p\u00ebr vet\u00ebdijen! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacient\u00ebt me nj\u00eb d\u00ebmtim t\u00eb till\u00eb ankohen p\u00ebr disa probleme, si performanc\u00eb m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt n\u00eb piano ose m\u00eb pak aft\u00ebsi n\u00eb shkruarjen n\u00eb tastier\u00eb, \u2014 por kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr humbjen e plot\u00eb t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb aspekti t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes s\u00eb tyre. <\/p>\n

Hulumtimi m\u00eb i detajuar mbi ndikimin e d\u00ebmtimeve t\u00eb cerebellumit n\u00eb funksionet kognitive \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb kontekstin e sindrom\u00ebs afektive cerebellare post-inskult<\/a><\/noindex>. Por edhe n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 problemeve koordinuese-hapsinore (t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendura m\u00eb sip\u00ebr), jan\u00eb identifikuar vet\u00ebm \u00e7rregullime jo kritike t\u00eb aspekteve ekzekutive t\u00eb kontrollit, t\u00eb karakterizuara nga persveracione<\/a><\/noindex>, shp\u00ebrndarje dhe nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Struktura e gjer\u00eb e cerebellumit nuk ka lidhje me p\u00ebrjetimet subjektive. Pse? Nj\u00eb sugjerim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm e jep rrjeti i tij neutral \u2014 ai \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i nj\u00ebsuar dhe paralel.<\/h4>\n

\nCerebellumi \u00ebsht\u00eb praktikisht nj\u00eb rrjet i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb: nj\u00eb rresht neuron\u00ebsh ushqen rreshtin tjet\u00ebr, i cili, nga ana e tij, ndikon n\u00eb rreshtin e tret\u00eb. Atje nuk ka cikle kthimi q\u00eb rezonojn\u00eb p\u00ebrpara dhe prapa n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb aktivitetit elektrik. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, cerebellumi \u00ebsht\u00eb funksionalisht i ndar\u00eb n\u00eb qindra, n\u00ebse jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb, module t\u00eb pavarura t\u00eb llogaritjes. Secili prej tyre punon paralel, me hyrje-dalje t\u00eb izoluara dhe t\u00eb paambjente, q\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet ose sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme motorike ose kognitive. Ato gati nuk nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb rastin e vet\u00ebdijes \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e domosdoshme.<\/p>\n

M\u00ebsimi i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxjerrim nga analiza e palc\u00ebs s\u00eb kurrizit dhe cerebellumit \u00ebsht\u00eb se gjenialiteti i vet\u00ebdijes nuk lind kaq leht\u00eb n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb vend t\u00eb stimulimit t\u00eb indeve nervore. Duhet di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr. Ky faktor shtes\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb substanc\u00ebn gri q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn l\u00ebkur\u00ebn e famshme t\u00eb trurit \u2014 sip\u00ebrfaqen e tij t\u00eb jashtme. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e disponueshme tregojn\u00eb se n\u00eb krijimin e ndjesive marrin pjes\u00eb neokortikale<\/a><\/noindex> indet.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb ngushtohet m\u00eb tej zona e vendndodhjes s\u00eb fokusit t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes. Le t\u00eb imagjinojm\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, eksperimente n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat syri i djatht\u00eb dhe ai i majt\u00eb jan\u00eb ekspozuar ndaj stimujve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Imagjinoni se fotografia e \"Lada Priora\" \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr syrin tuaj t\u00eb majt\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa fotografia e \"Tesla S\" \u2013 vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr at\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb supozoni se do t\u00eb shihni nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb re nga p\u00ebrzierja e Lada dhe Tesl\u00ebs mbi nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebr disa sekonda do t\u00eb shihni Lada-n, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs do t\u00eb zhduket dhe do t\u00eb shfaqet Tesla \u2013 m\u00eb pas ajo do t\u00eb zhduket dhe do t\u00eb shfaqet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri Lada. Dy imazhe do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrronin pa fund nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn \u2013 shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e quajn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gar\u00eb binocular, ose gar\u00eb retinash. Informacioni ambigu i vjen trurit nga jasht\u00eb, dhe ai nuk mund t\u00eb vendos\u00eb: a \u00ebsht\u00eb Lada apo Tesla?<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse ndodheni brenda nj\u00eb tomografi q\u00eb regjistron aktivitetin e trurit, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt konstaton aktivitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb zonash kortikale, t\u00eb cilat s\u00eb bashku quhen \"zona e nxeht\u00eb posteriore\" (posterior hot zone). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb zonat parietale, occipitale dhe temporale n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb korteksit t\u00eb trurit, dhe ato luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb ndjekjen e asaj q\u00eb ne shohim. <\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb interesante se korteksi vizual primar, i cili merr dhe transmeton informacionin q\u00eb vjen nga syt\u00eb, nuk pasqyron at\u00eb q\u00eb sheh njeriu. Nj\u00eb ndarje e ngjashme e pun\u00ebs v\u00ebrehet gjithashtu n\u00eb rastin e d\u00ebgjimit dhe prekje: korteksi primar auditiv dhe korteksi primar somatosensorial nuk kontribuojn\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e eksperienc\u00ebs d\u00ebgjimore dhe somatosensoriale. Perceptimi i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb imazhet e Lada dhe Tesl\u00ebs) krijon faza t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme p\u00ebrpunimi \u2013 n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e nxeht\u00eb posteriore.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, imazhet vizuale, tingujt dhe ndjesit\u00eb e tjera t\u00eb jet\u00ebs lindin brenda korteksit pasm\u00eb t\u00eb trurit. Sa ato q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjykojn\u00eb neurobiolog\u00ebt, pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrjetimet e vet\u00ebdijshme fillojn\u00eb atje. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Num\u00ebruesi i vet\u00ebdijes<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebr operacione, p\u00ebr shembull, pacient\u00ebt i n\u00ebnshtrohen anestezis\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ata t\u00eb mos l\u00ebvizin, t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb presionin e q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjakut, t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb dhimbje dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb kujtime traumatike. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, kjo nuk arrin gjithmon\u00eb: \u00e7do vit, qindra pacient\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb shkalle n\u00eb vet\u00ebdij\u00eb n\u00ebn efektin e anestezis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb kategori tjet\u00ebr pacient\u00ebsh me d\u00ebmtime t\u00eb r\u00ebnda n\u00eb tru t\u00eb shkaktuara nga trauma, infeksionet apo helmimi ekstrem mund t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb p\u00ebr vite pa pasur mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb flasin apo t\u00eb reagojn\u00eb ndaj thirrjeve. T\u00eb d\u00ebshmosh se ata ndjejn\u00eb jet\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb tejet e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb.<\/h4>\n

\nImagjinoni nj\u00eb astronaut t\u00eb humbur n\u00eb univers, i cili d\u00ebgjon p\u00ebrpjekjet e qendr\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb fluturimeve p\u00ebr t'u lidhur me t\u00eb. Radioja e d\u00ebmtuar nuk transmeton z\u00ebrin e tij, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb bot\u00ebn ta konsideroj\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb humbur. K\u00ebshtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhet situata fatkeqe e pacient\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve truri i d\u00ebmtuar u ka kufizuar kontaktin me bot\u00ebn, nj\u00eb lloj forme ekstreme e izolimit.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 2000, Giulio Tononi nga Universiteti i Wisconsin n\u00eb Madison dhe Marcello Massimini, aplikuan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur n\u00ebse nj\u00eb person \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije apo jo.<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt i vendosnin kok\u00ebs nj\u00eb spiral me tela t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtjell\u00eb dhe d\u00ebrgonin nj\u00eb goditje elektriciteti (zap) \u2014 nj\u00eb energji t\u00eb fort\u00eb magnetike q\u00eb shkaktonte nj\u00eb rrjedhje t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme elektrike. Kjo ngacmonte dhe ndalonte qelizat partnere neuronale n\u00eb zonat e lidhura t\u00eb rrjetit, dhe vala rezononte n\u00ebp\u00ebr korteksin e trurit deri sa aktiviteti shuheshin.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb rrjet i sensor\u00ebve t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb kok\u00eb regjistroi sinjalet elektrike. Me kalimin gradual t\u00eb sinjaleve, gjurm\u00ebt e tyre, secila q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb pik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar n\u00ebn sip\u00ebrfaqen e kafk\u00ebs, u transformuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb film.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimet nuk treguan nj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm tipik \u2014 por as nuk ishin krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. <\/h4>\n

\n\u00cbsht\u00eb interesante se sa m\u00eb parashikuesh\u00ebm ishin ritmet q\u00eb ndizeshin dhe zhdukeshin, aq m\u00eb e lart\u00eb ishte ndarja e probabilitetit q\u00eb truri t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshme. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt mas\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb supozim, duke kompresuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e videos me nj\u00eb algoritem q\u00eb arkivon skedar\u00ebt kompjuterik\u00eb n\u00eb formatin ZIP. Kompresimi ofroi nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb kompleksitetit t\u00eb reagimit t\u00eb trurit. Vullnetar\u00ebt q\u00eb ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije treguan nj\u00eb \"indeks t\u00eb kompleksitetit t\u00eb perturbacioneve\" nga 0.31 deri n\u00eb 0.70, nd\u00ebrsa indeksi rritej n\u00ebn 0.31, n\u00ebse ata ishin n\u00eb gjum\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb ose n\u00ebn anestezi.<\/p>\n

Pastaj ekipi testoi zip and zap mbi 81 pacient\u00eb q\u00eb ishin n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje minimale t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes ose jan\u00eb t\u00eb palogjiksh\u00ebm (n\u00eb koma). N\u00eb grupin e par\u00eb, i cili tregonte disa shenja t\u00eb sjelljes jo-refleksive, metoda tregoi sakt\u00ebsisht se 36 nga 38 ishin n\u00eb vet\u00ebdije. Nga 43 pacient\u00ebt n\u00eb gjendje \"perimesh\", me t\u00eb cil\u00ebt familjar\u00ebt te koka e krevatit t\u00eb spitalit nuk arrit\u00ebn kurr\u00eb t\u00eb komunikonin, 34 u klasifikuan si t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm, dhe n\u00ebnt\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb - jo. Truri i tyre reagoi nj\u00ebsoj si ai i atyre q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm, duke treguar se ishin gjithashtu t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm, por q\u00eb nuk ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb komunikonin me t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit.<\/p>\n

Studimet aktuale kan\u00eb si objektiv standardizimin dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e metodikave p\u00ebr pacient\u00ebt neurologjik\u00eb, si dhe p\u00ebrhapjen e saj p\u00ebr pacient\u00ebt e departamenteve psikiatrike dhe pediatrike. Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, studiuesit do t\u00eb zbulojn\u00eb nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb caktuar mekanizmash nervor\u00eb q\u00eb gjenerojn\u00eb p\u00ebrjetimet. <\/h4>\n

\n\"N\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb thelb, na nevojitet nj\u00eb teori shkencore bind\u00ebse p\u00ebr vet\u00ebdijen, e cila do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet n\u00eb pyetjen se n\u00eb cilat kushte nj\u00eb sistem fizike i caktuar - qoft\u00eb kjo nj\u00eb rrjet komplekse neuron\u00ebsh ose transistor\u00ebsh silikon - p\u00ebrjeton ndjenja. Dhe pse cil\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrvojave ndryshon? Pse nj\u00eb qiell i past\u00ebr blu ndihet ndryshe nga p\u00eblcitja e nj\u00eb violine t\u00eb keqakorduar? A ka ndonj\u00eb funksion t\u00eb caktuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebto dallime n\u00eb ndjenja? N\u00ebse po, cili \u00ebsht\u00eb ai? Teoria do t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb parashikimin se cilat sisteme do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb ndjenja. N\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb teorie me parashikime verifikueshme, \u00e7do arsyetim mbi vet\u00ebdijen e makinave mb\u00ebshtetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb ndjenj\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, si\u00e7 ka treguar historia e shkenc\u00ebs, duhet t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga teorit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen \u00ebsht\u00eb teoria e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs globale t\u00eb pun\u00ebs neuronale<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), e propozuar nga psikologu Bernard Baars dhe neurobiolog\u00ebt Stanislas Dehaene dhe Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nS\u00eb pari, ata pretendojn\u00eb se kur nj\u00eb person e vet\u00ebdijshon di\u00e7ka, shum\u00eb zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb trurit Marrin qasje n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion. Nd\u00ebrsa, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb person vepron pa vet\u00ebdije, informacioni lokalizohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ndijor-motorik (sensomotorik). P\u00ebr shembull, kur po shkruani shpejt, e b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb automatikisht. N\u00ebse pyetni se si e b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjeni, pasi keni nj\u00eb qasje t\u00eb kufizuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion, i cili lokalizohet n\u00eb rrjeta nervore q\u00eb lidhin syt\u00eb me l\u00ebvizjet e shpejta t\u00eb gishta. <\/p>\n

Disponibiliteti global lind vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes, pasi n\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb proces \u00ebsht\u00eb i disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha proceset e tjera, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha ato \u2013 gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me gjith\u00e7ka. K\u00ebshtu funksionon mekanizmi i suppressimit t\u00eb figurave alternative.<\/b>
\nNj\u00eb teori e till\u00eb shpjegon mir\u00eb \u00e7do \u00e7rregullim psikik, ku d\u00ebshtimet e qendrave funksionale t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, t\u00eb lidhura me modelet e aktivitetit njoh\u00ebs (ose nj\u00eb zone t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb trurit), sjellin devijime n\u00eb fluxin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb \"hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs punuese\", duke deformuar k\u00ebshtu imazhin krahasuar me gjendjen \"normale\" (t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi t\u00eb sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn drejt nj\u00eb teorie fundamentale<\/h2>\n

\nTeoria \"GWT\" pretendon se vet\u00ebdija buron nga nj\u00eb lloj i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb i p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit: ne e njohim k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00eb nga lindja e AI, kur programet speciale kishin akses n\u00eb nj\u00eb depo t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash publike. \u00c7do informacion i regjistruar n\u00eb \"pultin e njoftimit\" b\u00ebhej i aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb procesesh ndihm\u00ebse \u2014 memoria operative, gjuha, moduli i planifikimit, njohja e fytyrave, objekteve dhe etj. Sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, vet\u00ebdija lind kur informacioni sensorik i regjistruar n\u00eb pultin kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr shum\u00eb sisteme njoh\u00ebse \u2014 dhe ato p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr riprodhim verbal, ruajtje n\u00eb memorie ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb veprime.<\/p>\n

Duke qen\u00eb se hap\u00ebsira n\u00eb nj\u00eb pult t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar, n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb caktuar ne mund t\u00eb kemi vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb volum t\u00eb vog\u00ebl informacioni. Rrjeti i neuroneve q\u00eb transmeton k\u00ebto mesazhe ndoshta ndodhet n\u00eb pjes\u00ebt frontale dhe parietale.<\/b><\/p>\n

Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb pakta (t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara) transmetohen n\u00eb rrjet dhe b\u00ebhen publike, informacioni b\u00ebhet i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se subjekti e kupton at\u00eb. Makinerit\u00eb moderne ende nuk kan\u00eb arritur k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel t\u00eb till\u00eb kompleksiteti kognitiv, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje kohe. <\/p>\n

Teoria \u00abGWT\u00bb pohon se kompjuter\u00ebt e s\u00eb ardhmes do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria e p\u00ebrgjithshme informacionale e vet\u00ebdijes (IIT), e zhvilluara nga Tononi dhe koleg\u00ebt e tij, p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb pik\u00ebnisje krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndryshme - vet\u00eb p\u00ebrjetimet. \u00c7do p\u00ebrjetim ka karakteristika specifike. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb immanent, ekziston vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr subjektin si \u00abpronari\u00bb; \u00ebsht\u00eb strukturuar (taksi e verdh\u00eb ndalon, nd\u00ebrsa qeni kafk n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb kafe kalon rrug\u00ebn); dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb konkret - dallon nga \u00e7do p\u00ebrjetim tjet\u00ebr me vet\u00ebdije, si nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb kino. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i t\u00ebr\u00eb dhe i caktuar. Kur, n\u00eb nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb qart\u00eb, ulni n\u00eb nj\u00eb park n\u00eb nj\u00eb stol dhe shihni f\u00ebmij\u00ebt duke luajtur, element\u00ebt e ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs - era q\u00eb fryn p\u00ebrmes flok\u00ebve, ndjenja e g\u00ebzimit nga qeshjet e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve - nuk mund t\u00eb ndahen nga nj\u00ebra-tjetra pa u ndjer\u00eb se p\u00ebrvoja ka humbur at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tononi postulat se k\u00ebto pron\u00ebsi - dmth nj\u00ebfar\u00eb niveli t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes - ka \u00e7do mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar dhe t\u00eb lidhur, n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit \u00ebsht\u00eb e koduar nj\u00eb grup lidhjesh shkaku-pasojash. Kjo do t\u00eb ndjehet si di\u00e7ka q\u00eb buron nga brenda.<\/p>\n

Por, n\u00ebse, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti me cerebellumin, mekanizmi nuk ka kompleksitet dhe lidhje t\u00eb mjaftueshme, ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb asgj\u00eb. Sipas k\u00ebsaj teorie, <\/p>\n

vet\u00ebdija \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aft\u00ebsi e rast\u00ebsishme e pandashme, e lidhur me mekanizma t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar si truri njer\u00ebzor.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria gjithashtu nxjerr nga kompleksiteti i struktures t\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb vet\u00ebm jo negativ \u03a6 (i shqiptuar \u201cfy\u201d), i cili shpreh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb quantitativ k\u00ebt\u00eb vet\u00ebdije. N\u00ebse \u03a6 \u00ebsht\u00eb zero, sistemi nuk e kupton vetveten fare. P\u00ebrkundrazi, sa m\u00eb i madh t\u00eb jet\u00eb numri, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb fuqia e rast\u00ebsishme e pandashme e sistemit rritet dhe aq m\u00eb e vet\u00ebdijshme \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo. Truri, i cili ka nj\u00eb lidhshm\u00ebri kolosale dhe shum\u00eb specifike, ka nj\u00eb \u03a6 shum\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe kjo sugjeron nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes. Teoria shpjegon fakte t\u00eb ndryshme: p\u00ebr shembull, pse cerebellumi nuk p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen ose pse num\u00ebruesi zip and zap funksionon me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb (numrat e dh\u00ebn\u00eb nga num\u00ebruesi jan\u00eb \u03a6 n\u00eb nj\u00eb afrim t\u00eb groshe).<\/p>\n

Teoria \u00abIIT\u00bb parashikon se nj\u00eb simulim i avancuar i trurit njer\u00ebzor mbi infrastruktur\u00ebn e nj\u00eb kompjuteri digjital nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm \u2014 edhe n\u00ebse gjuha e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb ndahet nga ajo njer\u00ebzore. Ngjash\u00ebm, ashtu si simulimi i t\u00ebrheqjes masive gravitacionale t\u00eb nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb nuk deformon kontinuumin hap\u00ebsinor-kohor p\u00ebrreth kompjuterit q\u00eb zbaton kodin, i programuar<\/b> vet\u00ebdija nuk do t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb kurr\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm. Giulio Tononi dhe Marcello Massimini, revista \u00abNature\u00bb 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sipas IIT \u2014 vet\u00ebdija nuk mund t\u00eb llogaritet ose t\u00eb matet: ajo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e integruar n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e sistemit.<\/h3>\n

\nDetyra kryesore e neurobiolog\u00ebve modern\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin t\u00eb gjitha instrumentet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara n\u00eb studimin e lidhjeve t\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb neuron\u00ebve t\u00eb larmish\u00ebm q\u00eb formojn\u00eb trurin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb vijuar ndri\u00e7imin e gjurm\u00ebve neuronale t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh nd\u00ebrlikimin e sistemit nervor qendror, kjo do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb dekada. Dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht t\u00eb formulojn\u00eb nj\u00eb teori themelore mbi fragmentet ekzistuese. Nj\u00eb teori q\u00eb do t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb enigm\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs son\u00eb: si nj\u00eb organ q\u00eb peshon 1.36 kg dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebrja e t\u00eb cilit i ngjan tofu-s\u00eb s\u00eb soj\u00ebs, p\u00ebrfshin ndjenj\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga aplikimet m\u00eb interesante t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj teorie t\u00eb re, sipas mendimit tim \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e krijimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb Inteligjence Artificiale q\u00eb ka vet\u00ebdije dhe, m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja \u2014 ndjenja. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, teoria themelore e vet\u00ebdijes do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb zhvillimin e metodave dhe m\u00ebnyrave p\u00ebr realizimin e nj\u00eb evolucioni m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00ebsive njoh\u00ebse t\u00eb njeriut. Njeriut \u2014 t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb
\n
\nBurimi kryesor<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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