{"id":30047,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/razbiraemsya-v-protokole-konsensusa-stellar\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:25","slug":"razbiraemsya-v-protokole-konsensusa-stellar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/razbiraemsya-v-protokole-konsensusa-stellar","title":{"rendered":"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/09b61160286ae40c21269e1590fc2b92.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nProtokolli i konsensusit Stellar p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u p\u00ebrshkrua n\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stellar.org\/papers\/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf\">nj\u00eb artikull shkencor<\/a><\/noindex> nga David Mazier n\u00eb vitin 2015. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \"sistem federativ i marr\u00ebveshjes bizantine\", i cili lejon rrjetet e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb decentralizuar pa lider\u00eb t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive konsensus mbi nj\u00eb vendim t\u00eb caktuar. Rrjeti paguese Stellar p\u00ebrdor Protokollin Stellar t\u00eb Konsensusit (SCP) p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb konsoliduar t\u00eb transaksioneve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e shohin t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit.<\/p>\n<p>Mendohet se protokollet e konsensusit jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar. SCP \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb se shumica e tyre, por p\u00ebrs\u00ebri ndan k\u00ebt\u00eb reputacion \u2014 pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ides\u00eb s\u00eb gabuar se \"votimi federal\", i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb tem\u00eb e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb artikullit shkencor, \u00ebsht\u00eb SCP. Por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb! Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb bllok ndihm\u00ebs i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, i cili n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb artikullit p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar <i>protokollin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb<\/i> t\u00eb konsensusit Stellar.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, do t\u00eb shpjegojm\u00eb shkurtimisht se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \"sistemi i marr\u00ebveshjeve\", \u00e7far\u00eb mund ta b\u00ebj\u00eb at\u00eb \"bizantin\", dhe pse duhet ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb sistemin bizantin \"federativ\". Pastaj do t\u00eb shpjegojm\u00eb procedur\u00ebn federative t\u00eb votimit, si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshkruhet n\u00eb artikullin p\u00ebr SCP, dhe, n\u00eb fund, do t\u00eb shpjegojm\u00eb vet\u00eb protokollin SCP.<\/p>\n<h1>Sistemet e marr\u00ebveshjeve<\/h1>\n<p>\nSistemi i marr\u00ebveshjeve lejon nj\u00eb grup pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsish t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb konsensus mbi nj\u00eb tem\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, p\u00ebr shembull, \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb porosisin p\u00ebr drek\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Ne n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb Interstellar kemi implementuar sistemin ton\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeve p\u00ebr drek\u00eb: porosisim at\u00eb q\u00eb thot\u00eb menaxheri yn\u00eb operativ, John. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i thjesht\u00eb dhe efektiv i marr\u00ebveshjes. Ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb i besojm\u00eb John-it dhe besojm\u00eb se ai do t\u00eb gjej\u00eb di\u00e7ka interesante dhe ushqyese \u00e7do dit\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Por \u00e7far\u00eb do ndodhte n\u00ebse John abuzon me besimin ton\u00eb? Ai mund t\u00eb vendos\u00eb vet\u00eb se ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhemi vegan\u00eb. Pas nj\u00eb jave apo dy, ndoshta do ta heqim nga pozita dhe do t'ia japim fuqin\u00eb Elizabeth. Por ndoshta ajo e do avocado me an\u00e7oa dhe mendon se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhen t\u00eb till\u00eb. Fuqia korrupton. Prandaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb m\u00eb demokratike: nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u siguruar q\u00eb preferencat e ndryshme t\u00eb merren parasysh, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb sigurohet nj\u00eb rezultat t\u00eb qart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos ndodhur q\u00eb askush t\u00eb mos porosis\u00eb drek\u00eb, ose pes\u00eb persona t\u00eb vendosin porosi t\u00eb ndryshme, ose bisedat t\u00eb zgjaten deri n\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje.<\/p>\n<p>Duket se zgjidhja \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb: t\u00eb organizojm\u00eb nj\u00eb votim! Por ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb iluzion i rrem\u00eb. Kush do t'i mbledh\u00eb flet\u00ebt e votimit dhe do t'i raportoj\u00eb rezultatet? Dhe pse t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb besojn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb ai thot\u00eb? Ndoshta mund t\u00eb <i>votojm\u00eb fillimisht<\/i> p\u00ebr nj\u00eb lider, t\u00eb cilit i besojm\u00eb t\u00eb drejtoj\u00eb votimin \u2014 por kush do ta udh\u00ebheq\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb <i>i pari<\/i> votim? \u00c7far\u00eb ndodh n\u00ebse nuk arrijm\u00eb t\u00eb biem dakord p\u00ebr nj\u00eb lider? Ose n\u00ebse kemi nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje, por ky lider ngec n\u00eb nj\u00eb takim ose shkon n\u00eb spital?<\/p>\n<p>Probleme t\u00eb ngjashme ndodhin n\u00eb rrjetet komputerike t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit ose nyjet duhet t\u00eb bien dakord p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vendim t\u00eb caktuar, p\u00ebr shembull, se kujt i takon p\u00ebr t\u00eb azhurnuar nj\u00eb skedar t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb nga lista e pritjes. N\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet kriptovalutash, nyjet shpesh duhet t\u00eb zgjedhin se si duket historia e plot\u00eb, nga disa versione t\u00eb mundshme, q\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrplasen. Ky konsensus n\u00eb rrjet ofron garancin\u00eb p\u00ebr marr\u00ebsin, se monedha \u00ebsht\u00eb (a) e vlefshme (jo e falsifikuar) dhe (b) ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shpenzuar diku tjet\u00ebr. Kjo gjithashtu garanton se ai mund t\u00eb shpenzoj\u00eb monedhat n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, sepse marr\u00ebsi i ri do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat garanci p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat arsye.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7do sistem pajtimi n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet kompjuterik t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm ndaj d\u00ebshtimeve: ai duhet t\u00eb jap\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, pavar\u00ebsisht nga d\u00ebshtimet, t\u00eb tilla si linjat e ngadalta t\u00eb komunikimit, nyjet q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrgjigjen dhe rendi i gabuar i mesazheve. <i>Sistemi bizantin i marr\u00ebveshjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm ndaj \"gabimeve bizantine\": nyjeve q\u00eb japin informacione t\u00eb rreme, qoft\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gabimit ose n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje t\u00eb q\u00ebllimshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb minuar sistemin ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar ndonj\u00eb avantazh. Q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria \"bizantine\" - aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar vendimin e grupit, edhe kur disa an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb grupit mund t\u00eb g\u00ebnjejn\u00eb ose ndryshe t\u00eb mos ndjekin rregullat e vendimmarrjes - e mori emrin nga<\/i> ngjarja e gjeneral\u00ebve t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb Bizantine <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2\">, q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb koordinonin nj\u00eb sulm.<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb koordinonin nj\u00eb sulm. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/coinmonks\/a-note-from-anthony-if-you-havent-already-please-read-the-article-gaining-clarity-on-key-787989107969\">Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i mir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb nga Anthony Stevens.<\/p>\n<p>Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb pronarin e kriptomonedh\u00ebs, Alisa, e cila duhet t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb mes blerjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb akulli t\u00eb shijsh\u00ebm nga Bobi dhe shlyerjes s\u00eb borxhit t\u00eb Karol\u00ebs. Ndoshta Alisa d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb t\u00eb dyve n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, duke shpenzuar nj\u00eb monedh\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, ajo duhet t\u00eb bind\u00eb komputerin e Bobit se monedha nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb paguar kurr\u00eb Karol\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb bind\u00eb komputerin e Karol\u00ebs se monedha nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb paguar kurr\u00eb Bobit. Nj\u00eb sistem bizantin konsensusi e b\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb praktikisht t\u00eb pamundur, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb form\u00eb rregulli t\u00eb shumic\u00ebs, t\u00eb njohur si <i>kvorum<\/i>. Nj\u00eb nyje n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb till\u00eb refuzon t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb version t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb historis\u00eb derisa t\u00eb mos shoh\u00eb se nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i mjaftuesh\u00ebm nyjesh peer-to-peer \u2014 kvorumi \u2014 pajtohen me nj\u00eb kalim t\u00eb till\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb kjo, ata formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb bllok mjaft t\u00eb madh zgjedhor p\u00ebr t\u00eb detyruar nyjet e tjera t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb vendimin e tyre. Alisa mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb q\u00eb disa nyje t\u00eb g\u00ebnjejn\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb saj, por n\u00ebse rrjeti \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i madh, p\u00ebrpjekja e saj do t\u00eb shtypet nga z\u00ebrat e nyjeve t\u00eb ndershme.<\/p>\n<p>Sa nyje nevojiten p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kvorum? T\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, shumic\u00eb, dhe sakt\u00ebsisht, nj\u00eb shumic\u00eb kuorumi p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar gabimet dhe mashtrimet. Por p\u00ebr t\u00eb llogaritur shumic\u00ebn, duhet t\u00eb dihet numri total i pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve. N\u00eb zyr\u00ebn Interstellar ose n\u00eb zgjedhjet lokale, k\u00ebto numra jan\u00eb leht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb njohur. Por n\u00ebse grupi juaj \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet i dob\u00ebt t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin nyjet mund t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb dhe dalin sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs, pa u pajtuar me nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr, at\u00ebher\u00eb nevojitet nj\u00eb <i>sistem<\/i> t\u00eb konsensusit bizantin, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb kvorumet jo nga nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar paraprakisht t\u00eb nyjeve, por dinamikisht, nga nj\u00eb pamje q\u00eb ndryshon gjithmon\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb patjet\u00ebr e paplot\u00eb e nyjeve n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p>\n<p>Mund t\u00eb duket e pamundur t\u00eb krijosh nj\u00eb kvorum nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i nj\u00eb nyje n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur. Nj\u00eb kvorum i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb garantoj\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb votimit t\u00eb decentralizuar. Dokumenti teknik SCP tregon se si t\u00eb b\u00ebhet kjo p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb procedure t\u00eb quajtur <i>votimi federativ.<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h1>P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb paduruesh\u00ebm<\/h1>\n<p>\nPjesa tjet\u00ebr e artikullit shqipton m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje votimin federativ dhe protokollin e konsensusit Stellar. N\u00ebse nuk jeni t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr detajet, ja nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e p\u00ebrgjithshme e procesit.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nyjet zhvillojn\u00eb raunde votimi federativ mbi \"nominat\". Nj\u00eb raund votimi federativ do t\u00eb thot\u00eb:\n<ul>\n<li>Nyja voton p\u00ebr nj\u00eb propozim, p\u00ebr shembull, \"Un\u00eb propozoj vler\u00ebn V\";\n<\/li>\n<li>Nyja d\u00ebgjon z\u00ebrat e peer\u00ebve derisa t\u00eb gjej\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb \"pranoj\u00eb\";\n<\/li>\n<li>Nyja k\u00ebrkon \"kvorumin\" p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb propozim. Kvorumi \"konfirmon\" nominatin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sa m\u00eb shpejt q\u00eb nyja mund t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb njoftime, ajo p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb \"p\u00ebrgatit\u00eb\" \"flet\u00ebn e votimit\" p\u00ebrmes disa raundesh votimi federativ.\n<\/li>\n<li>Sa m\u00eb shpejt q\u00eb nyja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb verifikoj\u00eb gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e flet\u00ebs s\u00eb votimit, ajo p\u00ebrpiqet ta angazhoj\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrmes akoma m\u00eb shum\u00eb raundesh votimi federativ.\n<\/li>\n<li>Sa m\u00eb shpejt q\u00eb nyja mund t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb angazhimin e flet\u00ebs s\u00eb votimit, ajo mund t\u00eb \"eksternalizoj\u00eb\" vler\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj flet\u00eb votimi, duke e p\u00ebrdorur at\u00eb si nj\u00eb rezultat konsensusi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nK\u00ebto hapa p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb disa raunde votimi federativ, q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00ebrsin\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb raund SCP. Le t\u00eb shohim m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb detaje se \u00e7far\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb \u00e7do hap.<\/p>\n<h1>Votimi Federativ<\/h1>\n<p>\nVotimi federativ \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb procedur\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00ebse rrjeti mund t\u00eb pajtohet me nj\u00eb propozim. N\u00eb nj\u00eb raund votimi, secila nyje duhet t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb nj\u00eb nga shum\u00eb vlera potencialisht t\u00eb mundshme. Ajo nuk mund ta b\u00ebj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb derisa t\u00eb jet\u00eb e sigurt se nyjet e tjera n\u00eb rrjet nuk do t\u00eb zgjedhin nj\u00eb rezultat tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, nyjet shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb madhe mesazhesh p\u00ebr t'u kthyer, q\u00eb \u00e7do <i>konfirmoi<\/i>, q\u00eb <i>kvorum<\/i> nyje <i>pranon<\/i> t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn <i>zgjidhje<\/i>. Pjesa tjet\u00ebr e k\u00ebtij seksioni shpjegon termat n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb propozim dhe si ndodh e gjith\u00eb procedura.<\/p>\n<h1>Kvorumet dhe pjes\u00ebt e kvorumeve<\/h1>\n<p>\nLe t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me definimin e kvorumit. Si\u00e7 e kemi diskutuar m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb decentralizuar me an\u00ebtar\u00ebsim dinamik, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb dihet paraprakisht numri i nyjeve dhe, rrjedhimisht, sa nevojiten p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn. Votimi federativ zgjidh k\u00ebt\u00eb problem duke paraqitur nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb re <i>pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb kvorumit<\/i> (quorum slice): nj\u00eb grup i vog\u00ebl nyjesh peer-to-peer, t\u00eb cilave nj\u00eb nyje u beson p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar informacionin mbi gjendjen e votimit n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb rrjetit. \u00c7do nyje p\u00ebrcakton pjes\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb kvorumit (an\u00ebtari i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb nominalisht).<\/p>\n<p>Formimi i kvorumit fillon me pjes\u00ebn e kvorumit. P\u00ebr \u00e7do nyje, nyjet e saj t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb kvorumit shtohen. Pastaj, an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e pjes\u00ebve <i>t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre nyjeve<\/i> e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Me vazhdimin e procesit, po zbulohen gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb nyje q\u00eb nuk mund t'i shtoni, sepse ato jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb prerje. Kur nuk ka m\u00eb nyje t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr t'u shtuar, procesi ndalet: ne kemi formuar nj\u00eb kuorum p\u00ebrmes \"mbylljes transitive\" t\u00eb prerjes s\u00eb kuorumit t\u00eb nyj\u00ebs fillestare.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6991e3f9a22d920e4a5e9c161f32dee1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur nj\u00eb kuorum nga nj\u00eb nyje e dh\u00ebn\u00eb...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/52b3d435a8f4a67b56deb43c83fee828.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... shtojm\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e prerjes s\u00eb saj...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/0820e9ca560caf9ebfa92db8e7a1da85.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... pastaj shtojm\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e prerjeve t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre nyjeve.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/539933eb3c279fa7da68fc9049516fc8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Vazhdoni, derisa t\u00eb mos mbeten m\u00eb nyje p\u00ebr t'u shtuar.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/48058639262412514641063a10503a01.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/d068fb06f35337ae68c35b4606f329ae.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nuk ka mbetur asnj\u00eb nyje p\u00ebr t'u shtuar. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb kuorumi.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, \u00e7do nyje mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb an\u00ebtar i m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb prerje. P\u00ebr t\u00eb formuar nj\u00eb kuorum, zgjidhni vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nga prerjet dhe shtoni an\u00ebtar\u00ebt; pastaj zgjidhni \u00e7far\u00ebdo prerje p\u00ebr secilin nga an\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe shtoni an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e prerjeve dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se \u00e7do nyje \u00ebsht\u00eb an\u00ebtar i nj\u00eb gruaje t\u00eb mundshme kuorumi. <i>ky<\/i> Zgjidhni vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb prerje kuorumi n\u00eb \u00e7do hap.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3427406c132cfd1cd174b856a1239908.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nj\u00eb kuorum i mundsh\u00ebm. Ose nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb tjet\u00ebr...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79a8728890ecb36b2e127b1b76c44fc8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/22fe0422c73cdf5fb5416e389934c5c3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/60379efdde3b88fb9c86de6c5b4a0b62.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... zgjedhim prerje t\u00eb tjera...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/341f1e897be1474ee2d67324da2134b1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... (kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur)...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/8a6d605050b075bf935e6151bd1cbe2c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/865567aa370605b7cf10da3457c3d158.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>&#8230;(\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e)\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6343f774104454d62e7c8681bf25dbcb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Si e di nj\u00eb nyje n\u00eb cilat prerje jan\u00eb nyjet e tjera? Ashtu si me informacionin tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr nyjet e tjera: nga transmetimet q\u00eb \u00e7do nyje transmeton n\u00eb rrjet, kur ndryshon gjendja e saj t\u00eb votimit. \u00c7do transmetim p\u00ebrfshin informacion rreth prerjeve t\u00eb nyj\u00ebs d\u00ebrguese. N\u00eb dokumentin teknik SCP nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb specifikuar mekanizmi i komunikimit. Zbatimet zakonisht p\u00ebrdorin<\/i><\/p>\n<p>protokollin gossip <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gossip_protocol\">p\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar transmetimin e mesazheve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb rrjetin.<\/a><\/noindex> T\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb se n\u00eb sistemin e marr\u00ebveshjeve bizantine jo-federative, kuorumi p\u00ebrcaktohet si shumica e t\u00eb gjitha nyjeve. Sistemi i marr\u00ebveshjeve bizantine \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar me perspektiv\u00ebn se: sa nyje t\u00eb pabesa mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb sistemi? N\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem me N nyje, t\u00eb dizajnuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbijetuar me f d\u00ebshtime (mashtresa), nj\u00eb nyje duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb arrij\u00eb p\u00ebrparim duke marr\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje nga N\u2212f peer, sepse f prej tyre mund t\u00eb mos funksionojn\u00eb. Por duke marr\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje nga N\u2212f peer, mund t\u00eb supozohet se t\u00eb gjitha f peer (nga t\u00eb cilat nyja nuk ka marr\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje) n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm. K\u00ebshtu, t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme jan\u00eb f nga N\u2212f peer (nga t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigja). N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb nyjet t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb nj\u00eb konsensus, shumica e nyjeve t\u00eb tjera duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se na nevojitet q\u00eb N\u2212f t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe se 2f ose N &gt; 3f. Prandaj, zakonisht nj\u00eb sistem i projektuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbijetuar me f d\u00ebshtime do t\u00eb ket\u00eb gjithsej N=3f+1 nyje dhe madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e kuorumit 2f+1. Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb propozimi kalon pragun e kuorumit, an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit jan\u00eb t\u00eb bindur se \u00e7do propozim konkurrues do t\u00eb d\u00ebshtoj\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, rrjeti arrin n\u00eb nj\u00eb rezultat.<\/p>\n<p>Por n\u00eb sistemin e marr\u00ebveshjeve bizantine federative, jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb shumic\u00eb (sepse askush nuk e di madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb rrjetit), por koncepti i shumic\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht i padobish\u00ebm! N\u00ebse an\u00ebtar\u00ebsimi n\u00eb sistem \u00ebsht\u00eb i hapur, dikush mund t\u00eb fitoj\u00eb shumic\u00ebn thjesht duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb sulm t\u00eb tjer\u00eb: duke u bashkuar p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebrmes disa nyjeve. Pse, pra, mbyllja transpitive e prerjes mund t\u00eb quhet<\/p>\n<p>, dhe si \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb shtyp\u00eb propozimet konkurruese? <i>kvorum<\/i>Teknisht, ashtu si askund! Imagjinoni nj\u00eb rrjet me gjasht\u00eb nyje, ku dy grupe jan\u00eb t\u00eb izoluar n\u00eb prerjet e kuorumit nga nj\u00ebra-tjetra. Grupi i par\u00eb mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb vendim, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin n\u00ebna kurr\u00eb nuk do ta d\u00ebgjoj\u00eb, dhe anasjelltas. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb rrjet, nuk ka asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur konsensus (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 rast\u00ebsisht).<\/p>\n<p>Prandaj, SCP k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb p\u00ebr votimin federativ (dhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e teoremave t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb artikullit) rrjeti duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb pron\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur<\/p>\n<p>kryq\u00ebzimi i kuorumit <i>. N\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet me k\u00ebt\u00eb pron\u00eb, \u00e7do dy kuora q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohen gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb mbivendosen n\u00eb t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb nyje. P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar opinionin dominant t\u00eb rrjetit, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sa e mir\u00eb sa t\u00eb kesh shumic\u00ebn. Intuitivisht, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb kuorum bie dakord me deklarat\u00ebn X, asnj\u00eb kuorum tjet\u00ebr nuk mund t\u00eb bie dakord me ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, sepse ai do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb patjet\u00ebr nj\u00eb nyje nga kuorumi i par\u00eb q\u00eb ka votuar p\u00ebr X.<\/i>N\u00ebse n\u00eb rrjet ka kryq\u00ebzim kuorumi...<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/5b0aeec99e285b4bbeb92ec5b8dfe69d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00e7do dy kuora q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohen...<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/bdb3866cb02fb5991446f0cb0fa5a4fd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>... gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb mbivendosen.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/29ee8d1ce9fba6c5c24386ce1c1c639b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>(Sigurisht, nyjet e mbivendosura mund t\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb bizantin-pabesa ose t\u00eb k\u00ebqija n\u00eb aspekte t\u00eb tjera. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, kryq\u00ebzimi i kuorumit nuk ndihmon rrjetin t\u00eb arrij\u00eb pajtueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, shum\u00eb rezultate n\u00eb dokumentin teknik SCP bazohen n\u00eb supozime t\u00eb shprehura qart\u00eb, si ajo q\u00eb mbetet nj\u00eb kryq\u00ebzim kuorumi<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6f1ef2b9896669c10fd19f1acd52db70.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6849569e849ac3b5487d31e0bf22a596.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nedhe pas largimit t\u00eb nyjeve t\u00eb k\u00ebqija. <i>edhe pas fshirjes s\u00eb nyjeve t\u00eb k\u00ebqija<\/i>. P\u00ebr thjesht\u00ebsi, le ta l\u00ebm\u00eb k\u00ebto supozime <i>t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptuara<\/i> n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb artikullit).<\/p>\n<p>Mund t\u00eb duket e pamundur t\u00eb pritet q\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet me nyje t\u00eb pavarura t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb kuorumit. Por ka dy arsye pse kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Arsyeja e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekzistenca e vet\u00eb internetit. Interneti \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull ideal i nj\u00eb rrjeti me nyje t\u00eb pavarura q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb kuorumit. Shumica e nyjeve n\u00eb internet lidh\u00ebn vet\u00ebm me disa nyje lokale t\u00eb tjera, por k\u00ebto grupe t\u00eb vogla mbulojn\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb \u00e7do nyje t\u00eb jet\u00eb e aksesueshme nga \u00e7do nyje tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb rruge ose nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<p>Arsyeja e dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb specifike p\u00ebr rrjetin e pagesave Stellar (p\u00ebrdorimi m\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm i SCP). \u00c7do aktivi n\u00eb rrjetin Stellar ka nj\u00eb emisuer, dhe rekomandimet Stellar k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7do emisuer t\u00eb em\u00ebroj\u00eb nj\u00eb ose disa nyje n\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuar k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrblim. \u00cbsht\u00eb n\u00eb interesin tuaj t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshini drejtp\u00ebrdrejt ose t\u00ebrthor k\u00ebto nyje n\u00eb grupet e kuorumit p\u00ebr \u00e7do aktiv q\u00eb ju intereson. Pastaj, kuorumet p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha nyjet q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuara p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb aktiv do t\u00eb mbulojn\u00eb s\u00eb paku n\u00eb k\u00ebto nyje shp\u00ebrblimi. Nyjet q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuara n\u00eb disa aktive do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb n\u00eb grupet e kuorumit t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb gjitha nyjet shp\u00ebrblimi t\u00eb emisuer\u00ebve p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs dhe ato do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb bashkojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha aktivet s\u00eb bashku. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, \u00e7do aktive q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur k\u00ebshtu me t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt n\u00eb rrjet dhe <i>nuk duhet t\u00eb lidhen<\/i> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb menduar q\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb mos kishte p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb kuorumit (p\u00ebr shembull, bankat e zon\u00ebs dollarike ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb tregtojn\u00eb me bankat e zon\u00ebs euro dhe bankat e zon\u00ebs peso, prandaj ato jan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin rrjet, por asnj\u00ebra nga ato nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e interesuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve q\u00eb tregtojn\u00eb karta bejsbolli).<\/p>\n<p>Sigurisht, <i>prisni<\/i> p\u00ebrputhjen e kuorumit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb <i>garanci<\/i>. Sistemat e tjera bizantine t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeve pezullimin e p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr krijimin e kuorum\u00ebve nga algoritmi konsensual dhe e transferon at\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin e aplikacionit. K\u00ebshtu, megjith\u00ebse votimi federativ \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i zakonsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr votime mbi \u00e7do \u00e7\u00ebshtje, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb besueshm\u00ebria e tij varet kritikisht nga kuptimi m\u00eb i gjer\u00eb i k\u00ebtyre vlerave. Disa lloje hipotetike p\u00ebrdorimi mund t\u00eb mos jen\u00eb aq t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr krijimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura si t\u00eb tjerat.<\/p>\n<h1>Votimi, miratimi dhe konfirmimi<\/h1>\n<p>\nN\u00eb raundin e votimit federativ, nodi opcionalisht fillon t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar V. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb transmetimi n\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb mesazhit: \u00abUn\u00eb jam nodi N, prerjet e mia t\u00eb kuorum\u00ebve Q, dhe un\u00eb votoj p\u00ebr V\u00bb. Kur nodi voton n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, ai premton se nuk ka votuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb kund\u00ebr V dhe nuk do ta b\u00ebj\u00eb asnj\u00ebher\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb transmetimet nga nodet e barabarta, \u00e7do nod shikon si votojn\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Sapo nodi t\u00eb mbledh\u00eb mjaft mesazhe t\u00eb tilla, ai mund t\u00eb ndjek\u00eb prerjet e kuorum\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb gjej\u00eb kuorumet. N\u00ebse ai sheh nj\u00eb kuorum t\u00eb peers q\u00eb gjithashtu votojn\u00eb p\u00ebr V, at\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb <i>miratim<\/i> V dhe t\u00eb transmetoj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mesazh t\u00eb ri n\u00eb rrjet: \u00abUn\u00eb jam nodi N, prerjet e mia t\u00eb kuorumit Q, dhe un\u00eb miratoj V\u00bb. Miratimi ofron nj\u00eb garanci m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb se thjesht votimi. Kur nodi voton p\u00ebr V, ai kurr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb tjera. Por n\u00ebse nodi miraton V, asnj\u00eb nod n\u00eb Rrjet nuk do t\u00eb miratoj\u00eb kurr\u00eb nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi tjet\u00ebr (teorema 8 n\u00eb dokumentin teknik SCP e provon k\u00ebt\u00eb).<\/p>\n<p>Sigurisht, ka nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb gjendet nj\u00eb kuorum nodesh q\u00eb do t\u00eb pajtohen me V. Nodet e tjera mund t\u00eb votojn\u00eb p\u00ebr vlera t\u00eb tjera. Por p\u00ebr nodin ka nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar nga votimi i thjesht\u00eb n\u00eb miratim. N mund t\u00eb miratoj\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb tjet\u00ebr W, madje edhe n\u00ebse nuk ka votuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb, dhe madje edhe n\u00ebse nuk sheh nj\u00eb kuorum p\u00ebr t\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb vot\u00ebn e tij, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme t\u00eb shoh\u00eb <i>nj\u00eb grup bllokues<\/i> nodesh q\u00eb miratuan W. Grupi bllokues \u00ebsht\u00eb nga nj\u00eb nod nga \u00e7do prekje e kuorum\u00ebve N. Si\u00e7 e sugjeron emri, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb <i>bllokoj\u00eb<\/i> ndonj\u00eb vler\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. N\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha nyjat n\u00eb nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb till\u00eb pranojn\u00eb W, at\u00ebher\u00eb (sipas teorem\u00ebs 8) nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb kurr\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb formohet nj\u00eb kuorum q\u00eb pranon nj\u00eb vler\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, dhe prandaj p\u00ebr N gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt t\u00eb pranohet W.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/6dd4ec5595ab863daf684fec670d83a6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nyja N me tre prerje kuorumesh.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/b65e32160570af2883eef9990a74e3bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>B-D-F \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup bllokues p\u00ebr N: ai p\u00ebrfshin nga nj\u00eb nyj\u00eb nga secila prej prerjeve t\u00eb N.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e17b4a9ee83aac7fa2b68b2f9fae066.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>B-E gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup bllokues p\u00ebr N, sepse E shfaqet n\u00eb dy prerje t\u00eb N.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Por megjithat\u00eb, shum\u00ebzimi bllokues nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kuorum. Do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb mashtrohej nyja N q\u00eb t\u00eb pranonte nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, n\u00ebse mjafton t\u00eb thyhen vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nyje n\u00eb secilin nga segmentet N. Prandaj, pranim i vler\u00ebs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fundi i votimit. P\u00ebrkundrazi, N duhet t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb vler\u00ebn, dmth. t\u00eb shoh\u00eb nj\u00eb kuorum nyjesh q\u00eb e pranojn\u00eb at\u00eb. N\u00ebse arrin deri k\u00ebtu, si\u00e7 tregon dokumenti teknik SCP (n\u00eb teorem\u00ebn 11), pjesa tjet\u00ebr e rrjetit gjithashtu do ta konfirmoj\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn vler\u00eb n\u00eb fund, prandaj N do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb votimin federativ me nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar si rezultat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/bd68dc5172460c17fa2de54fcc0d9017.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Votimi federativ.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Procesi i votimit, pranimit dhe konfirmimit p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb raund t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb votimit federativ. Protokolli i konsensusit Stellar bashkon shum\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb sistem konsensusi t\u00eb plot\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h1>Protokolli i konsensusit Stellar<\/h1>\n<p>\nDy pronat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb konsensusit jan\u00eb <i>siguria<\/i> dhe <i>q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria<\/i>. Algoritmi i konsensusit \u00ebsht\u00eb \"i sigurt\", n\u00ebse nuk mund t\u00eb jap\u00eb kurr\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm (nj\u00eb kopje e historis\u00eb s\u00eb Bobit nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb kurr\u00eb n\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb me at\u00eb t\u00eb Carolit). \"Q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria\" do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb algoritmi gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb rezultat, dmth. nuk do t\u00eb ngec\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Procedura e p\u00ebrshkruar e votimit federativ <i>\u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt<\/i> n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb n\u00ebse nj\u00eb nyje konfirmon vler\u00ebn V, asnj\u00eb nyje tjet\u00ebr nuk do t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Por \"nuk do t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb tjet\u00ebr\" nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb ajo do t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb di\u00e7ka. Pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb votojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb num\u00ebr kaq t\u00eb madh vlerash t\u00eb ndryshme saq\u00eb asnj\u00eb vler\u00eb nuk arrin pragun e pranimit. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb votimin federativ mungon <i>q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Protokolli i konsensusit Stellar p\u00ebrdor votimin federativ n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb garanton si sigurin\u00eb ashtu edhe q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. (Garancit\u00eb e siguris\u00eb dhe q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb SCP kan\u00eb nj\u00eb kufi teorik. Konstrukti zgjat nj\u00eb garanci shum\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, duke sakrifikuar nj\u00eb dob\u00ebsim t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, por duke marr\u00eb parasysh nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme, konsensusi me probabilitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb do t\u00eb arrihet). N\u00eb dy fjal\u00eb, ideja \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillohen disa votime federative p\u00ebr disa vlera, derisa nj\u00ebra prej tyre t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb gjitha fazat e votimit SCP t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Vlerat p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat SCP synon konsensusin mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb historia e transaksioneve ose nj\u00eb porosi p\u00ebr drek\u00eb, ose di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr, por \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksohet se k\u00ebto nuk jan\u00eb vlerat q\u00eb pranohet ose konfirmohet. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, votimi federativ ndodh p\u00ebr <i>deklarata p\u00ebr k\u00ebto vlera<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Raundet e para t\u00eb votimit federativ ndodhin n\u00eb <i>faz\u00ebn e nominimit<\/i> (nomination phase), n\u00eb nj\u00eb grup deklaratash t\u00eb tipit \"Un\u00eb nominova V\", ndoshta p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vlera t\u00eb ndryshme V. Q\u00ebllimi i nominimit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb deklarata q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr pranimin dhe konfirmimin.<\/p>\n<p>Pas gjetjes s\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb konfirmuesh\u00ebm, SCP kalon n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e votimit, ku q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb gjej\u00eb nj\u00eb <i>flet\u00eb votimi<\/i> (dmth. nj\u00eb en\u00eb p\u00ebr vler\u00ebn e propozuar) dhe nj\u00eb kuorum, i cili mund t\u00eb shpall\u00eb <i>komit<\/i> p\u00ebr t\u00eb (commit). N\u00ebse kuorumi e b\u00ebn angazhimin e flet\u00ebs s\u00eb votimit, vlera e saj pranohet si konsensus. Por para se nj\u00eb nyje t\u00eb mund t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr angazhimin e flet\u00ebs s\u00eb votimit, ajo duhet s\u00eb pari t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb <i>anulimin<\/i> e t\u00eb gjitha flet\u00ebve t\u00eb votimit me nj\u00eb vler\u00eb numruese m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. K\u00ebto hapa - anulimi i flet\u00ebve t\u00eb votimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur at\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn mund t\u00eb konfirmohet angazhimi - p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb disa raunde votimi federativ p\u00ebr disa deklarata t\u00eb flet\u00ebve t\u00eb votimit.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb seksionet n\u00eb vijim, do t\u00eb jepet nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim m\u00eb t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb nominimit dhe votimit.<\/p>\n<h1>Nominimi<\/h1>\n<p>\nN\u00eb fillim t\u00eb faz\u00ebs s\u00eb nominimit, \u00e7do nyje mund t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb spontanisht vler\u00ebn V dhe t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr konfirmimin \"Un\u00eb nominova V\". Q\u00ebllimi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb konfirmohet nominimi i nj\u00eb vler\u00ebs p\u00ebrmes votimit federativ.<\/p>\n<p>Ndoshta, numri i mjaftuesh\u00ebm i nyjave voton p\u00ebr propozime mjaft t\u00eb ndryshme, dhe asnj\u00eb propozim nuk mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb pragun e miratimit. Prandaj, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 transmetimit t\u00eb votave t\u00eb veta, nyjat \"reflektojn\u00eb\" propozimet e fqinj\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Reflektimi do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00ebse nj\u00eb nyje voton p\u00ebr propozimin V, por sheh nj\u00eb mesazh nga nj\u00eb fqinje q\u00eb voton p\u00ebr propozimin W, at\u00ebher\u00eb tani do t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr propozimin si V ashtu edhe W. (Jo t\u00eb gjitha votat e fqinj\u00ebve do t\u00eb reflektohen gjat\u00eb propozimit, sepse kjo mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimin e emrave t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. SCP p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm rregullator p\u00ebr k\u00ebto vota. N\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, ka nj\u00eb formul\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar \"prioritetin\" e fqinjit nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i nyj\u00ebs, dhe reflektohen vet\u00ebm votat e nyjave me prioritet t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb propozimi, aq m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt b\u00ebhet pragu, prandaj nyja zgjeron grupin e fqinj\u00ebve, votat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve do t\u00eb reflektoj\u00eb. Formula e prioritetit si nj\u00eb nga t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e inputit p\u00ebrfshin numrin e slotit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nj\u00eb nyje me prioritet t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb slot mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb me prioritet t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, dhe anasjelltas.)<\/p>\n<p>Konceptualisht, propozimi p\u00ebr V dhe W \u00ebsht\u00eb vota t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta federale, secila e aft\u00eb t\u00eb arrij\u00eb miratimin ose konfirmimin. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, mesazhet e protokollit SCP paketojn\u00eb k\u00ebto vota t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta s\u00eb bashku.<\/p>\n<p>Nd\u00ebrsa votimi p\u00ebr propozimin V \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb premtim p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos votuar kurr\u00eb kund\u00ebr propozimit V, n\u00eb nivelin e aplikacionit - n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast SCP - p\u00ebrcaktohet se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \"kund\u00ebr\". SCP nuk sheh nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb q\u00eb shkel votimin \"Un\u00eb propozoj X\", dometh\u00ebn\u00eb nuk ka mesazh \"Un\u00eb jam kund\u00ebr propozimit X\", prandaj nyja mund t\u00eb votoj\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do vler\u00eb t\u00eb propozimit. Shum\u00eb nga k\u00ebto propozime nuk do t\u00eb \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb asgj\u00eb, por n\u00eb fund nyja do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb ose konfirmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb ose disa vlera. Kur nj\u00eb kandidat konfirmohet, ai b\u00ebhet <i>kandidat<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/794f55d076ec3e1773c49d32e29c084d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Propozimi SCP me votimin federal. Mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb shum\u00eb vlera \"B\" t\u00eb propozuara nga nyjat e barabarta dhe \"reflektuara\" nga nyja.<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Propozimi i kandidat\u00ebve mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb paraqitjen e disa kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb konfirmuesh\u00ebm. Prandaj, SCP k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb niveli aplikativ t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb bashkuar kandidat\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb <i>kompozit<\/i> (composite). Metoda e bashkimit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo. E r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00ebse kjo metod\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrcaktuar, at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00e7do nyj\u00eb do t\u00eb bashkoj\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebt kandidat\u00eb. N\u00eb sistemin e votimit p\u00ebr drek\u00eb \"bashkimi\" mund t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptoj\u00eb thjesht heqjen e nj\u00ebrit nga dy kandidat\u00ebve. (Por n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar: \u00e7do nyj\u00eb duhet t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn vler\u00eb p\u00ebr heqje. P\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb zgjedhje m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme n\u00eb renditjen alfabete). N\u00eb rrjetin pagesor Stellar, ku ndodh votimi p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e transaksioneve, bashkimi i dy propozimeve t\u00eb shpallura n\u00ebnkupton bashkimin e transaksioneve q\u00eb ata p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit nga dy vulat e tyre.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrshkrimi teknik i SCP provon (teorema 12) se deri n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin e faz\u00ebs s\u00eb propozimit, rrjeti p\u00ebrfundimisht konvergon n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompozit t\u00eb vet\u00ebm. Por ka nj\u00eb problem: votimi federal \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll asinkron (si SCP). Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, nyjat nuk koordinohen sipas koh\u00ebs, por vet\u00ebm sipas mesazheve q\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb. Nga perspektiva e nyj\u00ebs, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se kur <i>ka p\u00ebrfunduar<\/i> faz\u00ebn e propozimit. Dhe ndon\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha nyjat p\u00ebrfundimisht do t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kompozit, ato mund t\u00eb zgjedhin rrug\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb udh\u00ebtim, duke krijuar n\u00eb rrug\u00eb kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm kompozit dhe kurr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb thon\u00eb se cili prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtar.<\/p>\n<p>Por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rregull. Propozimi \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrgatitja. E r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb kufizohet numri i kandidat\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur konsensusin, i cili ndodh gjat\u00eb <i>votimit<\/i> (balloting).<\/p>\n<h1>Votimi<\/h1>\n<p>\nNj\u00eb flet\u00eb votimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift , ku counter \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb fillon nga 1, dhe value \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidati nga faza e propozimit. Kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb kandidati i vet\u00eb nyj\u00ebs ose nj\u00eb kandidat i nyj\u00ebs fqinj q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pranuar nga kjo nyj\u00eb. N\u00eb thelb, gjat\u00eb votimit b\u00ebhen p\u00ebrpjekje t\u00eb shumta p\u00ebr ta detyruar rrjetin t\u00eb arrij\u00eb konsensus mbi nj\u00eb kandidat n\u00eb nj\u00eb flet\u00eb votimi duke organzuar potencialisht shum\u00eb votime federale mbi deklaratat e flet\u00ebs s\u00eb votimit. Numrat n\u00eb flet\u00ebt e votimit mbajn\u00eb sh\u00ebnim p\u00ebrpjekjet e b\u00ebra, dhe flet\u00ebt me numra m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb kan\u00eb prioritet mbi flet\u00ebt me numra m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. N\u00ebse nj\u00eb flet\u00eb votimi  ngec, fillon nj\u00eb votim i ri, tani mbi flet\u00ebn votimi .<\/p>\n<p>\u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb b\u00ebhet dallimi <i>vlerat<\/i> (p.sh., \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb porosia p\u00ebr drek\u00eb: pica apo sallata), <i>flet\u00ebt e votimit<\/i> (\u00e7ifti counter-value) dhe <i>deklaratat<\/i> p\u00ebr bulletinat. Rreth SCP p\u00ebrfshin disa raunde votimi federativ, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr pretendime t\u00eb tilla si:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00abJam i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u angazhuar p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb dhe\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00abNjoftoj angazhimin p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNga perspektiva e k\u00ebtij nodi, konsensusi arrihet kur ai gjen bulletin B, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb (dmth. t\u00eb gjej\u00eb nj\u00eb kuorum, q\u00eb pranon) pretendimin \u00abNjoftoj angazhimin p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb. Q\u00eb nga ky moment, mund t\u00eb veprohet me siguri sipas vler\u00ebs e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e shkruar n\u00eb B \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur k\u00ebt\u00eb porosi p\u00ebr drek\u00eb. Kjo quhet <i>eksternalizim<\/i> i vler\u00ebs. Pasi t\u00eb jet\u00eb konfirmuar prania e bulletinit, nodi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i sigurt se \u00e7do nod tjet\u00ebr e ka b\u00ebr\u00eb eksternalizimin e k\u00ebsaj vler\u00ebsimi ose do ta b\u00ebj\u00eb at\u00eb patjet\u00ebr n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen.<\/p>\n<p>Megjith\u00ebse konceptualisht shum\u00eb votime federative mbahen p\u00ebr pretendime mbi shum\u00eb bulletina t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, ata nuk shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr kaq t\u00eb madh mesazhe, sepse \u00e7do mesazh inkapsulon nj\u00eb num\u00ebr bulletinash. Nj\u00eb mesazh, k\u00ebshtu, avancojn\u00eb gjendjen e shum\u00eb votimeve federative n\u00eb nj\u00eb her\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull: \u00abPranoj angazhimin p\u00ebr bulletinat n\u00eb gam\u00ebn nga &lt;min,V&gt; deri n\u00eb &lt;max,V&gt;\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb terminologjia \u00abp\u00ebrgatitur\u00bb (prepared) dhe \u00abangazhim\u00bb (commit)?<\/p>\n<p>Nodi voton p\u00ebr angazhimin e bulletinit kur \u00ebsht\u00eb i bindur se nodet e tjera nuk do t\u00eb angazhohen p\u00ebr bulletina me vlera t\u00eb tjera. Bindja n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebllimi i p\u00ebrgatitjes s\u00eb pretendimit. Votimi, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin thuhet: \u00abJam i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u angazhuar p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb premtim p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos angazhuar kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bulletin m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se B, dmth. me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt (SCP k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb vlerat n\u00eb bulletina t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb caktuar. Pra, bulletin &lt;N1,V1&gt; \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl se &lt;N2,V2&gt;, n\u00ebse N1&lt;N2, dhe gjithashtu n\u00ebse N1=N2 dhe V1&lt;V2). K\u00ebto bulletina m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl \u00abhedhen posht\u00eb\u00bb (aborted) gjat\u00eb votimit p\u00ebrgatitor, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb B konsiderohet \u00abi p\u00ebrgatitur\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Pse \u00abJam i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u angazhuar p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00abPremtoj t\u00eb mos lejoj kurr\u00eb angazhimin p\u00ebr bulletina m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se B\u00bb? Sepse, SCP e definon abortin si nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt t\u00eb angazhimit. Votimi p\u00ebrgatitor p\u00ebr bulletin implicon gjithashtu votimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb anuluar disa bulletina t\u00eb tjera, dhe, si\u00e7 diskutuam m\u00eb par\u00eb, votimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb premtim p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos votuar kund\u00ebr saj kurr\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Para se t\u00eb transmetoj\u00eb angazhimin, nodi duhet s\u00eb pari t\u00eb gjej\u00eb nj\u00eb bulletin q\u00eb mund ta konfirmoj\u00eb si t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur. N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ai zhvillon nj\u00eb votim federativ p\u00ebr tem\u00ebn \u00abJam i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u angazhuar p\u00ebr bulletin B\u00bb, ndoshta p\u00ebr shum\u00eb bulletina t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, derisa t\u00eb gjej\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb pranon nj\u00eb kuorum.<\/p>\n<p>Nga vin\u00eb bulletinat p\u00ebr votim p\u00ebrgatitor? S\u00eb pari, nodi transmeton p\u00ebrgatitjen p\u00ebr votimin p\u00ebr &lt;1,C&gt;, ku C \u00ebsht\u00eb kandidati-kompozit i prodhuar n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e nominimit. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe pasi ka filluar p\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr votim, nominimi mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb rinj, q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen bulletina t\u00eb rinj. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, pal\u00ebt mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, dhe ata mund t\u00eb formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb shumic\u00eb bllokuese, q\u00eb pranon \u00abJam i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u angazhuar p\u00ebr bulletin B2\u00bb, \u00e7ka e bind nodin q\u00eb ta pranoj\u00eb gjithashtu. S\u00eb fundmi, ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm skadence q\u00eb gjeneron raunde t\u00eb reja votimi federative p\u00ebr bulletina t\u00eb rinj me numra m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, n\u00ebse bulletinat aktuale kan\u00eb ngecur.<\/p>\n<p>Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb nodi gjen bulletin B, q\u00eb mund ta konfirmoj\u00eb si t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur, at\u00ebher\u00eb transmeton nj\u00eb mesazh t\u00eb ri \u00abAngazho bulletin B\u00bb. Ky votim tregon pal\u00ebve se nodi kurr\u00eb nuk do ta refuzoj\u00eb B. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, n\u00ebse B \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bulletin &lt;N,C&gt;, at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00abAngazho bulletin &lt;N,C&gt;\u00bb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb pajtim t\u00eb pakusht\u00ebzuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e \u00e7do bulletini nga &lt;N,C&gt; deri n\u00eb &lt;\u221e,s&gt;. Kjo vler\u00eb e shtuar ndihmon nodet e tjera t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb pal\u00ebn me angazhimin, n\u00ebse ato jan\u00eb ende n\u00eb faza m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme t\u00eb protokollit.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksohet se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb protokolle asinkrone. Vet\u00ebm sepse nj\u00eb nod d\u00ebrgon vota p\u00ebr angazhim, nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se shok\u00ebt e tij e b\u00ebjn\u00eb gjithashtu. Disa nga ata ndoshta ende mund t\u00eb votoni mbi pretendime p\u00ebr p\u00ebrgatitje votimi, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb ndoshta kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb tashm\u00eb eksternalizimin e vler\u00ebs. SCP shpjegon se si ndihmon nodin t\u00eb trajtoj\u00eb \u00e7do lloj mesazhi peer-to-peer, pavar\u00ebsisht nga faza e tij.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse mesazhi \"Un\u00eb shpall komitin &lt;N,C&gt;\" nuk mund t\u00eb pranohet ose konfirmohet, ka nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr pranimin ose konfirmimin e mesazhit &lt;N+1, C&gt; ose &lt;N+2, C&gt; \u2014 ose, n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, ndonj\u00eb buletin me vler\u00ebn C, e jo \u00e7far\u00ebdo tjet\u00ebr, pasi nodi tashm\u00eb ka premtuar se nuk do t\u00eb anuloj\u00eb kurr\u00eb &lt;N,C&gt;. N\u00eb momentin q\u00eb nodi transmeton votat p\u00ebr komitin, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb C ose asgj\u00eb, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb sa larg shkon konsensusi. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ende e mjaftueshme p\u00ebr nodin p\u00ebr t\u00eb eksternalizuar C. Disa festa bizantine (t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb shumic\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, bazuar n\u00eb supozimet tona p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb) mund t\u00eb g\u00ebnjejn\u00eb nodin. Pranimi, dhe m\u00eb pas konfirmimi i disa buletinash (ose nj\u00eb intriguing range t\u00eb buletinave) \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb i jep nodit besimin p\u00ebrfundimtar p\u00ebr t\u00eb eksternalizuar C.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb protokollin e konsensusit Stellar\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c59f036bb8aa189bb3d4540f54121391.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Votimi SCP p\u00ebrmes votimit federativ. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme: n\u00eb \u00e7do moment, mund t\u00eb aktivizohet nj\u00eb kujtes\u00eb, duke rritur numrin n\u00eb buletin (dhe, ndoshta, duke prodhuar nj\u00eb kompozit t\u00eb ri nga kandidat\u00ebt e propozuar shtes\u00eb).<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka! Pasi rrjeti arriti konsensusin, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb gati ta b\u00ebj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. N\u00eb rrjetin e pagesave Stellar, kjo ndodh \u00e7do 5 sekonda: nj\u00eb arritje q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon si siguri ashtu dhe q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri, t\u00eb garantuara nga SCP.<\/p>\n<p>SCP mund ta arrij\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb disa runde votimi federativ. Votimi federativ \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb i mundur fal\u00eb konceptit t\u00eb prerjes s\u00eb shumic\u00ebs: grupeve t\u00eb nodave t\u00eb nj\u00eb niveli, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve \u00e7do nod ka vendosur t'u besohet si pjes\u00eb e shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb tij (subjektive). Kjo konfigurim do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t\u00eb arrihet konsensusi edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet me an\u00ebtar\u00ebsi t\u00eb hapur dhe mashtrime bizantine.<\/p>\n<h1>Lexim t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dokumenti teknik origjinal i SCP-s\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stellar.org\/papers\/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-mazieres-dinrg-scp\/\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex> projekti i specifikimeve p\u00ebr implementimin e tij.\n<\/li>\n<li>Autori origjinal i protokollit SCP, David Mazier, e shpjegon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb (por akoma teknike) <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scs.stanford.edu\/~dm\/blog\/simplified-scp.html\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<\/li>\n<li>Ndoshta ju ka befasuar q\u00eb nuk e gjeni n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull termin \"mining\" ose \"proof of work\". SCP nuk i p\u00ebrdor k\u00ebto metoda, por disa algoritme t\u00eb tjera konsensusi i p\u00ebrdorin. Zane Weatherspoon shkruajti nj\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/a-hitchhikers-guide-to-consensus-algorithms-d81aae3eb0e3\">p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb algoritmeve t\u00eb konsensusit<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bobg\/scp\/blob\/master\/Lunch.md\">P\u00ebrshkrim hap pas hapi<\/a><\/noindex> i nj\u00eb rrjeti t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb q\u00eb arrin konsensusin gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb runde t\u00eb plot\u00eb SCP.\n<\/li>\n<li>P\u00ebr lexuesit e interesuar p\u00ebr implementimet e SCP: shihni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/stellar\/stellar-core\/tree\/master\/src\/scp\">kodin C++<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nga rrjeti i pagesave Stellar, ose <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bobg\/scp\">kodin Go<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb cilin e shkrova p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb SCP-s\u00eb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444710\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 Stellar \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0437\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0451\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c Stellar \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 Stellar \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/razbiraemsya-v-protokole-konsensusa-stellar\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 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