{"id":30220,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:20","slug":"vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos","title":{"rendered":"E gjith\u00eb historia e Linux. Pjesa I: nga ku filloi gjith\u00e7ka","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00ebt\u00eb vit, b\u00ebrthama e Linux-it mbush 27 vjet. Sistemi operativ i bazuar n\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin<\/a><\/noindex> shum\u00eb korporata, institucione shtet\u00ebrore, institucione k\u00ebrkimore dhe qendrat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb \u00e7ereku shekulli kan\u00eb dal\u00eb shum\u00eb artikuj (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Habr), q\u00eb flasin p\u00ebr periudha t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb Linux-it. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb seri materialesh, kemi vendosur t\u00eb nxjerrim n\u00eb pah faktet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe interesante q\u00eb lidhen me k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem operativ.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me zhvillimet q\u00eb i paraprin\u00eb Linux-it dhe historin\u00eb e shfaqjes s\u00eb versionit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Toshiyuki IMAI<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY-SA<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Epoka e \"tregut t\u00eb lir\u00eb\"<\/h2>\n

\nShfaqja e Linux-it vler\u00ebsohet<\/a><\/noindex> si nj\u00eb nga ngjarjet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e softuerit me burim t\u00eb hapur. Lindja e k\u00ebtij sistemi operativ i detyrohet shum\u00eb ideve dhe mjeteve q\u00eb jan\u00eb formuar dhe \"pjekur\" p\u00ebr disa dekada n\u00eb mes t\u00eb zhvilluesve. Prandaj, fillimisht le t\u00eb drejtohemi n\u00eb burimet e \"l\u00ebvizjes me burim t\u00eb hapur\".<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '50, pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e softuerit n\u00eb SHBA vinte nga stafi i universiteteve dhe laboratoreve dhe u shp\u00ebrnda<\/a><\/noindex> pa asnj\u00eb kufizim. Kjo b\u00ebhej me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar shk\u00ebmbimin e njohurive n\u00eb ambientin shkencor. Zgjidhja e par\u00eb me burim t\u00eb hapur nga ai periudh\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet<\/a><\/noindex> ishte sistemi A-2, i shkruar p\u00ebr kompjuterin UNIVAC Remington Rand n\u00eb vitin 1953.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat vite, u formua grupi i par\u00eb i zhvilluesve t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb \u2013 SHARE. Ata punonin sipas modelit t\u00eb \"prodhimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt peer-to-peer<\/a><\/noindex>\". Si rezultat i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtij grupi, af\u00ebr fundit t\u00eb viteve '50 -bot!<\/a><\/noindex> sistemi i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky sistem (dhe produktet e tjera SHARE) ishte i njohur<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb mesin e prodhuesve t\u00eb pajisjeve kompjuterike. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb transparenc\u00ebs, ata mund t\u00eb ofronin klient\u00ebve jo vet\u00ebm pajisje, por edhe softuer pa kosto shtes\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ardhja e komercialis\u00eb dhe lindja e Unix-it<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1959, kompania Applied Data Research (ADR) mori nj\u00eb porosi nga organizata RCA \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb program p\u00ebr plot\u00ebsimin automatik t\u00eb diagrameve. Zhvilluesit e realizuan pun\u00ebn, por nuk u dakorduan me RCA p\u00ebr \u00e7mimin. P\u00ebr t\u00eb mos \"hedhur\" produktin e p\u00ebrfunduar, n\u00eb ADR e ripunuan zgjidhjen p\u00ebr platform\u00ebn IBM 1401 dhe filluan ta realizojn\u00eb at\u00eb vet\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, shitjet ishin jo shum\u00eb t\u00eb mira, pasi shum\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues prisnin nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb falas t\u00eb zgjidhjes s\u00eb ADR, q\u00eb planifikohej nga IBM.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ADR nuk mund t\u00eb lejohej lansimi i nj\u00eb produkti falas me funksionalitet t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm. Prandaj, zhvilluesi Martin Goetz nga ADR paraqiti nj\u00eb patent\u00eb p\u00ebr programin dhe n\u00eb vitin 1968 ishte i pari n\u00eb historin\u00eb e SHBA. e fitoi<\/a><\/noindex> Q\u00eb nga ai moment merret si fillim i<\/a><\/noindex> epok\u00ebs s\u00eb komercializimit n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e zhvillimit \u2014 nga 'bonusi' p\u00ebr pajisjet, software u transformua n\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt t\u00eb pavarur.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr rreth t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, nj\u00eb grup i vog\u00ebl programuesish nga Bell Labs filluan pun\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb sistemin operativ p\u00ebr mini-kompjuterin PDP-7 \u2014 Unix. Unix u krijua si nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb ndaj sistemit tjet\u00ebr operacional \u2014 Multics.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nKy i fundit ishte shum\u00eb i komplikuar dhe punonte vet\u00ebm n\u00eb platformat GE-600 dhe Honeywell 6000. Pas rishkrimit n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C, Unix duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhej portativ dhe m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur (n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe fal\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve hierarkik me nj\u00eb katalog themelor t\u00eb vet\u00ebm).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet '50, holdingu AT&T, i cili p\u00ebrfshinte Bell Labs n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, n\u00ebnshkroi<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me qeverin\u00eb e SHBA, e cila ndalonte kompanin\u00eb t\u00eb shiste software. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, p\u00ebrdoruesit e par\u00eb t\u00eb Unix \u2014 organizatat shkencore \u2014 morr\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> kodin burimor t\u00eb sistemit operativ falas.<\/p>\n

AT&T u largua nga koncepti i shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb software n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '80. Si rezultat i ndarjes s\u00eb detyruar<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb holdingu t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb n\u00eb disa kompani, ndalimi i shitjes s\u00eb software t\u00eb pushoi s\u00eb ekzistuari dhe holdingu ndaloi shp\u00ebrndarjen falas t\u00eb Unix. Zhvilluesit u k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuan me padi p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e paautorizuar t\u00eb kodit burimor. K\u00ebrc\u00ebnimet nuk ishin t\u00eb paqena \u2014 nga viti 1980, programet kompjuterike filluan t\u00eb ishin objekt i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb autorit n\u00eb SHBA.<\/p>\n

Jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb zhvilluesit ishin t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur me kushtet q\u00eb imponoheshin nga AT&T. Nj\u00eb grup entuziast\u00ebsh nga Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb n\u00eb Berkley filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin nj\u00eb zgjidhje alternative. N\u00eb vitet '70, institucioni mori nj\u00eb licenc\u00eb nga AT&T dhe entuziast\u00ebt filluan t\u00eb krijonin mbi at\u00eb baz\u00eb nj\u00eb distribucion t\u00eb ri, i cili m\u00eb von\u00eb u b\u00eb Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, ose BSD.<\/p>\n

Sistemi Unix i hapur u b\u00eb i suksessh\u00ebm, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin AT&T e vuri menj\u00ebher\u00eb re. Kompania paraqiti<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb gjyq, dhe autor\u00ebt e BSD duhej t\u00eb hiqnin dhe z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonin t\u00ebr\u00eb kodin burimor t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb Unix. Kjo ngadal\u00ebsoi disi p\u00ebrhapjen e Berkley Software Distribution gjat\u00eb atyre viteve. Versioni i fundit i sistemit doli n\u00eb vitin 1994, por vet\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimi i nj\u00eb sistemi operativ t\u00eb lir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb hapur u b\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb ky\u00e7e n\u00eb historin\u00eb e projekteve t\u00eb open-source.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Christopher Michel<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/a><\/noindex> \/ \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e<\/i><\/p>\n

Kthehu - n\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt e softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '70, punonj\u00ebsit e Institutit Teknologjik t\u00eb Massachusetts kan\u00eb shkruar<\/a><\/noindex> krijuan nj\u00eb drejtues p\u00ebr printerin e instaluar n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn nga auditor\u00ebt. Kur letra ngec dhe krijohej nj\u00eb radh\u00eb e detyrave p\u00ebr t\u00eb printuar, p\u00ebrdoruesit merrnin nj\u00eb njoftim p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin. M\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb departament u paraqit nj\u00eb printer i ri, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin punonj\u00ebsit d\u00ebshironin t\u00eb shtonin nj\u00eb funksion t\u00eb till\u00eb. Por p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb nevojitej kodi burimor i drejtuesit t\u00eb par\u00eb. Programuesi Richard M. Stallman k\u00ebrkoi at\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt, por mori nj\u00eb refuzim - doli se kjo ishte informacion i konfidencial.<\/p>\n

Ky episod i par\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, ndoshta, u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga momentet vendimtare n\u00eb historin\u00eb e softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb. Stallman ishte i indinjuar p\u00ebr situat\u00ebn e krijuar. Ai nuk ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me kufizimet e vendosura mbi shk\u00ebmbimin e kodit burimor n\u00eb mjedisin IT. Prandaj Stallman vendosi t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb hapur dhe t'i lejonte entuziast\u00ebt ta ndryshonin at\u00eb lirisht.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Shtator 1983, ai shpalli krijimin e projektit GNU - GNU\u2019s Not UNIX (\u00abGNU nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb Unix\u00bb). N\u00eb thelb t\u00eb tij ishte nj\u00eb manifest, i cili sh\u00ebrbeu gjithashtu si baza p\u00ebr licenc\u00ebn e softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb - GNU General Public License (GPL). Ky hapi sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeje aktive p\u00ebr softuerin e hapur.<\/p>\n

Disa vite m\u00eb von\u00eb, profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Lir\u00eb t\u00eb Amsterdams, Andrew Tanenbaum, zhvilloi nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me Unix, Minix, si nj\u00eb material m\u00ebsimor. Ai donte ta b\u00ebnte at\u00eb sa m\u00eb t\u00eb aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt. Botuesi i librit t\u00eb tij, i cili varej nga OS, insistoi<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb nominale p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e sistemit. Andrew dhe botuesi arrit\u00ebn nj\u00eb kompromis n\u00eb \u00e7mimin e licenc\u00ebs prej 69 dollar\u00ebsh. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '90, Minix fitoi<\/a><\/noindex> popullaritet midis zhvilluesve. Dhe ajo ishte e destinuar t\u00eb b\u00ebhet<\/a><\/noindex> baza p\u00ebr zhvillimin e Linux.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Christopher Michel<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Lindja e Linux dhe distribuimeve t\u00eb para<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1991, programatori i ri nga Universiteti i Helsinkit, Linus Torvalds, po m\u00ebsonte Minix. Eksperimentet e tij me OS u shnd\u00ebrruan<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb pun\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kernel krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ri. M\u00eb 25 gusht, Linus organizoi nj\u00eb anket\u00eb t\u00eb hapur p\u00ebr grupin e p\u00ebrdoruesve Minix p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb nuk i p\u00eblqente n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb OS dhe shpalli zhvillimin e nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb ri operativ. N\u00eb letr\u00ebn e gushtit ndodhen disa pika t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme mbi OS-n\u00eb e ardhshme:<\/p>\n