{"id":30220,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:20","slug":"vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-i-s-chego-vse-nachalos","title":{"rendered":"E gjith\u00eb historia e Linux. Pjesa I: nga e gjith\u00eb \u00e7'ka filloi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00ebt\u00eb vit, b\u00ebrthama e Linux-it mbush 27 vjet. Sistemi Operativ mbi t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb Hecla Mining, e cila nxjerr argjend dhe metale t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb \u00e7muara. Kompjuteri \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb nj\u00eb stacion n\u00eb Alaska, ku p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar parametrat e mineralit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb printuar etiketat p\u00ebr mostra. Me rastin e k\u00ebsaj, nj\u00eb printer po aq i vjet\u00ebr po p\u00ebrgjigjet p\u00ebr etiketa. \u00cbsht\u00eb interesante, se shtat\u00eb vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, nj\u00ebri nga inxhinier\u00ebt e Hecla Mining n\u00eb nj\u00eb postim n\u00eb Reddit vuri n\u00eb dukje se \"ai nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb luaj\u00eb serin\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> shum\u00eb korporata, institucione shtet\u00ebrore, dhe institucionet k\u00ebrkimore data-qendrat<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli jan\u00eb botuar shum\u00eb artikuj (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Habr\u00eb), q\u00eb tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr segmente t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb Linux-it. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb seri materialesh, kemi vendosur t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb faktet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe interesante q\u00eb lidhen me k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem operativ.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me zhvillimet q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin para Linux-it dhe historin\u00eb e shfaqjes s\u00eb versionit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Toshiyuki IMAI<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY-SA<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Epoka e \u00abtregut t\u00eb lir\u00eb\u00bb<\/h2>\n

\nShfaqja e Linux-it njihet si<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ngjarjet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e softuerit t\u00eb hapur. Lindja e k\u00ebtij sistemi operativ \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e indebted ndaj ideve dhe mjeteve, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb formuar dhe \u00abpjekur\u00bb p\u00ebr dekada n\u00eb mesin e zhvilluesve. Prandaj, p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar, le t\u00eb kthehemi n\u00eb burimet e \u00abl\u00ebvizjes open source\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 50, pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e softuerit n\u00eb SHBA krijohej nga punonj\u00ebsit e universiteteve dhe laboratoreve dhe ushtronte<\/a><\/noindex> pa asnj\u00eb kufizim. Kjo b\u00ebhej me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtonte shk\u00ebmbimin e dijes n\u00eb mjedisin shkencor. Zgjidhja e par\u00eb open source e atij periudhe njihet si<\/a><\/noindex> ishte sistemi A-2, i shkruar p\u00ebr kompjuterin UNIVAC Remington Rand n\u00eb vitin 1953.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ato vite u formua grupi i par\u00eb i zhvilluesve t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb \u2014 SHARE. Ata punonin sipas modelit t\u00eb \u00abprodhimit kolektiv peer-to-peer<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb. Rezultati i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtij grupi, m\u00eb af\u00ebr fundit t\u00eb viteve 50, u b\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> ishte sistemi i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky sistem (dhe produktet e tjera t\u00eb SHARE) kishin popullaritet<\/a><\/noindex> tek prodhuesit e pajisjeve kompjuterike. Fal\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb hapjes, ata mund t\u00eb ofronin klient\u00ebve jo vet\u00ebm softuer t\u00eb harduerit, por edhe softuer pa kosto t\u00eb shtuar.<\/p>\n

Ardhja e tregtis\u00eb dhe lindja e Unix-it<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1959, kompania Applied Data Research (ADR) mori nj\u00eb porosi nga organizata RCA \u2014 shkruaj<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb program p\u00ebr plot\u00ebsimin automatik t\u00eb diagrameve t\u00eb bllokut. Zhvilluesit e kryen pun\u00ebn, por nuk arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb bien dakord me RCA p\u00ebr \u00e7mimin. Q\u00eb t\u00eb mos \"hedhin posht\u00eb\" produktin e gatsh\u00ebm, n\u00eb ADR e rregulluan zgjidhjen p\u00ebr platform\u00ebn IBM 1401 dhe filluan ta realizonin k\u00ebt\u00eb vet\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, shitjet nuk shkuan shum\u00eb mir\u00eb, pasi shum\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues prisnin nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb falas p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e ADR, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn IBM e planifikonte.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ADR nuk mund t\u00eb lejonin nxjerrjen e nj\u00eb produkti falas me funksionalitet t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm. Prandaj, zhvilluesi Martin Goetz nga ADR regjistroi nj\u00eb patent\u00eb p\u00ebr programin dhe n\u00eb vitin 1968 ishte i pari n\u00eb historin\u00eb e SHBA-ve ka marr\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> tij. Nga ky moment \u00ebsht\u00eb pranuar t\u00eb llogaritet<\/a><\/noindex> epoka e komer\u00e7ializimit n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e zhvillimit - nga \"bonus\" p\u00ebr pajisjet, softueri u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt t\u00eb pavarur.<\/p>\n

Diku n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, nj\u00eb ekip i vog\u00ebl programuesish nga Bell Labs filloi pun\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb sistemin operativ p\u00ebr mini-kompjuterin PDP-7 - Unix. Unix u krijua si nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb ndaj OS tjet\u00ebr - Multics.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nE fundit ishte shum\u00eb komplekse dhe funksiononte vet\u00ebm n\u00eb platformat GE-600 dhe Honeywell 6000. E shkruar n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C, Unix duhej t\u00eb ishte portative dhe m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur (shum\u00eb fal\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve hierarkik me nj\u00eb direktori t\u00eb vetme rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet '50, mbajt\u00ebsi AT&T, i cili n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte Bell Labs, n\u00ebnshkroi<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me qeverin\u00eb e SHBA, e cila ndalonte korporat\u00ebn t\u00eb shiste software. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, p\u00ebrdoruesit e par\u00eb t\u00eb Unix - organizatat shkencore - morr\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> kodin burimor t\u00eb OS falas.<\/p>\n

AT&T u largua nga koncepti i shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb softuerit n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '80. Si rezultat i detyruar<\/a><\/noindex> ndarjes s\u00eb korporat\u00ebs n\u00eb disa kompani, ndalimi i shitjes s\u00eb softuerit humbi vlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb, dhe mbajt\u00ebsi nd\u00ebrpreu shp\u00ebrndarjen e lir\u00eb t\u00eb Unix. Zhvilluesit u k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuan me padit\u00eb p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbim t\u00eb paautorizuar t\u00eb kodit burimor. K\u00ebrc\u00ebnimet nuk ishin t\u00eb pabaza - q\u00eb nga viti 1980, programet kompjuterike u b\u00ebn\u00eb objekt i t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb autorit n\u00eb SHBA.<\/p>\n

Nuk t\u00eb gjith\u00eb zhvilluesit ishin t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur me kushtet q\u00eb diktonte AT&T. Nj\u00eb grup entuziast\u00ebsh nga Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb n\u00eb Berkeley mori p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr k\u00ebrkimin e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje alternative. N\u00eb vitet '70, institucioni arriti nj\u00eb licenc\u00eb nga AT&T, dhe entuziast\u00ebt filluan t\u00eb krijonin nj\u00eb distribucion t\u00eb ri mbi baz\u00ebn e saj, e cila m\u00eb von\u00eb u b\u00eb Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, ose BSD.<\/p>\n

Sistemi Unix i hapur pati sukses, ndaj AT&T e vuri re menj\u00ebher\u00eb. Kompania paraqiti<\/a><\/noindex> padi, dhe autor\u00ebt e BSD u detyruan t\u00eb fshihen dhe z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb gjith\u00eb kodin burimor t\u00eb angazhuar nga Unix. Kjo pak ngadal\u00ebsoi shp\u00ebrndarjen e Berkeley Software Distribution gjat\u00eb atyre viteve. Versioni i fundit i sistemit doli n\u00eb vitin 1994, por vet\u00eb fakti i shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb OS t\u00eb lir\u00eb e t\u00eb hapur u b\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb ky\u00e7e n\u00eb historin\u00eb e projekteve open-source.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Christopher Michel<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/a><\/noindex> \/ \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e<\/i><\/p>\n

Mbrapa - n\u00eb burimet e softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '70, punonj\u00ebsit e Institutit Teknologjik t\u00eb Masak\u00fcshtes shkruan<\/a><\/noindex> drajveri p\u00ebr printerin e instaluar n\u00eb nj\u00ebrin nga auditor\u00ebt. Kur papurja ngec dhe krijohej nj\u00eb radh\u00eb e detyrave p\u00ebr printim, p\u00ebrdoruesit merrnin nj\u00eb njoftim p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin. M\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb departament u shfaq nj\u00eb printer i ri, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin punonj\u00ebsit d\u00ebshironin t\u00eb shtonin k\u00ebt\u00eb funksion. Por p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb nevojitej kodi burimor i drajverit t\u00eb par\u00eb. Programuesi i caktuar Richard M. Stallman e k\u00ebrkoi at\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt, por mori nj\u00eb refuzim - doli se ishte informacion konfidencial.<\/p>\n

Ky episod i par\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm ndoshta u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga momentet vendimtare n\u00eb historin\u00eb e softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb. Stallman ishte i zem\u00ebruar p\u00ebr situat\u00ebn e krijuar. Ai nuk ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me kufizimet e vendosura p\u00ebr ndarjen e kodit burimor n\u00eb mjedisin IT. Prandaj, Stallman vendosi t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb hapur dhe t'u lejonte entuziast\u00ebve t\u00eb b\u00ebnin ndryshime n\u00eb t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Shtator 1983, ai shpalli krijimin e projektit GNU - GNU\u2019s Not UNIX (\u00abGNU nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb Unix\u00bb). N\u00eb thelb t\u00eb tij ishte nj\u00eb manifest, i cili sh\u00ebrbeu si baza p\u00ebr licenc\u00ebn p\u00ebr softuer t\u00eb lir\u00eb - GNU General Public License (GPL). Ky hap sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeje aktive p\u00ebr softuer t\u00eb hapur.<\/p>\n

Disa vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Lir\u00eb t\u00eb Amsterdamit Andrew Tanenbaum zhvilloi nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me Unix, Minix, si nj\u00eb material m\u00ebsimor. Ai donte ta b\u00ebnte sa m\u00eb t\u00eb aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt. Botuesi i librit t\u00eb tij, i cili ishte i shoq\u00ebruar me OS-n\u00eb, insistonte<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn mbi nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb nominale p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e sistemit. Andrew dhe botuesi arrit\u00ebn nj\u00eb kompromis mbi \u00e7mimin e licenc\u00ebs p\u00ebr 69 $. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '90, Minix fitoi<\/a><\/noindex> popullaritet midis zhvilluesve. Dhe ajo ishte e destinuar t\u00eb b\u00ebhej<\/a><\/noindex> baza p\u00ebr zhvillimin e Linux.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Christopher Michel<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Lindja e Linux-it dhe distribucioneve t\u00eb para<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1991, programuesi i ri nga Universiteti i Helsinkit Linus Torvalds po m\u00ebsonte Minix. Eksperimentet e tij me OS-n\u00eb shkallzuan<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb pun\u00eb mbi nj\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb re. M\u00eb 25 gusht, Linus organizoi nj\u00eb anket\u00eb t\u00eb hapur p\u00ebr grupin e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb Minix p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb ata nuk ishin t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur me k\u00ebt\u00eb OS dhe njoftoi zhvillimin e nj\u00eb sistemi operativ t\u00eb ri. N\u00eb letr\u00ebn e gushtit kishte disa pika t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb lidhje me OS-n\u00eb e ardhshme:<\/p>\n