{"id":30221,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-ii-korporativnye-peripetii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:22","slug":"vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-ii-korporativnye-peripetii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/vsya-istoriya-linux-chast-ii-korporativnye-peripetii","title":{"rendered":"E gjith\u00eb historia e Linux. Pjesa II: peripecit\u00eb korporative","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Vazhdojm\u00eb t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb historin\u00eb e zhvillimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb prej produkteve m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb bot\u00ebn open-source. N\u00eb artikullin e kaluar, ne diskutuam<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr zhvillimet q\u00eb i paraprin\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb Linuxit dhe treguam historin\u00eb e lindjes s\u00eb versionit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs. K\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohemi n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e komercializimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj OS hapur, e cila filloi n\u00eb vitet '90.<\/p>\n

\"E<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\n\/ Flickr \/ David Goehring<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/a><\/noindex> \/ \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e<\/i><\/p>\n

Fillimi i produkteve komerciale<\/h2>\n

\nHer\u00ebn e kaluar u ndal\u00ebm tek kompania SUSE, e cila n\u00eb 1992 u b\u00eb e para q\u00eb komercializoi nj\u00eb OS t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb Linux. Ajo filloi t\u00eb publikonte produkte p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt e bizneseve, t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb distribuimin e njohur Slackware. K\u00ebshtu, kompania d\u00ebshmoi se zhvillimi open-source mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr arg\u00ebtim, por edhe p\u00ebr fitim.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb ndiqnin k\u00ebt\u00eb tendenc\u00eb ishte businessman-i Bob Young dhe zhvilluesi Marc Ewing nga SHBA. N\u00eb 1993, Bob krijoi<\/a><\/noindex> kompanin\u00eb q\u00eb quhet ACC Corporation dhe filloi t\u00eb shiste produkte t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb softuer t\u00eb hapur. Si p\u00ebr Marc-in, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '90, ai po punonte mbi nj\u00eb distribuim t\u00eb ri Linux. Ewing e quajti projektin Red Hat Linux n\u00eb nder t\u00eb kapel\u00ebs s\u00eb kuqe q\u00eb ai e kishte veshur gjithmon\u00eb gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb laboratorin kompjuterik t\u00eb Universitetit Carnegie Mellon. Versioni beta i distribuimit doli<\/a><\/noindex> doli ver\u00ebn e vitit 1994 mbi baz\u00ebn e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux 1.1.18.<\/p>\n

L\u00ebshimi i ardhsh\u00ebm i Red Hat Linux u mbajt<\/a><\/noindex> u publikua n\u00eb tetor dhe mori emrin \u2014 Halloween. Ai u dallua nga beta e par\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirjen e dokumentacionit dhe mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur midis dy versioneve t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs \u2014 1.0.9 dhe 1.1.54. Pas k\u00ebtij p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimi, l\u00ebshimet shfaqeshin rreth \u00e7do gjasht muajsh. Komuniteti i zhvilluesve reagoi pozitivisht ndaj k\u00ebtij grafiku p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimesh dhe mori pjes\u00eb me k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi n\u00eb testimin e tij.<\/p>\n

Sigurisht, popullariteti i sistemit nuk kaloi pa u v\u00ebn\u00eb re nga Bob Young, i cili u nxita ta shtonte produktin n\u00eb katalogun e tij. Disket\u00eb dhe disqe me versionet e hershme t\u00eb Red Hat Linux u shit\u00ebn si buk\u00eb t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb. Pas nj\u00eb suksesi t\u00eb till\u00eb, biznesmeni vendosi t\u00eb takohej personalisht me Markun.<\/p>\n

Takimi nd\u00ebrmjet Young dhe Ewing rezultoi n\u00eb krijimin e kompanis\u00eb Red Hat n\u00eb 1995. Bob u em\u00ebrua si CEO i saj. Vit\u00ebt e para t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb kompanis\u00eb ishin t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira. P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur biznesin n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb, Bob-i duhej t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqte<\/a><\/noindex> mjetet nga kartat e kreditit. N\u00eb nj\u00eb moment, borxhi total arriti n\u00eb 50 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, l\u00ebshimi i par\u00eb i plot\u00eb i Red Hat Linux mbi b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn version 1.2.8 e rregulloi situat\u00ebn. Fitimi ishte colos, gj\u00eb q\u00eb i dha mund\u00ebsin\u00eb Bob-it t\u00eb shlyente bankat.<\/p>\n

Apropos, pik\u00ebrisht at\u00ebher\u00eb bota pa logon e njohur me njeriun<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili n\u00eb nj\u00eb dor\u00eb mbahej portofoli dhe me dor\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr mbante kapel\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb kuqe.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1998, v\u00ebllimi vjetor i t\u00eb ardhurave nga shitjet e distribuimit Red Hat ishte m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 5 milion dollar\u00eb. Vitin e ardhsh\u00ebm, ky tregues u dyfishua dhe kompania kreu<\/a><\/noindex> IPO me vler\u00ebsim<\/a><\/noindex> vlera disa miliard dollar\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi aktiv i segmentit korporativ<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve '90, kur distribucioni Red Hat Linux zuri<\/a><\/noindex> vendin e tij n\u00eb treg, kompania vendosi t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohej n\u00eb zhvillimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve. Zhvilluesit paraqit\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrversionin komercial t\u00eb OS, i cili p\u00ebrfshinte dokumentacionin, mjete shtes\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb proces m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtuar t\u00eb instalimit. Dhe pak m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb 1997, kompania lan\u00e7oi<\/a><\/noindex> ofroi mb\u00ebshtetje teknike p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1998, s\u00eb bashku me Red Hat, zhvillimi i segmentit korporativ t\u00eb Linux-it tashm\u00eb kane punuar<\/a><\/noindex> Oracle, Informix, Netscape dhe Core. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, IBM mori hapin e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb drejt zgjidhjeve open-source \u2014 korporata paraqiti<\/a><\/noindex> WebSphere, t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb serverin web Apache me kod t\u00eb hapur.<\/p>\n

Glyn Moody, autor i librave mbi Linux dhe Linus Torvalds, beson<\/a><\/noindex>, tha se pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment IBM hyri n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb q\u00eb pas 20 vjet\u00ebsh e \u00e7oi at\u00eb n\u00eb blerjen e kompanis\u00eb Red Hat p\u00ebr 34 miliard dollar\u00eb. Nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat, q\u00eb nga at\u00ebher\u00eb IBM u afrua gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb me ekosistemin Linux dhe Red Hat n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti. N\u00eb 1999, kompanit\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb bashk\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> shpenzuan burime p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar mbi sistemi korporativ t\u00eb IBM mbi Red Hat Linux.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, Red Hat dhe IBM arrit\u00ebn nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje t\u00eb re \u2014 ata kan\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb dakord<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb promovojn\u00eb dhe implementojn\u00eb zgjidhjet Linux t\u00eb t\u00eb dy kompanive n\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Marr\u00ebveshja p\u00ebrfshinte produkte si DB2, WebSphere Application Server, Lotus Domino dhe IBM Small Business Pack. N\u00eb vitin 2000, IBM filloi t\u00eb kalonte<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb gjitha platformat e saj serverike n\u00ebn Linux. N\u00eb at\u00eb moment, disa projekte q\u00eb konsumonin shum\u00eb burime ishin duke punuar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem operativ. Mes tyre ishte, p\u00ebr shembull, superkompjuteri n\u00eb Universitetin e New Mexico.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 IBM, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb Red Hat filloi t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunonte me Dell. N\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00ebnyra, kjo ndihmoi q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1999 kompania l\u00ebshoi<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb publikonte serverin e par\u00eb me OS Linux t\u00eb instaluar paraprakisht. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '90 dhe fillim t\u00eb viteve 2000, Red Hat arriti marr\u00ebveshje t\u00eb tjera edhe me kompanit\u00eb e tjera \u2014 me HP, SAP, Compaq. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto ndihmuan Red Hat t\u00eb konsolidohej n\u00eb segmentin enterprise.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb moment ky\u00e7 n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Red Hat Linux ishte viti 2002-2003, kur kompania e ndryshoi emrin e produktit t\u00eb saj kryesor n\u00eb Red Hat Enterprise Linux dhe u t\u00ebrhoq plot\u00ebsisht nga shp\u00ebrndarja falas e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb saj. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar p\u00ebrfundimisht n\u00eb segmentin e korporatave dhe n\u00eb disa m\u00ebnyra \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb lideri i tij \u2014 tani kompanit\u00eb i takon<\/a><\/noindex> kan\u00eb rreth nj\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjithave tregut t\u00eb server\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Por, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr k\u00ebsaj, Red Hat nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shk\u00ebputur nga softueri i lir\u00eb. Pasuesi i kompanis\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sfer\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarja Fedora, versione i par\u00eb i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs (doli n\u00eb vitin 2003) ishte e bazuar<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb kernelin 2.4.22 t\u00eb Red Hat Linux. Sot, Red Hat e mb\u00ebshtet aktivisht zhvillimin e Fedora-s dhe p\u00ebrdor kontributet e ekipit n\u00eb produktet e saj.<\/p>\n

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\n\/ Flickr \/ Eli Duke<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY-SA<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Fillimi i konkurenc\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nPjesa e par\u00eb e k\u00ebtij artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse krejt\u00ebsisht e dedikuar Red Hat. Por kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb nuk u shfaq\u00ebn zhvillime t\u00eb tjera n\u00eb ekosistemin Linux gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb sistemit operativ. Red Hat, p\u00ebr shum\u00eb aspekte, p\u00ebrcaktoi drejtimin e zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemit operativ dhe t\u00eb shum\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjeve, por edhe n\u00eb segmentin e korporatave, kompania nuk ishte lojtari i vet\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 saj, k\u00ebtu ishin t\u00eb angazhuar SUSE, TurboLinux, Caldera dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, q\u00eb gjithashtu g\u00ebzonin popullaritet dhe 'rrethoheshin' nga nj\u00eb komunitet besnik. Kjo veprimtari nuk kaloi pa u v\u00ebn\u00eb re nga konkurent\u00ebt, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht Microsoft.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1998, Bill Gates b\u00ebri deklarata, duke tentuar t\u00eb minimizonte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e Linux. P\u00ebr shembull, ai pretendoi<\/a><\/noindex>, se 'nuk ishte d\u00ebgjuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb nga klient\u00ebt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb till\u00eb'.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, n\u00eb raportin e p\u00ebrvitsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr Komisionin e Letrave me Vler\u00eb t\u00eb SHBA, Microsoft e p\u00ebrmendi<\/a><\/noindex> Linux si nj\u00eb nga konkurruesit e tij. Po at\u00ebher\u00eb, ndodhi rrjedhja e ashtuquajtur Dokumentave Halloween<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 sh\u00ebnime t\u00eb nj\u00eb punonj\u00ebsi t\u00eb Microsoft-it, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat analizohej rreziku konkurrent nga Linux dhe softueri i hapur.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb konfirmuar t\u00eb gjitha shqet\u00ebsimet e Microsoft-it, n\u00eb vitin 1999, qindra p\u00ebrdorues t\u00eb Linux-it nga e gjith\u00eb bota nj\u00eb dit\u00eb shkoi<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb zyrat e kompanis\u00eb. Ata kishin p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb kthenin parat\u00eb p\u00ebr sistemin Windows t\u00eb instaluar paraprakisht n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt e tyre n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb aksioni nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar \u2014 Dita e Kthimit t\u00eb Windows. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrdoruesit shpreh\u00ebn pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre mbi monopolimin e sistemi operativ nga Microsoft n\u00eb tregun e PC-ve.<\/p>\n

Konflikti i heshtur mes gjigantit IT dhe komunitetit Linux vazhdoi t\u00eb rritet n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 2000. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Linux zinte<\/a><\/noindex> m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt\u00ebn e tregut t\u00eb server\u00ebve dhe vazhdimisht rritej ndjesh\u00ebm. Nd\u00ebrsa k\u00ebto raporte dilnin, CEO i Microsoft-it Steve Ballmer u detyrua t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb hapur Linux-in si konkurruesin kryesor edhe n\u00eb tregun e server\u00ebve. Rreth k\u00ebsaj kohe, ai shkroi<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrshkroi sistemin e hapur si 'kancer' p\u00ebr pron\u00ebsin\u00eb intelektuale dhe praktikisht u shpreh kund\u00ebr \u00e7do zhvillimi me licenc\u00ebn GPL.<\/p>\n

\nNe n\u00eb\u00a01cloud<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0kemi mbledhur statistika p\u00ebr sistemet operative t\u00eb server\u00ebve aktiv\u00eb t\u00eb klient\u00ebve tan\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"E
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\nN\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjet e ve\u00e7anta, m\u00eb e popullarizuar midis klient\u00ebve t\u00eb 1cloud mbetet Ubuntu \u2014 45%, pasuar nga CentOS (28%) dhe me nj\u00eb diferenc\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl Debian (26%).<\/p>\n

\nNj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr front i luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Microsoft-it me komunitetin e zhvilluesve ishte dalja e sistemit operativ Lindows i bazuar n\u00eb kernelin Linux, emri i t\u00eb cilit kopjonte Windows. N\u00eb vitin 2001, Microsoft paditi<\/a><\/noindex> SHBA-n\u00eb ndaj kompanis\u00eb zhvilluese t\u00eb k\u00ebtij sistemi operativ, duke k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb ndryshonte emrin. Ajo p\u00ebr t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb njihte t\u00eb pavlefshme t\u00eb drejtat e Microsoft-it mbi nj\u00eb nga fjal\u00ebt angleze dhe t\u00eb derivateve t\u00eb saj. Pas dy vjet\u00ebsh, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb konflikt fitoi korporata \u2014 emri LindowsOS u ndryshua<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Linspire. Megjithat\u00eb, zhvilluesit e sistemit t\u00eb hapur e pranuan k\u00ebt\u00eb vendim me vullnet, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur padit\u00eb nga Microsoft n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb tyre operativ.<\/p>\n

E \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi me kernelin Linux?<\/h2>\n

\nPavar\u00ebsisht t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrballjes s\u00eb korporatave dhe deklaratave t\u00eb ashpra ndaj softuer\u00ebve t\u00eb lir\u00eb nga menaxher\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb kompanive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, komuniteti Linux vazhdoi t\u00eb zhvillohej. Zhvilluesit punonin p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb reja t\u00eb hapura dhe p\u00ebrmirsonin kernelin. Fal\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb internetit, t\u00eb b\u00ebrit e k\u00ebsaj b\u00ebhej gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb e leht\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1994, u l\u00ebshua versioni 1.0.0 i kernelit t\u00eb Linux-it, nd\u00ebrsa dy vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb versioni 2.0. Me \u00e7do l\u00ebshim, sistemi operativ mb\u00ebshteste funksionimin n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh procesor\u00ebsh dhe mainframe-esh.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb mesin e viteve '90, Linux, q\u00eb tashm\u00eb ishte popullor mes zhvilluesve, zhvillohej jo vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb produkt teknologjik, por edhe si nj\u00eb mark\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1995, u zhvillua<\/a><\/noindex> ekspozita dhe konferenca e par\u00eb Linux Expo, ku fol\u00ebsit e njohur n\u00eb komunitet, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Mark Ewing, paraqit\u00ebn. Pas disa vjet\u00ebsh, Expo u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ngjarjet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb bot\u00eb p\u00ebr Linux.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1996, bota pa p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb emblem\u00ebn me pinguin Tux<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili e shoq\u00ebron Linux-in edhe sot. Ai u vizatua<\/a><\/noindex> nga programatori dhe dizajneri Larry Ewing bazuar n\u00eb i njohur<\/a><\/noindex> histori p\u00ebr \u00abpingun t\u00eb eg\u00ebr\u00bb, i cili nj\u00eb her\u00eb sulmoi Linus Torvalds dhe e infektuar me s\u00ebmundjen e quajtur \u00abpinguniti\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nN\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '90, u lan\u00e7uan radhazi dy produkte t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Linux-it \u2014 GNOME dhe KDE. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebtyre mjeteve, sistemet Unix, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Linux-in, mor\u00ebn nd\u00ebrfaqe grafike t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur. Dalja e k\u00ebtyre mjeteve mund t\u00eb quhet nj\u00eb nga hapat e par\u00eb drejt tregut masiv. M\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth k\u00ebsaj periudhe t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb Linux-it do t\u00eb flasim n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb blogun e korporat\u00ebs 1cloud:<\/h5>\n